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| authority = [[John Axel Frithiof Nannfeldt|Nannf.]] ex Korf & Lizon (2000)
| authority = [[John Axel Frithiof Nannfeldt|Nannf.]] ex Korf & Lizon (2000)
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision =
| subdivision = See text
*[[Ascocorticiaceae]]
*[[Chlorociboriaceae]]
⚫
*[[Dermateaceae]]
⚫
*[[Helotiaceae]]
⚫
*[[Hemiphacidiaceae]]
⚫
*[[Hyaloscyphaceae]]
⚫
*[[Loramycetaceae]]
*[[Phacidiaceae]]
⚫
*[[Rutstroemiaceae]]
*[[Sclerotinaceae]]
*[[Vibrisseaceae]]
}}
}}


'''Helotiales''' is an [[order (biology)|order]] of the class [[Leotiomycetes]] within the division [[Ascomycota]].<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM |date=December 2007 |title=Outline of Ascomycota – 2007 |journal=Myconet |volume=13 |pages=1–58 |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/myconet/outline.asp |publisher=The Field Museum, Department of Botany |location=Chicago, USA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318003134/http://www.fieldmuseum.org/myconet/outline.asp |archive-date=2009-03-18 }}</ref> According to a 2008 estimate, the order contains 10 [[family (biology)|families]], 501 [[genera]], and at least 3881 [[species]].<ref name=Kirk2008/>
'''Helotiales''' is an [[order (biology)|order]] of the class [[Leotiomycetes]] within the division [[Ascomycota]].<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM |date=December 2007 |title=Outline of Ascomycota – 2007 |journal=Myconet |volume=13 |pages=1–58 |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/myconet/outline.asp |publisher=The Field Museum, Department of Botany |location=Chicago, USA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318003134/http://www.fieldmuseum.org/myconet/outline.asp |archive-date=2009-03-18 }}</ref> The taxonomy of Helotiales has been debated. It has expanded significantly as genomic techniques for taxonomical identification have become more commonly used. {{As of|2020|February}}, the order is estimated to contain 30 accepted families, 519 genera, and 6266 species.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Species Fungorum for CoL+ {{!}} COL |url=https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/dataset/2073 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=www.catalogueoflife.org |doi=10.48580/dfp3-4hj}}</ref>


''Helotiales'' is the largest order of non-stromatic [[discomycetes]] that usually, but not always, have brightly coloured apothecia. Many members of the family have obviously cup-shaped [[Ascocarp|ascomata]] with little or no stipes. They are usually found fruiting on [[Coarse woody debris|coarse]] or [[Large woody debris|large wood debris]] as well as on other organic matter.
Helotiales is the largest order of non-stromatic [[discomycetes]] that usually, but not always, have brightly coloured apothecia. Many members of the family have obviously cup-shaped [[Ascocarp|ascomata]] with little or no stipes. They are usually found fruiting on [[Coarse woody debris|coarse]] or [[Large woody debris|large wood debris]] as well as on other organic matter.
Part of these discomycetes are limited to a specific [[Host (biology)#Host range|host range]], this goes as far as to not just being limited to one particular plant, additionally
Part of these discomycetes are limited to a specific [[Host (biology)#Host range|host range]], this goes as far as to not just being limited to one particular plant, additionally
some species need a particular part of that plant.<ref name=NBM>{{Cite web|title=Helotiales: The non-stromatic Cup Funghi|work=Mycologywebpages [[New Brunswick Museum]]|url=http://website.nbm-mnb.ca/mycologywebpages/NaturalHistoryOfFungi/Helotiales.html|url-status=live|access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref>
some species need a particular part of that plant.<ref name=NBM>{{Cite web|title=Helotiales: The non-stromatic Cup Funghi|work=Mycologywebpages [[New Brunswick Museum]]|url=http://website.nbm-mnb.ca/mycologywebpages/NaturalHistoryOfFungi/Helotiales.html|url-status=live|access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref>


==Habitat==
==Description==
*''Helotiales'' is distinguished by its disc or cup-shaped [[apothecia]].
*Helotiales is distinguished by its disc or cup-shaped [[apothecia]].
*Its [[Ascus|asci]] are only slightly thickened in contrast to other [[Leotiomycetes]]
*Its [[Ascus|asci]] are only slightly thickened in contrast to other [[Leotiomycetes]]
*Most ''Helotiales'' live as [[saprobe]]s on soil [[humus]], dead logs, manure and other organic matter.
*Most Helotiales species live as [[saprobe]]s on soil [[humus]], dead logs, manure and other organic matter.
*The order includes most fungi that engage in [[ericoid mycorrhiza]]. Including ''Rhizoscyphus ericae'', ''Meliniomyces'' species and ''Cairneyella variabilis''.
*The order includes most fungi that engage in [[ericoid mycorrhiza]], including ''Rhizoscyphus ericae'', ''Meliniomyces'' species and ''Cairneyella variabilis''.
*The order contains some of the worst plant [[pathogen]]s such as ''[[Monilinia fructicola]]'' ([[Wood-decay fungus|brown rot]] on [[stone fruit]]s), ''[[Sclerotinia sclerotiorum]]'' ([[lettuce drop]] and other diseases), ''D.&nbsp;rosae'' (black spot of roses), ''[[Sclerotium cepivorum]]'' ([[Wood-decay fungus#Soft rot|soft rot]] of onions) and ''[[Botrytis cinerea]]''.
*The order contains some of the most severe plant [[pathogen]]s such as ''[[Monilinia fructicola]]'' ([[Wood-decay fungus|brown rot]] on [[stone fruit]]s), ''[[Sclerotinia sclerotiorum]]'' ([[lettuce drop]] and other diseases), ''D.&nbsp;rosae'' (black spot of roses), ''[[Sclerotium cepivorum]]'' ([[Wood-decay fungus#Soft rot|soft rot]] of onions) and ''[[Botrytis cinerea]]''.


==Families and examples==
==Families==
{{Div col}}
*[[Ascocorticiaceae]], [[Saprobiontic|saprobiontic]] fungi, typically found on [[Coarse woody debris]], [[Bark (botany)|bark]] and organic matter.
*''[[Amicodiscaceae]]''
*''[[Arachnopezizaceae]]''
*''[[Bryoglossaceae]]''
*''[[Cenangiaceae]]''
⚫
*''[[Chlorociboriaceae]]''<ref name=NBM/><ref>{{cite web |author=Kuo M. |title=''Chlorociboria aeruginascens'' & ''C. aeruginosa''|url=http://www.mushroomexpert.com/chlorociboria_aeruginascens.html |date=2004 |access-date=29 August 2009}}</ref><ref name="Johnston 2021">{{cite journal |authors=Johnston PR, Park D, Smith ME, Mujic AB, May TW |title=''Brahmaculus'' gen. nov. (Leotiomycetes, Chlorociboriaceae). |journal=MycoKeys |year=2021 |volume=80 |pages=19-43 |doi=10.3897/mycokeys.80.64435 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
*''[[Chlorospleniaceae]]''
*''[[Chrysodiscaceae]]''
⚫
*''[[Dermateaceae]]''
*''[[Discinellaceae]]''
*''[[Drepanopezizaceae]]''
*''[[Gelatinodiscaceae]]''
*''[[Godroniaceae]]''
*''[[Hamatocanthoscyphaceae]]''
⚫
*''[[Helotiaceae]]''
⚫
*''[[Hemiphacidiaceae]]''
*''[[Heterosphaeriaceae]]''
⚫
*''[[Hyaloscyphaceae]]''
*''[[Hydrocinaceae]]''
*''[[Lachnaceae]]''
⚫
*''[[Loramycetaceae]]''
*''[[Mitrulaceae]]''
*''[[Mollisiaceae]]''
*''[[Neolauriomycetaceae]]''
*''[[Pleuroascaceae]]''
*''[[Ploettnerulaceae]]''
⚫
*''[[Rutstroemiaceae]]''
⚫
*''[[Sclerotiniaceae]]''<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zheng|first1=Wang|last2=Binder|first2=Manfred|last3=Hibbett|first3=David|title=Life history and systematics of the aquatic discomycete Mitrula (Helotiales, Ascomycota) based on cultural, morphological, and molecular studies|journal=[[American Journal of Botany]]|date=2005|volume=92|pages=1565-74|doi=10.3732/ajb.92.9.1565}}</ref>
*''[[Solenopeziaceae]]''
*''[[Tympanidaceae]]''
⚫
*''[[Vibrisseaceae]]''<ref>{{cite journal |author=Korf RP. |title=Discomycete systematics today: a look at some unanswered questions in a group of unitunicate ascomycetes |journal=Mycosystema |year=1990 |volume=3 |pages=19–27}}
</ref>


{{div col end}}
⚫
*[[Chlorociboriaceae]], which has type genus ''[[Chlorociboria]]'', including the bright blue-green [[cup fungi]] ''[[Chlorociboria aeruginascens]]'', commonly found on decaying oak and also referred to as Green Elfcup. Also genus ''Brahmaculus'' has been added to this family.<ref name=NBM/><ref>{{cite web |author=Kuo M. |title=''Chlorociboria aeruginascens'' & ''C. aeruginosa''|url=http://www.mushroomexpert.com/chlorociboria_aeruginascens.html |date=2004 |access-date=29 August 2009}}</ref><ref name="Johnston 2021">{{cite journal |authors=Johnston PR, Park D, Smith ME, Mujic AB, May TW |title=''Brahmaculus'' gen. nov. (Leotiomycetes, Chlorociboriaceae). |journal=MycoKeys |year=2021 |volume=80 |pages=19-43 |doi=10.3897/mycokeys.80.64435 |doi-access=free }}</ref>


== Disputed or previously included families ==
*[[Dermateaceae]], can be found globally, some of these fungi live as [[Saprobiontic|saprobionts]], while others live as plant [[Parasitism|parasites]] and damage theirs hosts, thus evaluated as a [[Plant pathology|plant disease]].
*[[Amorphothecaceae]] - Kirk (2008) assigned to Helotiales, but reclassified under order [[Erysiphales]].<ref name=Kirk2008/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amorphothecaceae |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/1946 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=www.gbif.org |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Ascocorticiaceae]] - reclassified under order [[Medeolariales]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Quandt |first=C. Alisha |title=Phylogenetic Advances in Leotiomycetes, an Understudied Clade of Taxonomically and Ecologically Diverse Fungi |date=2021-01-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128199909000524 |work=Encyclopedia of Mycology |pages=284–294 |editor-last=Zaragoza |editor-first=Óscar |place=Oxford |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |isbn=978-0-323-85180-0 |access-date=2022-03-30 |last2=Haelewaters |first2=Danny |editor2-last=Casadevall |editor2-first=Arturo}}</ref>


*[[Phacidiaceae]] (also known as Bulgariaceae) - reclassified under order [[Phacidiales]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crous |first=Pedro W. |last2=Quaedvlieg |first2=William |last3=Hansen |first3=Karen |last4=Hawksworth |first4=David L. |last5=Groenewald |first5=Johannes Z. |date=December 2014 |title=Phacidium and Ceuthospora (Phacidiaceae) are congeneric: taxonomic and nomenclatural implications |url=https://imafungus.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.5598/imafungus.2014.05.02.02 |journal=IMA Fungus |language=en |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=173–193 |doi=10.5598/imafungus.2014.05.02.02 |issn=2210-6359 |pmc=PMC4329319 |pmid=25734027}}</ref>
*[[Helotiaceae]], are small disk-shape fungi, some of which damage their host plants, such as the species [[Pseudopezicula tracheiphila]] (affecting [[Viticulture|viticultures]])
*[[Vandijckellaceae]] - identified by Crous et al. (2017), not widely accepted.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crous |first=P.W. |last2=Wingfield |first2=M.J. |last3=Burgess |first3=T.I. |last4=Carnegie |first4=A.J. |last5=St.J. Hardy |first5=G.E. |last6=Smith |first6=D. |last7=Summerell |first7=B.A. |last8=Cano-Lira |first8=J.F. |last9=Guarro |first9=J. |last10=Houbraken |first10=J. |last11=Lombard |first11=L. |date=2017-12-20 |title=Fungal Planet description sheets: 625–715 |url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj/2017/00000039/00000001/art00011;jsessionid=fmk59tb7ng9p.x-ic-live-02 |journal=Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=270–467 |doi=10.3767/persoonia.2017.39.11 |pmc=PMC5832955 |pmid=29503478}}</ref>

*[[Hemiphacidiaceae]], are [[Parasitism|parasites]], mainly found on [[Pinales|pinales]]

*[[Hyaloscyphaceae]], mostly [[Saprobiontic|saprobiontic]] fungi, such as the 40 species of [[Lachnellula]].

*[[Loramycetaceae]], include two [[Aquatic plant|aquatic]] species: [[Asperopilum]] and [[Macrospora]].

*[[Phacidiaceae]], include [[Bulgariaceae]], such as the parasite ''[[Bulgaria inquinans]]''.

*[[Rutstroemiaceae]] can be found globally, mostly living [[Saprobiontic|saprobiontic]] (example: ''[[Rutstroemia]]'').

⚫
*[[Sclerotinaceae]], mostly live a parasitic lifestyle. Many of them can damage garden plants, such as the ''[[Botrytis (fungus)|Botrytis]]'' family (including ''[[Botrytis cinerea]]'') The aquatic [[Discomycetes|discomycete]] ''[[Mitrula]]'', is found in Europe, Asia, and North America.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zheng|first1=Wang|last2=Binder|first2=Manfred|last3=Hibbett|first3=David|title=Life history and systematics of the aquatic discomycete Mitrula (Helotiales, Ascomycota) based on cultural, morphological, and molecular studies|journal=[[American Journal of Botany]]|date=2005|volume=92|pages=1565-74|doi=10.3732/ajb.92.9.1565}}</ref>

⚫
*[[Vibrisseaceae]], mycologist [[Richard Korf]] included the [[genera]] ''[[Vibrissea]]'', ''[[Chlorovibrissea]]'', and ''[[Leucovibrissea]]'', when he described the Vibrisseaceae in 1990.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Korf RP. |title=Discomycete systematics today: a look at some unanswered questions in a group of unitunicate ascomycetes |journal=Mycosystema |year=1990 |volume=3 |pages=19–27}}</ref>
*


<gallery class="center">
<gallery class="center">
File:Chlorociboria-aeruginascens.jpg|thumb|Green Elfcup or Green Wood Cup ''[[Chlorociboria aeruginascens]]'', [[family (biology)|family]]: [[Chlorociboriaceae]]<br/> (photo: Holger Krisp)
File:Chlorociboria-aeruginascens.jpg|Green Elfcup or Green Wood Cup ''[[Chlorociboria aeruginascens]]'', [[family (biology)|family]]: [[Chlorociboriaceae]]<br/> (photo: Holger Krisp)
File:Leeuwenhorstbos - Ascocoryne.jpg|thumb|[[Ascocoryne]], family: [[Helotiaceae]]
File:Leeuwenhorstbos - Ascocoryne.jpg|[[Ascocoryne]], family: [[Helotiaceae]]
File:Mollisia benesuada (Tul.) W. Phillips 718024.jpg|thumb|''[[Mollisia]] benesuada'', family: [[Dermateaceae]]
File:Mollisia benesuada (Tul.) W. Phillips 718024.jpg|''[[Mollisia]] benesuada'', family: [[Dermateaceae]]
File:Bisporella citrina 59079.jpg|thumb|''[[Bisporella citrina]]'', family: [[Helotiaceae]]
File:Bisporella citrina 59079.jpg|''[[Bisporella citrina]]'', family: [[Helotiaceae]]
File:Arachnopeziza aurata 57007696.jpg|thumb|''Arachnopeziza aurata'', family: [[Hyaloscyphaceae]]
File:Arachnopeziza aurata 57007696.jpg|''Arachnopeziza aurata'', family: [[Hyaloscyphaceae]]
⚫
File:Eichen-Stromabecher Rutstroemia firma.jpg|Brown oak disk cup ''Rutstroemia firma'', family: [[Rutstroemiaceae]]<br/> (photo: Holger Krisp)
File:Black Bulgar. Bulgaria inquinana (45491122294).jpg|thumb|Black Bulgar. ''Bulgaria inquinana'', family: [[Phacidiaceae]]
⚫
File:Botrytis conidiophores 16X.png|The necrotrophic fungus ''Botrytis conidiophores'', [[Magnification]] X16 , family: [[Sclerotinaceae]]
⚫
File:Eichen-Stromabecher Rutstroemia firma.jpg|thumb|Brown oak disk cup ''Rutstroemia firma'', family: [[Rutstroemiaceae]]<br/> (photo: Holger Krisp)
⚫
File:Vibrissea truncorum (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr 335788.jpg|''Vibrissea truncorum'', family: [[Vibrisseaceae]] <br/>image source: [[Mushroom Observer]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vibrissea truncorum (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr. (335788)|work=[[Mushroom Observer]]|url=https://mushroomobserver.org/image/show_image/335788|url-status=live|access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref>
⚫
File:Botrytis conidiophores 16X.png|thumb|The necrotrophic fungus ''Botrytis conidiophores'', [[Magnification]] X16 , family: [[Sclerotinaceae]]
⚫
File:Vibrissea truncorum (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr 335788.jpg|thumb|''Vibrissea truncorum'', family: [[Vibrisseaceae]] <br/>image source: [[Mushroom Observer]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vibrissea truncorum (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr. (335788)|work=[[Mushroom Observer]]|url=https://mushroomobserver.org/image/show_image/335788|url-status=live|access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref>
</gallery>
</gallery>


Revision as of 16:11, 30 March 2022

Helotiales
Chlorociboria (Chlorociboriaceae)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Leotiomycetes
Subclass: Leotiomycetidae
Order: Helotiales
Nannf. ex Korf & Lizon (2000)
Families

See text

Helotiales is an order of the class Leotiomycetes within the division Ascomycota.[1] The taxonomy of Helotiales has been debated. It has expanded significantly as genomic techniques for taxonomical identification have become more commonly used. As of February 2020, the order is estimated to contain 30 accepted families, 519 genera, and 6266 species.[2]

Helotiales is the largest order of non-stromatic discomycetes that usually, but not always, have brightly coloured apothecia. Many members of the family have obviously cup-shaped ascomata with little or no stipes. They are usually found fruiting on coarse or large wood debris as well as on other organic matter. Part of these discomycetes are limited to a specific host range, this goes as far as to not just being limited to one particular plant, additionally some species need a particular part of that plant.[3]

Description

Families

Disputed or previously included families

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Helotiaceae.

References

  1. ^ Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM (December 2007). "Outline of Ascomycota – 2007". Myconet. 13. Chicago, USA: The Field Museum, Department of Botany: 1–58. Archived from the original on 2009-03-18.
  2. ^ "Species Fungorum for CoL+ | COL". www.catalogueoflife.org. doi:10.48580/dfp3-4hj. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
  3. ^ a b "Helotiales: The non-stromatic Cup Funghi". Mycologywebpages New Brunswick Museum. Retrieved 29 November 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ^ Kuo M. (2004). "Chlorociboria aeruginascens & C. aeruginosa". Retrieved 29 August 2009.
  5. ^ "Brahmaculus gen. nov. (Leotiomycetes, Chlorociboriaceae)". MycoKeys. 80: 19–43. 2021. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.80.64435. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  6. ^ Zheng, Wang; Binder, Manfred; Hibbett, David (2005). "Life history and systematics of the aquatic discomycete Mitrula (Helotiales, Ascomycota) based on cultural, morphological, and molecular studies". American Journal of Botany. 92: 1565–74. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.9.1565.
  7. ^ Korf RP. (1990). "Discomycete systematics today: a look at some unanswered questions in a group of unitunicate ascomycetes". Mycosystema. 3: 19–27.
  8. ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. p. 310. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
  9. ^ "Amorphothecaceae". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
  10. ^ Quandt, C. Alisha; Haelewaters, Danny (2021-01-01), Zaragoza, Óscar; Casadevall, Arturo (eds.), "Phylogenetic Advances in Leotiomycetes, an Understudied Clade of Taxonomically and Ecologically Diverse Fungi", Encyclopedia of Mycology, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 284–294, ISBN 978-0-323-85180-0, retrieved 2022-03-30
  11. ^ Crous, Pedro W.; Quaedvlieg, William; Hansen, Karen; Hawksworth, David L.; Groenewald, Johannes Z. (December 2014). "Phacidium and Ceuthospora (Phacidiaceae) are congeneric: taxonomic and nomenclatural implications". IMA Fungus. 5 (2): 173–193. doi:10.5598/imafungus.2014.05.02.02. ISSN 2210-6359. PMC 4329319. PMID 25734027.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  12. ^ Crous, P.W.; Wingfield, M.J.; Burgess, T.I.; Carnegie, A.J.; St.J. Hardy, G.E.; Smith, D.; Summerell, B.A.; Cano-Lira, J.F.; Guarro, J.; Houbraken, J.; Lombard, L. (2017-12-20). "Fungal Planet description sheets: 625–715". Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi. 39 (1): 270–467. doi:10.3767/persoonia.2017.39.11. PMC 5832955. PMID 29503478.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  13. ^ "Vibrissea truncorum (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr. (335788)". Mushroom Observer. Retrieved 29 November 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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