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Added a section describing gametophytic features such as leaves, stem, cuticles, and rhizoids. Copied from sandbox: User:Naomil20/sandbox
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==Distribution and Habitat==
==Distribution and Habitat==
The species is commonly found in [[Australia]], [[New Guinea]], [[Malaysia]]<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Eakin |first=David A. |date=1998-09-28 |title=A taxonomic revision of the moss genus Regmatodon |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova.hedwigia/67/1998/139 |journal=Nova Hedwigia |volume=67 |issue=1-2 |pages=139–152 |doi=10.1127/nova.hedwigia/67/1998/139 |issn=0029-5035}}</ref> and [[New Zealand]]<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=Dawsonia superba - The University of Auckland |url=https://www.nzplants.auckland.ac.nz/en/about/mosses/native-species/polytrichaceae/dawsonia-superba.html |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=www.nzplants.auckland.ac.nz}}</ref>. ''D. superba'' prefers “moist, well-illuminated environments”<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=Neil |last2=Kariyawasam |first2=Isuru |last3=Flores |first3=Jorge |last4=Hyvönen |first4=Jaakko |date=2021-06-30 |title=The diversity of the Polytrichopsida—a review |url=https://www.mapress.com/bde/article/view/bde.43.1.8 |journal=Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution |volume=43 |issue=1 |doi=10.11646/bde.43.1.8 |issn=2381-9685}}</ref>, cloud forests<ref name=":12" />, and shady forests<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=van Zanten |first=B. O. |date=1973 |title=A Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Dawsonia R. Brown |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20149203 |journal=Lindbergia |volume=2 |issue=1/2 |pages=1–48 |issn=0105-0761}}</ref>. It has often been observed growing at the base of uprooted trees<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Green |first=T. G. A. |last2=Clayton-Greene |first2=K. A. |date=1981 |title=Studies on Dawsonia superba Grev. II. Growth rate |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/jbr.1981.11.4.723 |journal=Journal of Bryology |language=en |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=723–731 |doi=10.1179/jbr.1981.11.4.723 |issn=0373-6687}}</ref>.
The species is commonly found in [[Australia]], [[New Guinea]], [[Malaysia]]<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Eakin |first=David A. |date=1998-09-28 |title=A taxonomic revision of the moss genus Regmatodon |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova.hedwigia/67/1998/139 |journal=Nova Hedwigia |volume=67 |issue=1-2 |pages=139–152 |doi=10.1127/nova.hedwigia/67/1998/139 |issn=0029-5035}}</ref> and [[New Zealand]]<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=Dawsonia superba - The University of Auckland |url=https://www.nzplants.auckland.ac.nz/en/about/mosses/native-species/polytrichaceae/dawsonia-superba.html |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=www.nzplants.auckland.ac.nz}}</ref>. ''D. superba'' prefers “moist, well-illuminated environments”<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=Neil |last2=Kariyawasam |first2=Isuru |last3=Flores |first3=Jorge |last4=Hyvönen |first4=Jaakko |date=2021-06-30 |title=The diversity of the Polytrichopsida—a review |url=https://www.mapress.com/bde/article/view/bde.43.1.8 |journal=Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution |volume=43 |issue=1 |doi=10.11646/bde.43.1.8 |issn=2381-9685}}</ref>, cloud forests<ref name=":12" />, and shady forests<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=van Zanten |first=B. O. |date=1973 |title=A Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Dawsonia R. Brown |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20149203 |journal=Lindbergia |volume=2 |issue=1/2 |pages=1–48 |issn=0105-0761}}</ref>. It has often been observed growing at the base of uprooted trees<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Green |first=T. G. A. |last2=Clayton-Greene |first2=K. A. |date=1981 |title=Studies on Dawsonia superba Grev. II. Growth rate |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/jbr.1981.11.4.723 |journal=Journal of Bryology |language=en |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=723–731 |doi=10.1179/jbr.1981.11.4.723 |issn=0373-6687}}</ref>.

== Gametophyte ==
Like all bryophytes, ''D. superba'' has a dominant [[gametophyte]] stage<ref name=":02">{{Citation |last=Glime |first=Janice M. |title=Ecological and Physiological Effects of Changing Climate on Aquatic Bryophytes |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511779701.007 |work=Bryophyte Ecology and Climate Change |pages=93–114 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=2022-04-06 |last2=Tuba |first2=Zoltan |last3=Slack |first3=Nancy G. |last4=Stark |first4=Lloyd R.}}</ref>. The gametophyte is the haploid stage of the life cycle, and is composed of leaves, a stem, and root-like rhizoids<ref name=":02" />. These rhizoids extend farther underground than is typical of other mosses<ref>{{Citation |last=Proctor |first=M. C. F. |title=Physiological Ecology: Water Relations, Light and Temperature Responses, Carbon Balance |date=1982 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5891-3_10 |work=Bryophyte Ecology |pages=333–381 |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=A. J. E. |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-94-009-5891-3_10 |isbn=978-94-009-5891-3 |access-date=2022-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=弘之 |first=秋山 |date=2009 |title=地中深くに伸びるボルネオ産ネジクチスギゴケ属 Dawsonia superbaのシュート地下部について(アジア産蘚苔類の分類・生態ノート,19) |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bryologicalresearch/9/12/9_KJ00008988915/_article/-char/ja/ |journal=蘚苔類研究 |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=391–394 |doi=10.24474/bryologicalresearch.9.12_391}}</ref>.

The stem of the ''D. superba'' gametophyte has a central conducting strand and leaf traces. The stem has hydroid cells that conduct water, and leptoid cells that conduct photosynthate<ref name=":02" />. According to Zanten (1973), the stem of ''D. superba'' is also characterized by the presence of sclerenchyma, which are cells with lignin in their cell walls<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sclerenchyma - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/sclerenchyma |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref>. However, chemical analyses have shown that D. superba does not contain lignin<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miksche |first=G. E. |last2=Yasuda |first2=S. |date=1978-01-01 |title=Lignin of ‘giant’ mosses and some related species |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031942200893486 |journal=Phytochemistry |language=en |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=503–504 |doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89348-6 |issn=0031-9422}}</ref>, although it may contain a lignin-like component<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ligrone |first=R. |last2=Carafa |first2=A. |last3=Duckett |first3=J. G. |last4=Renzaglia |first4=K. S. |last5=Ruel |first5=K. |date=2008 |title=Immunocytochemical detection of lignin-related epitopes in cell walls in bryophytes and the charalean alga Nitella |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00606-007-0617-z |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |language=en |volume=270 |issue=3-4 |pages=257–272 |doi=10.1007/s00606-007-0617-z |issn=0378-2697}}</ref>.  

The leaves of ''D. superba'' can be up to 30mm long<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Gilmore |first=S.R. |title=Flora of Australia |publisher=ABRS and CSIRO Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=0643092404 |location=Canberra & Melbourne |language=en}}</ref>. Like other polytrichid mosses, the leaves of ''D. superba'' have lamellae<ref name=":02" />. Lamellae are made up of rows of lamella that are one cell thick and several cells high. These rows of lamella sit atop the leaf’s midrib, or costa. Each cell contains many chloroplasts<ref name=":02" />. Lamellae increase the available surface area of the leaf for photosynthesis, and air spaces between each lamella allow for gas exchange to make photosynthesis more efficient<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=Neil |last2=Kariyawasam |first2=Isuru |last3=Flores |first3=Jorge |last4=Hyvönen |first4=Jaakko |date=2021-06-30 |title=The diversity of the Polytrichopsida—a review |url=https://www.mapress.com/bde/article/view/bde.43.1.8 |journal=Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution |volume=43 |issue=1 |doi=10.11646/bde.43.1.8 |issn=2381-9685}}</ref>. Lamellae have been referred to as “pseudo-mesophyll”, meaning that they are analogous to mesophyll structures in vascular plant leaves, which also aid in gas exchange<ref name=":13" />. Lamellae allow mosses to tolerate higher light saturation, which allows them to photosynthesis efficiently even in bright light, unlike other mosses with a unistratose leaf<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Proctor |first=M. C. F. |date=2005 |title=Why do Polytrichaceae have lamellae? |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/174328205X69968 |journal=Journal of Bryology |language=en |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=221–229 |doi=10.1179/174328205X69968 |issn=0373-6687}}</ref>.

A waxy cuticle covers the leaf and the top of the lamellae<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Clayton-Greene |first=K. A. |last2=Collins |first2=N. J. |last3=Green |first3=T. G. A. |last4=Proctor |first4=M. C. F. |date=1985 |title=Surface wax, structure and function in leaves of Polytrichaceae |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/jbr.1985.13.4.549 |journal=Journal of Bryology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=549–562 |doi=10.1179/jbr.1985.13.4.549 |issn=0373-6687}}</ref>. The wax acts as a hydrophobic barrier, so that air spaces in the lamellae are protected from both drying out and oversaturation from rainwater<ref name=":4" />.


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 20:32, 6 April 2022

Dawsonia
Dawsonia superba in Abel Tasman National Park, New Zealand
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Bryophyta
Class: Polytrichopsida
Order: Polytrichales
Family: Polytrichaceae
Genus: Dawsonia
Species:
D. superba
Binomial name
Dawsonia superba
Grev., 1847

Dawsonia superba is a moss in the class Polytrichaceae that is found in Australia, New Guinea, Malaysia[1] and New Zealand[2]. D. superba is the tallest self-supporting moss in the world, reaching heights of 60 cm[3]. It has analogous structures to those in vascular plants that support large size, including hydroid and leptoid cells to conduct water and photosynthate[3], and lamellae that provide gas chambers for more efficient photosynthesis[4]. D. superba is a member of the class Polytrichopsida, although it has a sporophyte that is unique from other hair-cap mosses[4].

There is some confusion surrounding if Dawsonia superba and Dawsonia longifolia are distinct species or refer to the same moss. According to some sources, Dawsonia longifolia and Dawsonia superba have been merged[3]. For a long time, both D. longifolia and D. superba were used to refer to the same species, with some regional variation in its use[5]. Both terms are still used today.

Distribution and Habitat

The species is commonly found in Australia, New Guinea, Malaysia[6] and New Zealand[7]. D. superba prefers “moist, well-illuminated environments”[8], cloud forests[8], and shady forests[9]. It has often been observed growing at the base of uprooted trees[10].

Gametophyte

Like all bryophytes, D. superba has a dominant gametophyte stage[11]. The gametophyte is the haploid stage of the life cycle, and is composed of leaves, a stem, and root-like rhizoids[11]. These rhizoids extend farther underground than is typical of other mosses[12][13].

The stem of the D. superba gametophyte has a central conducting strand and leaf traces. The stem has hydroid cells that conduct water, and leptoid cells that conduct photosynthate[11]. According to Zanten (1973), the stem of D. superba is also characterized by the presence of sclerenchyma, which are cells with lignin in their cell walls[14]. However, chemical analyses have shown that D. superba does not contain lignin[15], although it may contain a lignin-like component[16].  

The leaves of D. superba can be up to 30mm long[17]. Like other polytrichid mosses, the leaves of D. superba have lamellae[11]. Lamellae are made up of rows of lamella that are one cell thick and several cells high. These rows of lamella sit atop the leaf’s midrib, or costa. Each cell contains many chloroplasts[11]. Lamellae increase the available surface area of the leaf for photosynthesis, and air spaces between each lamella allow for gas exchange to make photosynthesis more efficient[18]. Lamellae have been referred to as “pseudo-mesophyll”, meaning that they are analogous to mesophyll structures in vascular plant leaves, which also aid in gas exchange[18]. Lamellae allow mosses to tolerate higher light saturation, which allows them to photosynthesis efficiently even in bright light, unlike other mosses with a unistratose leaf[19].

A waxy cuticle covers the leaf and the top of the lamellae[20]. The wax acts as a hydrophobic barrier, so that air spaces in the lamellae are protected from both drying out and oversaturation from rainwater[20].

References

  1. ^ Eakin, David A. (1998-09-28). "A taxonomic revision of the moss genus Regmatodon". Nova Hedwigia. 67 (1–2): 139–152. doi:10.1127/nova.hedwigia/67/1998/139. ISSN 0029-5035.
  2. ^ "Dawsonia superba - The University of Auckland". www.nzplants.auckland.ac.nz. Retrieved 2022-04-06.
  3. ^ a b c Glime, Janice M.; Tuba, Zoltan; Slack, Nancy G.; Stark, Lloyd R., "Ecological and Physiological Effects of Changing Climate on Aquatic Bryophytes", Bryophyte Ecology and Climate Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 93–114, retrieved 2022-04-06
  4. ^ a b Bell, Neil; Kariyawasam, Isuru; Flores, Jorge; Hyvönen, Jaakko (2021-06-30). "The diversity of the Polytrichopsida—a review". Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution. 43 (1). doi:10.11646/bde.43.1.8. ISSN 2381-9685.
  5. ^ Zanten, B. O.; Margadant, W. D. (1997). "Proposal to conserve the name Dawsonia superba (Musci, Dawsoniaceae)". TAXON. 46 (3): 547–549. doi:10.2307/1224402. ISSN 0040-0262.
  6. ^ Eakin, David A. (1998-09-28). "A taxonomic revision of the moss genus Regmatodon". Nova Hedwigia. 67 (1–2): 139–152. doi:10.1127/nova.hedwigia/67/1998/139. ISSN 0029-5035.
  7. ^ "Dawsonia superba - The University of Auckland". www.nzplants.auckland.ac.nz. Retrieved 2022-04-06.
  8. ^ a b Bell, Neil; Kariyawasam, Isuru; Flores, Jorge; Hyvönen, Jaakko (2021-06-30). "The diversity of the Polytrichopsida—a review". Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution. 43 (1). doi:10.11646/bde.43.1.8. ISSN 2381-9685.
  9. ^ van Zanten, B. O. (1973). "A Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Dawsonia R. Brown". Lindbergia. 2 (1/2): 1–48. ISSN 0105-0761.
  10. ^ Green, T. G. A.; Clayton-Greene, K. A. (1981). "Studies on Dawsonia superba Grev. II. Growth rate". Journal of Bryology. 11 (4): 723–731. doi:10.1179/jbr.1981.11.4.723. ISSN 0373-6687.
  11. ^ a b c d e Glime, Janice M.; Tuba, Zoltan; Slack, Nancy G.; Stark, Lloyd R., "Ecological and Physiological Effects of Changing Climate on Aquatic Bryophytes", Bryophyte Ecology and Climate Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 93–114, retrieved 2022-04-06
  12. ^ Proctor, M. C. F. (1982), Smith, A. J. E. (ed.), "Physiological Ecology: Water Relations, Light and Temperature Responses, Carbon Balance", Bryophyte Ecology, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 333–381, doi:10.1007/978-94-009-5891-3_10, ISBN 978-94-009-5891-3, retrieved 2022-04-06
  13. ^ 弘之, 秋山 (2009). "地中深くに伸びるボルネオ産ネジクチスギゴケ属 Dawsonia superbaのシュート地下部について(アジア産蘚苔類の分類・生態ノート,19)". 蘚苔類研究. 9 (12): 391–394. doi:10.24474/bryologicalresearch.9.12_391.
  14. ^ "Sclerenchyma - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2022-04-06.
  15. ^ Miksche, G. E.; Yasuda, S. (1978-01-01). "Lignin of 'giant' mosses and some related species". Phytochemistry. 17 (3): 503–504. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89348-6. ISSN 0031-9422.
  16. ^ Ligrone, R.; Carafa, A.; Duckett, J. G.; Renzaglia, K. S.; Ruel, K. (2008). "Immunocytochemical detection of lignin-related epitopes in cell walls in bryophytes and the charalean alga Nitella". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 270 (3–4): 257–272. doi:10.1007/s00606-007-0617-z. ISSN 0378-2697.
  17. ^ Gilmore, S.R. (2006). Flora of Australia. Canberra & Melbourne: ABRS and CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 0643092404.
  18. ^ a b Bell, Neil; Kariyawasam, Isuru; Flores, Jorge; Hyvönen, Jaakko (2021-06-30). "The diversity of the Polytrichopsida—a review". Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution. 43 (1). doi:10.11646/bde.43.1.8. ISSN 2381-9685.
  19. ^ Proctor, M. C. F. (2005). "Why do Polytrichaceae have lamellae?". Journal of Bryology. 27 (3): 221–229. doi:10.1179/174328205X69968. ISSN 0373-6687.
  20. ^ a b Clayton-Greene, K. A.; Collins, N. J.; Green, T. G. A.; Proctor, M. C. F. (1985). "Surface wax, structure and function in leaves of Polytrichaceae". Journal of Bryology. 13 (4): 549–562. doi:10.1179/jbr.1985.13.4.549. ISSN 0373-6687.

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