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Field Marshal General of the Army Sharif Zaid ibn Shakir was a cousin of King Hussein. He joined the military and served with the future King Hussein. In 1957 and 1958 he was the assistant military attache at the Embassy of Jordan in London. He served in a number of positions in the Jordanian military, including being a tank commander at both the brigade and division level. On 8 January 1996 he was made chief of staff for the armed services, which post he held until resigning in 1988.<ref name="Mongabay">{{Cite web|title=Jordan-Command Structure: The Armed Forces|date=December 1989|url=http://www.mongabay.com/history/jordan/jordan-command_structure_the_armed_forces.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416071251/http://www.mongabay.com/history/jordan/jordan-command_structure_the_armed_forces.html|archivedate=16 April 2010|url-status=live}} from {{Cite book|year=1991|editor=Helen Chapin Metz|title=Jordan: A Country Study|edition=fourth|publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress}}</ref> In June 1987 he was made field marshal. Being a [[Hashemite]], Zaid ibn Shaker's family had always been close to the [[Hashemite|Royal family]], and Zaid ibn Shakir himself had been personally linked with King Hussein throughout his military career.<ref name="Mongabay" /> In addition to his high palace position, he also filled a then newly created post of adviser to the king on national security, which implied that Zaid bin Shaker would retain considerable influence over military policies.<ref name="Mongabay" />
Field Marshal General of the Army Sharif Zaid ibn Shakir was a cousin of King Hussein. He joined the military and served with the future King Hussein. In 1957 and 1958 he was the assistant military attache at the Embassy of Jordan in London. He served in a number of positions in the Jordanian military, including being a tank commander at both the brigade and division level. On 8 January 1996 he was made chief of staff for the armed services, which post he held until resigning in 1988.<ref name="Mongabay">{{Cite web|title=Jordan-Command Structure: The Armed Forces|date=December 1989|url=http://www.mongabay.com/history/jordan/jordan-command_structure_the_armed_forces.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416071251/http://www.mongabay.com/history/jordan/jordan-command_structure_the_armed_forces.html|archivedate=16 April 2010|url-status=live}} from {{Cite book|year=1991|editor=Helen Chapin Metz|title=Jordan: A Country Study|edition=fourth|publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress}}</ref> In June 1987 he was made field marshal. Being a [[Hashemite]], Zaid ibn Shaker's family had always been close to the [[Hashemite|Royal family]], and Zaid ibn Shakir himself had been personally linked with King Hussein throughout his military career.<ref name="Mongabay" /> In addition to his high palace position, he also filled a then newly created post of adviser to the king on national security, which implied that Zaid bin Shaker would retain considerable influence over military policies.<ref name="Mongabay" />


== Early Life ==
Zaid Ibn Shaker served 3 terms as prime minister and formed 3 governments:

* 27 April 1989 until 4 December 1989
Ibn Shaker's family came from a military background. His father, also named Zaid Ibn Shakir, had participated in the the [[Arab Revolt]], where he led a group of tribal levies, as well as in the [[Al-Khurma dispute]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Dictionary Of Modern Arab History. |date=2012 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |location=Hoboken |isbn=9781136162916 |page=453 |pages=466 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dictionary_Of_Modern_Arab_Histor/3CstBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref> At the [[Battle of Turbah]], during the conflict between the [[Sharifian Caliphate]] and [[Ibn Saud]], Ibn Shakir's father saved the life of [[Abdullah I of Jordan|Prince Abdullah]] (later King Abdullah I) by providing him a horse and camel to escape.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aboul-Enein |first1=Youssef |title=The Rise and Fall of Hussein ibn Ali, King of the Hejaz and Sherief of Mecca |journal=Armor |date=2010 |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=28 |pages=50 |url=U.S. Armor Association |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref> Shaker's father had likewise served with [[T. E. Lawrence|T.E. Lawrence]], who described him as a "brave and courageous soldier".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rosen |first1=Jacob |title=Crossing The Jordan River : the Journeys Of An Israeli Diplomat |date=2002 |publisher=Humanix Books |location=Boca Raton, FL |isbn=9780893343880 |page=43 |pages=164 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Crossing_the_Jordan_River/7lTpHHg4iEIC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref>
* 21 November 1991 until 29 May 1993

* 7 January 1995 until 4 February 1996
Ibn Shaker would go on to be educated at [[Victoria College, Alexandria|Victoria College]] in Alexandria.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Lentz |editor1-first=Harris |title=Heads of States and Governments: A Worldwide Encyclopedia of Over 2,300 Leaders, 1945 through 1992 |date=1995 |location=London |isbn=9781134264971 |page=1684 |pages=912 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Heads_of_States_and_Governments_Since_19/RwfKAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref>

== Military Career ==

Ibn Shaker was trained at [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst|Sandhurst]] in the early 1950's, where he met Hussein, and during this time the two became close friends. During the [[1957 alleged Jordanian military coup attempt|Zarqa incident]], when Shaker was Hussein's [[aide-de-camp]], he was sent to the Zarqa barracks to ascertain the situation.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dictionary Of Modern Arab History. |date=2012 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |location=Hoboken |isbn=9781136162916 |page=453 |pages=466 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dictionary_Of_Modern_Arab_Histor/3CstBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref> He found an anarchic situation, with rumors circling that the king had been assassinated, and uncertainty regarding individual loyalties. The arrival of the king eventually quelled confusion, and order was restored.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Satloff |first1=Robert B. |title=From Abdullah to Hussein: Jordan in transition |date=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=9780195080278 |page=167 |pages=251 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/From_Abdullah_to_Hussein/cUDnCwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref>

=== Six Day War ===
{{main|Six Day War}}

Ibn Shaker was placed in command of the Hebron-Jerusalem sector under Egyptian General [[Abdul Munim Riad]]. During this conflict, Ibn Shaker's forces suffered heavy losses.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dictionary Of Modern Arab History. |date=2012 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |location=Hoboken |isbn=9781136162916 |page=453 |pages=466 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dictionary_Of_Modern_Arab_Histor/3CstBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref>

=== Battle of Karameh ===
{{main|Battle of Karameh}}

After the battle, Ibn Shaker led a tribute to those who had died in the battle at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. He later revealed a new monument to the Karameh martyrs in Irbid.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Jordan Commemorates Armed Forces Anniversary and Battle of Karameh |journal=Al Urdun |date=March, 1985 |volume=10 |issue=3 |page=1 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Al_Urdun/JCx_KAtu_qYC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref>

=== Black September ===
{{main|Black September}}

Ibn Shaker was opposed to the freedom granted to the ''fedayeen'' forces of the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO).<ref>{{cite book |title=Dictionary Of Modern Arab History. |date=2012 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |location=Hoboken |isbn=9781136162916 |page=453 |pages=466 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dictionary_Of_Modern_Arab_Histor/3CstBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref> When violence broke out between Jordanian and ''fedayeen'' forces in June of 1970, the PLO demanded Ibn Shaker's dismissal. Fearing that opposition to the ''fedayeen'' would only result in all out conflict, Hussein conceded, and announced Ibn Shaker's resignation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shemesh |first1=Moshe |title=The Palestinian Entity, 1959-1974 : Arab politics and the PLO |date=1988 |publisher=F. Cass |location=London, England |isbn=9780714632810 |page=139 |pages=402 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Palestinian_Entity_1959_1974/y65MoLw_XeUC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref>

Ibn Shaker's dismissal did nothing to ease tension, and by late August fighting between the ''fedayeen'' and Jordanian army was a near daily occurrence. As a result, Ibn Shaker was reappointed Deputy Chief of Staff.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jabber |first1=Fuad |last2=Jabber |first2=Paul |last3=Lesch |first3=Ann Mosely |last4=Quandt |first4=William B. |title=The Politics of Palestinian Nationalism |date=1973 |publisher=University of California Press |location=United Kingdom |page=120 |pages=234}}</ref> The PLO saw his return to power as a sign that Jordan was "determined to strike and liquidate the resistance movement".<ref>{{cite book |title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts: Issues 171-180 |date=1970 |publisher=United States Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Daily_Report_Foreign_Radio_Broadcasts/1Y8Ub9KT9e8C?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref> Ibn Shaker organized the attacks against ''fedayeen'' positions within Amman, commanding over 35,000 troops, the bulk of the Jordanian combat units at the time, and had spent two weeks with staff planning the attacks. Despite this, the Jordanian military still met with problems due to dated weaponry and narrow streets of the city, which provided perfect defense cover for the ''fedayeen''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Raab |first1=David |title=Terror in black September : the first eyewitness account of the infamous 1970 hijackings |date=2007 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=Basingstoke |isbn=9780230606845 |page=157 |pages=288 |edition=1st |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Terror_in_Black_September/upeuoycStjIC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref>

== 1971-1989 ==

In 1972, Ibn Shaker was appointed Chief of Staff. In 1976, he took the position of Commander in Chief.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dictionary Of Modern Arab History. |date=2012 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |location=Hoboken |isbn=9781136162916 |page=453 |pages=466 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dictionary_Of_Modern_Arab_Histor/3CstBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref>

In 1984, when Hussein was beginning talks with [[Yasser Arafat]] for the creation of a [[State of Palestine|Palestinian state]], Ibn Shakir opposed Jordanian support, worried that it would create a recurrence of Black September.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Pappé |editor1-first=Ilan |editor2-last=Nevo |editor2-first=Joseph |title=Jordan in the Middle East: The Making of a Pivotal State, 1948-1988 |date=November 1, 1994 |publisher=Frank Cass |location=Great Britain |page=83 |pages=305 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Jordan_in_the_Middle_East/bSBO2WTZUpwC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref>

In 1988, Ibn Shakir was appointed Chief of the Royal Court, as well as director of the [[General Intelligence Directorate (Jordan)|''Mukhabarat'']].<ref>{{cite book |title=Jordan Country Study Guide: Strategic Information and Developments |date=2012 |publisher=International Business Publications USA |location=United States |isbn=9781438774701 |page=120 |pages=300 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Jordan_Country_Study_Guide_Volume_1_Stra/XESbBQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref>

== Political Career ==

=== Prime Minister (1989) ===

In 1989, price increases related to the IMF-mandated austerity program caused riots in Amman and several Jordanian cities, leading to the resignation of Jordanian government under Prime Minister [[Zaid Rifai]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Lansford |editor1-first=Tom |editor2-last=Muller |editor2-first=Tom |title=Political Handbook of the World 2012 |date=2012 |publisher=SAGE Publications |location=Los Angeles |isbn=978-1-4522-3434-2 |page=733 |pages=1848 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Political_Handbook_of_the_World_2012/d33MfEFXvW8C?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref> Ibn Shakir was appointed as prime minister, with orders to curb corruption, ease discontent over unpopular economic measures, and arrange a general election as soon as possible.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dictionary Of Modern Arab History. |date=2012 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |location=Hoboken |isbn=9781136162916 |page=453 |pages=466 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dictionary_Of_Modern_Arab_Histor/3CstBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref> At the time, Ibn Shaker was seen as an intermediary between those who opposed elections and the reformers who desired elections.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Buttorff |first1=Gail J. |title=Authoritarian Elections and Opposition Groups in the Arab World |date=2019 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |location=Cham, Switzerland |isbn=9783319921860 |page=102 |pages=194 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Authoritarian_Elections_and_Opposition_G/FXB_DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref>

In November of that year, parliamentary elections were held in Jordan, the very first since 1967. [[Mudar Badran]] was elected as prime minister.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lea |first1=David |title=A Political Chronology of the Middle East |date=2001 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=9781857431155 |page=136 |pages=282 |edition=1st |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Political_Chronology_of_the_Middle_Eas/f25h1qJLtnAC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref>

After this, Ibn Shakir continued as a close adviser to the king.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dictionary Of Modern Arab History. |date=2012 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |location=Hoboken |isbn=9781136162916 |page=453 |pages=466 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dictionary_Of_Modern_Arab_Histor/3CstBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref>

=== Prime Minister (1991-1993) ===

[[Taher Masri]] resigned as prime minister after the collapse of his government. Ibn Shaker was once again called in, this time to reform the economy, renew Arab unity which had been damaged since the invasion of Iraq, and reach accommodation for the Muslim Brotherhood.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dictionary Of Modern Arab History. |date=2012 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |location=Hoboken |isbn=9781136162916 |page=453 |pages=466 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dictionary_Of_Modern_Arab_Histor/3CstBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref> However, Shaker's government generally favored the conservatives and ignored the Brotherhood. It survived a nonconfidence motion in December of 1991, at a vote of 46-27. In 1992, all martial law regulations imposed by King Hussein since the 1967 war were removed, and political parties were once again allowed to register.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Lansford |editor1-first=Tom |editor2-last=Muller |editor2-first=Tom |title=Political Handbook of the World 2012 |date=2012 |publisher=SAGE Publications |location=Los Angeles |isbn=978-1-4522-3434-2 |page=733 |pages=1848 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Political_Handbook_of_the_World_2012/d33MfEFXvW8C?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref>

[[Abdelsalam Majali]] was appointed prime minister of a transitional government in 1993.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lea |first1=David |title=A Political Chronology of the Middle East |date=2001 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=9781857431155 |page=136 |pages=282 |edition=1st |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Political_Chronology_of_the_Middle_Eas/f25h1qJLtnAC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref>

=== Prime Minister (1995-1996) ===

After [[Abdelsalam Majali]] resigned as prime minister, Ibn Shakir was once again appointed. The government emphasized their economic plans, but primarily focused on normalizing relations with Israel. This was due to the vocal opposition to [[Israel–Jordan peace treaty|the peace treaty with Israel]], which had been stronger than the government expected. Hussein adopted a hard line stance towards opponents of the accords, and banned meetings against it by Islamist, leftist, and nationalist groups. This stifled dissent "even at the expense, in the opinion of some observers, of a slowdown of the democratization process."<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Lansford |editor1-first=Tom |editor2-last=Muller |editor2-first=Tom |title=Political Handbook of the World 2012 |date=2012 |publisher=SAGE Publications |location=Los Angeles |isbn=978-1-4522-3434-2 |page=733 |pages=1848 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Political_Handbook_of_the_World_2012/d33MfEFXvW8C?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref> It was also during this time that Israel completed their withdrawal from Jordanian territory. Eventually, Hussein would appoint [[Abdul Karim Kabariti]] as prime minister in February of 1996.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lea |first1=David |title=A Political Chronology of the Middle East |date=2001 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=9781857431155 |page=137 |pages=282 |edition=1st |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Political_Chronology_of_the_Middle_Eas/f25h1qJLtnAC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 16:43, 25 April 2022

HRH Prince
Zaid Ibn Shaker
Prime Minister of Jordan
In office
8 January 1995 – 4 February 1996
MonarchHussein
Preceded byAbdelsalam al-Majali
Succeeded byAbdul Karim al-Kabariti
In office
21 November 1991 – 29 May 1993
MonarchHussein
Preceded byTaher al-Masri
Succeeded byAbdelsalam al-Majali
In office
27 April 1989 – 6 December 1989
MonarchHussein
Preceded byZaid al-Rifai
Succeeded byMudar Badran
Personal details
Born
Zaid Ibn Shaker

4 September 1934
Amman
Died30 August 2002(2002-08-30) (aged 67)
Amman, Jordan
Political partyIndependent
ResidenceAmman
Alma materUS Army Command and General Staff College
Websitehttp://www.zaidbinshaker.com

Zeid Ibn Shaker, GBE, CVO (4 September 1934 – 30 August 2002) (Arabic: الامير زيد بن شاكر) served as commander-in-chief of the Jordanian military for more than twelve years and the 27th Prime Minister of Jordan three times. King Hussein awarded him the non-hereditary title prince on 4 February 1996.

Field Marshal General of the Army Sharif Zaid ibn Shakir was a cousin of King Hussein. He joined the military and served with the future King Hussein. In 1957 and 1958 he was the assistant military attache at the Embassy of Jordan in London. He served in a number of positions in the Jordanian military, including being a tank commander at both the brigade and division level. On 8 January 1996 he was made chief of staff for the armed services, which post he held until resigning in 1988.[1] In June 1987 he was made field marshal. Being a Hashemite, Zaid ibn Shaker's family had always been close to the Royal family, and Zaid ibn Shakir himself had been personally linked with King Hussein throughout his military career.[1] In addition to his high palace position, he also filled a then newly created post of adviser to the king on national security, which implied that Zaid bin Shaker would retain considerable influence over military policies.[1]

Early Life

Ibn Shaker's family came from a military background. His father, also named Zaid Ibn Shakir, had participated in the the Arab Revolt, where he led a group of tribal levies, as well as in the Al-Khurma dispute.[2] At the Battle of Turbah, during the conflict between the Sharifian Caliphate and Ibn Saud, Ibn Shakir's father saved the life of Prince Abdullah (later King Abdullah I) by providing him a horse and camel to escape.[3] Shaker's father had likewise served with T.E. Lawrence, who described him as a "brave and courageous soldier".[4]

Ibn Shaker would go on to be educated at Victoria College in Alexandria.[5]

Military Career

Ibn Shaker was trained at Sandhurst in the early 1950's, where he met Hussein, and during this time the two became close friends. During the Zarqa incident, when Shaker was Hussein's aide-de-camp, he was sent to the Zarqa barracks to ascertain the situation.[6] He found an anarchic situation, with rumors circling that the king had been assassinated, and uncertainty regarding individual loyalties. The arrival of the king eventually quelled confusion, and order was restored.[7]

Six Day War

Main article: Six Day War

Ibn Shaker was placed in command of the Hebron-Jerusalem sector under Egyptian General Abdul Munim Riad. During this conflict, Ibn Shaker's forces suffered heavy losses.[8]

Battle of Karameh

Main article: Battle of Karameh

After the battle, Ibn Shaker led a tribute to those who had died in the battle at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. He later revealed a new monument to the Karameh martyrs in Irbid.[9]

Black September

Main article: Black September

Ibn Shaker was opposed to the freedom granted to the fedayeen forces of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).[10] When violence broke out between Jordanian and fedayeen forces in June of 1970, the PLO demanded Ibn Shaker's dismissal. Fearing that opposition to the fedayeen would only result in all out conflict, Hussein conceded, and announced Ibn Shaker's resignation.[11]

Ibn Shaker's dismissal did nothing to ease tension, and by late August fighting between the fedayeen and Jordanian army was a near daily occurrence. As a result, Ibn Shaker was reappointed Deputy Chief of Staff.[12] The PLO saw his return to power as a sign that Jordan was "determined to strike and liquidate the resistance movement".[13] Ibn Shaker organized the attacks against fedayeen positions within Amman, commanding over 35,000 troops, the bulk of the Jordanian combat units at the time, and had spent two weeks with staff planning the attacks. Despite this, the Jordanian military still met with problems due to dated weaponry and narrow streets of the city, which provided perfect defense cover for the fedayeen.[14]

1971-1989

In 1972, Ibn Shaker was appointed Chief of Staff. In 1976, he took the position of Commander in Chief.[15]

In 1984, when Hussein was beginning talks with Yasser Arafat for the creation of a Palestinian state, Ibn Shakir opposed Jordanian support, worried that it would create a recurrence of Black September.[16]

In 1988, Ibn Shakir was appointed Chief of the Royal Court, as well as director of the Mukhabarat.[17]

Political Career

Prime Minister (1989)

In 1989, price increases related to the IMF-mandated austerity program caused riots in Amman and several Jordanian cities, leading to the resignation of Jordanian government under Prime Minister Zaid Rifai.[18] Ibn Shakir was appointed as prime minister, with orders to curb corruption, ease discontent over unpopular economic measures, and arrange a general election as soon as possible.[19] At the time, Ibn Shaker was seen as an intermediary between those who opposed elections and the reformers who desired elections.[20]

In November of that year, parliamentary elections were held in Jordan, the very first since 1967. Mudar Badran was elected as prime minister.[21]

After this, Ibn Shakir continued as a close adviser to the king.[22]

Prime Minister (1991-1993)

Taher Masri resigned as prime minister after the collapse of his government. Ibn Shaker was once again called in, this time to reform the economy, renew Arab unity which had been damaged since the invasion of Iraq, and reach accommodation for the Muslim Brotherhood.[23] However, Shaker's government generally favored the conservatives and ignored the Brotherhood. It survived a nonconfidence motion in December of 1991, at a vote of 46-27. In 1992, all martial law regulations imposed by King Hussein since the 1967 war were removed, and political parties were once again allowed to register.[24]

Abdelsalam Majali was appointed prime minister of a transitional government in 1993.[25]

Prime Minister (1995-1996)

After Abdelsalam Majali resigned as prime minister, Ibn Shakir was once again appointed. The government emphasized their economic plans, but primarily focused on normalizing relations with Israel. This was due to the vocal opposition to the peace treaty with Israel, which had been stronger than the government expected. Hussein adopted a hard line stance towards opponents of the accords, and banned meetings against it by Islamist, leftist, and nationalist groups. This stifled dissent "even at the expense, in the opinion of some observers, of a slowdown of the democratization process."[26] It was also during this time that Israel completed their withdrawal from Jordanian territory. Eventually, Hussein would appoint Abdul Karim Kabariti as prime minister in February of 1996.[27]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c "Jordan-Command Structure: The Armed Forces". December 1989. Archived from the original on 16 April 2010. from Helen Chapin Metz, ed. (1991). Jordan: A Country Study (fourth ed.). Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.
  2. ^ Dictionary Of Modern Arab History. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. 2012. p. 453. ISBN 9781136162916. Retrieved 25 April 2022. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  3. ^ Aboul-Enein, Youssef (2010). [U.S. Armor Association "The Rise and Fall of Hussein ibn Ali, King of the Hejaz and Sherief of Mecca"]. Armor. 119 (3): 28. Retrieved 25 April 2022. {{cite journal}}: Check |url= value (help); More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  4. ^ Rosen, Jacob (2002). Crossing The Jordan River : the Journeys Of An Israeli Diplomat. Boca Raton, FL: Humanix Books. p. 43. ISBN 9780893343880. Retrieved 25 April 2022. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  5. ^ Lentz, Harris, ed. (1995). Heads of States and Governments: A Worldwide Encyclopedia of Over 2,300 Leaders, 1945 through 1992. London. p. 1684. ISBN 9781134264971. Retrieved 25 April 2022. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ^ Dictionary Of Modern Arab History. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. 2012. p. 453. ISBN 9781136162916. Retrieved 25 April 2022. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  7. ^ Satloff, Robert B. (1994). From Abdullah to Hussein: Jordan in transition. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 167. ISBN 9780195080278. Retrieved 25 April 2022. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  8. ^ Dictionary Of Modern Arab History. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. 2012. p. 453. ISBN 9781136162916. Retrieved 25 April 2022. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  9. ^ "Jordan Commemorates Armed Forces Anniversary and Battle of Karameh". Al Urdun. 10 (3): 1. March, 1985. Retrieved 25 April 2022. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ Dictionary Of Modern Arab History. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. 2012. p. 453. ISBN 9781136162916. Retrieved 25 April 2022. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  11. ^ Shemesh, Moshe (1988). The Palestinian Entity, 1959-1974 : Arab politics and the PLO. London, England: F. Cass. p. 139. ISBN 9780714632810. Retrieved 25 April 2022. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  12. ^ Jabber, Fuad; Jabber, Paul; Lesch, Ann Mosely; Quandt, William B. (1973). The Politics of Palestinian Nationalism. United Kingdom: University of California Press. p. 120. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  13. ^ Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts: Issues 171-180. United States Central Intelligence Agency. 1970. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  14. ^ Raab, David (2007). Terror in black September : the first eyewitness account of the infamous 1970 hijackings (1st ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 157. ISBN 9780230606845. Retrieved 25 April 2022. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  15. ^ Dictionary Of Modern Arab History. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. 2012. p. 453. ISBN 9781136162916. Retrieved 25 April 2022. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  16. ^ Pappé, Ilan; Nevo, Joseph, eds. (November 1, 1994). Jordan in the Middle East: The Making of a Pivotal State, 1948-1988. Great Britain: Frank Cass. p. 83. Retrieved 25 April 2022. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  17. ^ Jordan Country Study Guide: Strategic Information and Developments. United States: International Business Publications USA. 2012. p. 120. ISBN 9781438774701. Retrieved 25 April 2022. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  18. ^ Lansford, Tom; Muller, Tom, eds. (2012). Political Handbook of the World 2012. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. p. 733. ISBN 978-1-4522-3434-2. Retrieved 25 April 2022. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  19. ^ Dictionary Of Modern Arab History. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. 2012. p. 453. ISBN 9781136162916. Retrieved 25 April 2022. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  20. ^ Buttorff, Gail J. (2019). Authoritarian Elections and Opposition Groups in the Arab World. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. p. 102. ISBN 9783319921860. Retrieved 25 April 2022. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  21. ^ Lea, David (2001). A Political Chronology of the Middle East (1st ed.). London: Routledge. p. 136. ISBN 9781857431155. Retrieved 25 April 2022. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  22. ^ Dictionary Of Modern Arab History. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. 2012. p. 453. ISBN 9781136162916. Retrieved 25 April 2022. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  23. ^ Dictionary Of Modern Arab History. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. 2012. p. 453. ISBN 9781136162916. Retrieved 25 April 2022. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  24. ^ Lansford, Tom; Muller, Tom, eds. (2012). Political Handbook of the World 2012. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. p. 733. ISBN 978-1-4522-3434-2. Retrieved 25 April 2022. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  25. ^ Lea, David (2001). A Political Chronology of the Middle East (1st ed.). London: Routledge. p. 136. ISBN 9781857431155. Retrieved 25 April 2022. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  26. ^ Lansford, Tom; Muller, Tom, eds. (2012). Political Handbook of the World 2012. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. p. 733. ISBN 978-1-4522-3434-2. Retrieved 25 April 2022. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  27. ^ Lea, David (2001). A Political Chronology of the Middle East (1st ed.). London: Routledge. p. 137. ISBN 9781857431155. Retrieved 25 April 2022. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)

External links

Political offices
Preceded by Prime Minister of Jordan
1989–1989 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prime Minister of Jordan
1991–1993 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prime Minister of Jordan
1995–1996 		Succeeded by


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