Black carp: Difference between revisions
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The asian carp naturally control algae, weed and parasite growth. This is why they were originally introduced to the US in the 1960’s.<ref>Bighead carp. (n.d.). Retrieved February 16, 2021, from https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/aquatic/fish-and-other-vertebrates/bighead-carp</ref> However, when uncontrolled, the asian carp out compete other native fish for food and space. This causes ecological problems in areas where they are not native. Their jumping behavior also poses a risk to boaters and water skiers. Asian carp have a tendency to jump out of the water, sometimes up to 10 feet out of the water, when frightened or startled as an escape mechanism.<ref>Ghose, T. (2015, April 14). Holy Flying Fish! Why Jumping Asian Carp Bombard Rowers. Retrieved from https://www.livescience.com/50482-why-asian-carp-jump.html |
The asian carp naturally control algae, weed and parasite growth. This is why they were originally introduced to the US in the 1960’s.<ref>Bighead carp. (n.d.). Retrieved February 16, 2021, from https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/aquatic/fish-and-other-vertebrates/bighead-carp</ref> However, when uncontrolled, the asian carp out compete other native fish for food and space. This causes ecological problems in areas where they are not native. Their jumping behavior also poses a risk to boaters and water skiers. Asian carp have a tendency to jump out of the water, sometimes up to 10 feet out of the water, when frightened or startled as an escape mechanism.<ref>Ghose, T. (2015, April 14). Holy Flying Fish! Why Jumping Asian Carp Bombard Rowers. Retrieved from https://www.livescience.com/50482-why-asian-carp-jump.html |
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</ref> As these fish travel in schools, the flight or fight instinct creates a dangerous situation for any unsuspecting travelers on the water's surface. This ability to jump out of the water can also be linked to their migration capacities during high flood events that may bring bodies of water closer together and allow the Asian Carp to enter areas they previously did not inhabit. --> |
</ref> As these fish travel in schools, the flight or fight instinct creates a dangerous situation for any unsuspecting travelers on the water's surface. This ability to jump out of the water can also be linked to their migration capacities during high flood events that may bring bodies of water closer together and allow the Asian Carp to enter areas they previously did not inhabit. --> |
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==Description== |
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Black carp are elongated fish with a fusiform body. They appear dusky gray, brown or bluish black and have dark fins.<ref name="kroboth">{{cite journal |last1=Kroboth |first1=Patrick T. |last2=Chapman |first2=Duane C. |last3=Hrabik |first3=Robert A. |last4=Neely |first4=David A. |title=Characteristics for the External Identification of Black Carp From Grass Carp |journal=Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management |year=2019 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=304-313 |doi=10.3996/112018-JFWM-102}}</ref> They have a high and pointed dorsal fin. In comparison to grass carp, the distance from the eye to the superior and inferior edges of the [[operculum (fish)|pre-operculum]] is longer, contributing to the elongate appearance of the scaleless head.<ref name="kroboth" />. The head is pointed, rather than rounded, when viewed from above, and unlike in grass carp, the upper lip does not protrude beyond the lower lip.<ref name="kroboth" /> Black carp have large [[cycloid scales]] on their body and a forked tail fin. |
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==Black carp in the United States== |
==Black carp in the United States== |
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The black carp was first accidentally introduced into the United States during a grass carp shipment from Asia in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Black carp (''Mylopharyngodon piceus'')|url=https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/aquaticanimals/black-carp/index.html|website=Dnr.state.mn.us}}</ref> The black carp was later intentionally introduced to the US in the 1980s for use in retention ponds and aquaculture facilities to manage yellow grub and snails populations. It was also to be used as food fish. However, flooding in the South caused these populations of carp to spread into the Mississippi watershed.<ref name="asian" /> They continued to spread via the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, where they began to form wild populations. Black carp later began to migrate to connected river systems, and spread via continued flooding events. Aside from this, the population was also introduced via human release. |
The black carp was first accidentally introduced into the United States during a grass carp shipment from Asia in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Black carp (''Mylopharyngodon piceus'')|url=https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/aquaticanimals/black-carp/index.html|website=Dnr.state.mn.us}}</ref> The black carp was later intentionally introduced to the US in the 1980s for use in retention ponds and aquaculture facilities to manage yellow grub and snails populations. It was also to be used as food fish. However, flooding in the South caused these populations of carp to spread into the Mississippi watershed.<ref name="asian" /> They continued to spread via the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, where they began to form wild populations. Black carp later began to migrate to connected river systems, and spread via continued flooding events. Aside from this, the population was also introduced via human release. |
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The nature of the black carp's diet has led to its use in the United States in the control of snails in aquaculture. Snails are obligate alternate hosts of trematode pests that can cause substantial losses to aquaculture crops. Some state aquaculture laws require the carp to be bred as triploids, to render them sterile, thus minimizing the potential for the fish to escape and create self-sustaining populations. The use of triploids, though, does require the maintenance and use of fertile diploid brood stock at least at some location, for production of the triploids. |
The nature of the black carp's diet has led to its use in the United States in the control of snails in aquaculture. Snails are obligate alternate hosts of trematode pests that can cause substantial losses to aquaculture crops. Some state aquaculture laws require the carp to be bred as triploids, to render them sterile, thus minimizing the potential for the fish to escape and create self-sustaining populations. The use of triploids, though, does require the maintenance and use of fertile diploid brood stock at least at some location, for production of the triploids. |
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A multitude of control methods has been used to control the population of Asian carp, including trapping, explosives, herding with noise or light, electrical and thermal barriers, bubble and noise walls, hydraulic modifications, and oxygen deprivation, but these control methods have not been successful at eliminating carp from any single area.<ref name="asian" >{{cite web|title=Asian carp : Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force|url=https://www.fws.gov/columbiariver/ans/factsheets/Asian_carp.pdf|format=PDF|website=Fws.gov}}</ref> The most effective methods, such as chemical poisoning, are successful at killing carp, but also affect the other fish in that body of water, further disrupting the ecosystem. |
A multitude of control methods has been used to control the population of Asian carp, including trapping, explosives, herding with noise or light, electrical and thermal barriers, bubble and noise walls, hydraulic modifications, and oxygen deprivation, but these control methods have not been successful at eliminating carp from any single area.<ref name="asian" >{{cite web|title=Asian carp : Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force|url=https://www.fws.gov/columbiariver/ans/factsheets/Asian_carp.pdf|format=PDF|website=Fws.gov}}</ref> The most effective methods, such as chemical poisoning, are successful at killing carp, but also affect the other fish in that body of water, further disrupting the ecosystem. |
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Currently, novel control methods are being researched that use carp pheromones to control their behavior.<ref name="asian" /> Another widespread effort involves using carp as a food source. Locals in areas where carp have invaded are encouraged to catch and eat them. |
Currently, novel control methods are being researched that use carp pheromones to control their behavior.<ref name="asian" /> Another widespread effort involves using carp as a food source. Locals in areas where carp have invaded are encouraged to catch and eat them. |
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Efforts to prevent Asian carp from spreading to crucial ecosystems such as the Great Lakes or waterways on the West Coast have been incredibly successful. Local laws prevent human release of these fish in these waterways, and population controls have also contributed to this success. No state allows the intentional release of black carp, sterile or otherwise, but the United States Geological Survey reports that more than 60 confirmed black carp have been caught in the Mississippi River basin. This basin is the second-largest drainage system on the North American continent. The Mississippi River spans 2320 miles, while the entire system covers 1,151,000 sq mi. The presence of black carp within this enormous river system means that this highly invasive species has the accessibility to a vast range of bodies of water covering the majority of the Midwestern United States, so could establish populations in a large area. Rivers where black carp have been captured also include the White in Arkansas, the Atchafalaya and Red in Louisiana, and the Kaskaskia and Illinois Rivers in Illinois. One confirmed escape of black carp from aquaculture has occurred on the Osage River in Missouri, but other escapes are likely, because most early captures were far from this location, in the southern Mississippi basin. Most of the captured fish have been confirmed to be diploid and assumed fertile. Two diploid fingerlings were captured in Missouri's bootheel in 2015,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/illinois/scientists-discovery-of-young-wild-black-carp-troubling/article_624df08d-ad26-52b8-8acc-eb95e12965fd.html|title=Scientists: Discovery of young, wild black carp troubling|author=Margaret Stafford|website=STLtoday.com|access-date=23 November 2021}}</ref> confirming natural reproduction of this species in the wild. In Louisiana, many other reports by knowledgeable fishers of their capture have not been verified by biologists.<ref>Nico et al. 2005. Black carp: biological synopsis and risk assessment of an introduced fish American Fisheries Society Special Publication 32. 337 pp.</ref> |
Efforts to prevent Asian carp from spreading to crucial ecosystems such as the Great Lakes or waterways on the West Coast have been incredibly successful. Local laws prevent human release of these fish in these waterways, and population controls have also contributed to this success. No state allows the intentional release of black carp, sterile or otherwise, but the United States Geological Survey reports that more than 60 confirmed black carp have been caught in the Mississippi River basin. This basin is the second-largest drainage system on the North American continent. The Mississippi River spans 2320 miles, while the entire system covers 1,151,000 sq mi. The presence of black carp within this enormous river system means that this highly invasive species has the accessibility to a vast range of bodies of water covering the majority of the Midwestern United States, so could establish populations in a large area. Rivers where black carp have been captured also include the White in Arkansas, the Atchafalaya and Red in Louisiana, and the Kaskaskia and Illinois Rivers in Illinois. One confirmed escape of black carp from aquaculture has occurred on the Osage River in Missouri, but other escapes are likely, because most early captures were far from this location, in the southern Mississippi basin. Most of the captured fish have been confirmed to be diploid and assumed fertile. Two diploid fingerlings were captured in Missouri's bootheel in 2015,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/illinois/scientists-discovery-of-young-wild-black-carp-troubling/article_624df08d-ad26-52b8-8acc-eb95e12965fd.html|title=Scientists: Discovery of young, wild black carp troubling|author=Margaret Stafford|website=STLtoday.com|access-date=23 November 2021}}</ref> confirming natural reproduction of this species in the wild. In Louisiana, many other reports by knowledgeable fishers of their capture have not been verified by biologists.<ref>Nico et al. 2005. Black carp: biological synopsis and risk assessment of an introduced fish American Fisheries Society Special Publication 32. 337 pp.</ref> |
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Black carp are considered to be a serious threat to mollusks native to the United States, many of which are critically endangered. In 2007, the black carp was listed as an "injurious species" under the [[Lacey Act of 1900]].<ref>{{cite journal |work=Federal Register |title=Injurious Wildlife Species; Black Carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus), U.S. President. Rule. |volume=72 |issue=201 |pages=59019-59035 |date=18 October 2007 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/FR-2007-10-18/07-5141 |access-date=20 July 2022}}</ref> Transporting live black carp, whether sterile or fertile, into the United States or across state lines is thus illegal in most cases. |
Black carp are considered to be a serious threat to mollusks native to the United States, many of which are critically endangered. In 2007, the black carp was listed as an "injurious species" under the [[Lacey Act of 1900]].<ref>{{cite journal |work=Federal Register |title=Injurious Wildlife Species; Black Carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus), U.S. President. Rule. |volume=72 |issue=201 |pages=59019-59035 |date=18 October 2007 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/FR-2007-10-18/07-5141 |access-date=20 July 2022}}</ref> Transporting live black carp, whether sterile or fertile, into the United States or across state lines is thus illegal in most cases. |
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==Anatomy and Physiology== |
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Black carp have enameloid teeth<ref name="he">{{cite journal |last1=He |first1=Chong |last2=Zhou |first2=Wu |last3=Wang |first3=Hongtao |last4=Shi |first4=San-Qiang |last5=Yao |first5=Haimin |title=Mechanics of Pharyngeal Teeth of Black Carp (''Mylopharyngodon piceus'') Crushing Mollusk Shells |journal=Advanced Engineering Materials |doi=10.1002/adem.201200304 |year=2013 |volume=15 |issue=8 |pages=684-690}}</ref> located in the posterior pharynx between the [[cleithra]]l bones.<ref name="kroboth" /> There are four teeth on the left side and five teeth on the right side of the pharynx in adults.<ref name="he" /> As the black carp prepare to crush shelled prey, they forcibly occlude their pharyngeal teeth. A horny patch above the pharyngeal teeth helps to position and hold the prey in place as it is crushed.<ref name="he" /> The pharyngeal teeth will be replaced several times during the adult life of the carp.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Huanliang |last2=Li |first2=Hua |last3=Zhai |first3=Baoxiang |last4=Liu |first4=Wei |title=Post-Larval Development of the Masticating Apparatus of Black Carp ''Mylopharyngodon piceus'' |journal=Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica |volume=14 |pages=310-320}}</ref> |
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==Etymology== |
==Etymology== |
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Revision as of 02:57, 21 July 2022
| Black carp | |
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| Adult | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Cyprinidae |
| Subfamily: | Squaliobarbinae |
| Genus: | Mylopharyngodon W. K. H. Peters, 1881 |
| Species: | M. piceus
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| Binomial name | |
| Mylopharyngodon piceus (J. Richardson, 1846)
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| Synonyms | |
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The black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) or Chinese black roach is a species of cyprinid freshwater fish and the sole species of the genus Mylopharyngodon. It is native to lakes and rivers in East Asia, ranging from the Amur Basin across China to Vietnam.[2] One of the largest cyprinids in the world, the black carp has a typical length of 60–120 cm (23.5–47 in), though it can reach up to 1.9 m (6 ft 3 in) in length and 109 kg (240 lb) in weight.[2] It is carnivorous and generally feeds on invertebrates such as snails, clams and mussels.
Black carp, together with bighead carp, silver carp, and grass carp, make up the culturally important "four famous domestic fishes" used in polyculture in China for over a thousand years. It has also been introduced in the United States as one of the invasive "Asian carps", though it is not as widely distributed worldwide as the other three.
In China, black carp is widely cultivated for food and Chinese medicine, being one of the most highly esteemed and expensive domestic food fish,[3] and partly because of its diet and limited food supply, is the most scarce and expensive in the marketplace among the "four famous domestic fishes".[4]
Description
Black carp are elongated fish with a fusiform body. They appear dusky gray, brown or bluish black and have dark fins.[5] They have a high and pointed dorsal fin. In comparison to grass carp, the distance from the eye to the superior and inferior edges of the pre-operculum is longer, contributing to the elongate appearance of the scaleless head.[5]. The head is pointed, rather than rounded, when viewed from above, and unlike in grass carp, the upper lip does not protrude beyond the lower lip.[5] Black carp have large cycloid scales on their body and a forked tail fin.
Black carp in the United States
The black carp was first accidentally introduced into the United States during a grass carp shipment from Asia in the 1970s.[6] The black carp was later intentionally introduced to the US in the 1980s for use in retention ponds and aquaculture facilities to manage yellow grub and snails populations. It was also to be used as food fish. However, flooding in the South caused these populations of carp to spread into the Mississippi watershed.[7] They continued to spread via the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, where they began to form wild populations. Black carp later began to migrate to connected river systems, and spread via continued flooding events. Aside from this, the population was also introduced via human release. The nature of the black carp's diet has led to its use in the United States in the control of snails in aquaculture. Snails are obligate alternate hosts of trematode pests that can cause substantial losses to aquaculture crops. Some state aquaculture laws require the carp to be bred as triploids, to render them sterile, thus minimizing the potential for the fish to escape and create self-sustaining populations. The use of triploids, though, does require the maintenance and use of fertile diploid brood stock at least at some location, for production of the triploids. A multitude of control methods has been used to control the population of Asian carp, including trapping, explosives, herding with noise or light, electrical and thermal barriers, bubble and noise walls, hydraulic modifications, and oxygen deprivation, but these control methods have not been successful at eliminating carp from any single area.[7] The most effective methods, such as chemical poisoning, are successful at killing carp, but also affect the other fish in that body of water, further disrupting the ecosystem. Currently, novel control methods are being researched that use carp pheromones to control their behavior.[7] Another widespread effort involves using carp as a food source. Locals in areas where carp have invaded are encouraged to catch and eat them. Efforts to prevent Asian carp from spreading to crucial ecosystems such as the Great Lakes or waterways on the West Coast have been incredibly successful. Local laws prevent human release of these fish in these waterways, and population controls have also contributed to this success. No state allows the intentional release of black carp, sterile or otherwise, but the United States Geological Survey reports that more than 60 confirmed black carp have been caught in the Mississippi River basin. This basin is the second-largest drainage system on the North American continent. The Mississippi River spans 2320 miles, while the entire system covers 1,151,000 sq mi. The presence of black carp within this enormous river system means that this highly invasive species has the accessibility to a vast range of bodies of water covering the majority of the Midwestern United States, so could establish populations in a large area. Rivers where black carp have been captured also include the White in Arkansas, the Atchafalaya and Red in Louisiana, and the Kaskaskia and Illinois Rivers in Illinois. One confirmed escape of black carp from aquaculture has occurred on the Osage River in Missouri, but other escapes are likely, because most early captures were far from this location, in the southern Mississippi basin. Most of the captured fish have been confirmed to be diploid and assumed fertile. Two diploid fingerlings were captured in Missouri's bootheel in 2015,[8] confirming natural reproduction of this species in the wild. In Louisiana, many other reports by knowledgeable fishers of their capture have not been verified by biologists.[9] Black carp are considered to be a serious threat to mollusks native to the United States, many of which are critically endangered. In 2007, the black carp was listed as an "injurious species" under the Lacey Act of 1900.[10] Transporting live black carp, whether sterile or fertile, into the United States or across state lines is thus illegal in most cases.
Anatomy and Physiology
Black carp have enameloid teeth[11] located in the posterior pharynx between the cleithral bones.[5] There are four teeth on the left side and five teeth on the right side of the pharynx in adults.[11] As the black carp prepare to crush shelled prey, they forcibly occlude their pharyngeal teeth. A horny patch above the pharyngeal teeth helps to position and hold the prey in place as it is crushed.[11] The pharyngeal teeth will be replaced several times during the adult life of the carp.[12]
Etymology
Generic name from Greek mylo- "mill" + New Latin pharynx- "throat" + Greek odon "tooth".[2] Specific name from Latin piceus "pitch-black."
References
- ^ Huckstorf, V. (2012). "Mylopharyngodon piceus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T166112A1112111. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T166112A1112111.en.
- ^ a b c Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2022). "Mylopharyngodon piceus" in FishBase. July 2022 version.
- ^ Chu, X. et al. 1989. The fishes of Yunnan China. Part 1. Cyprinidae. Science Press, Beijing, China.
- ^ Chu X. 1984.The fishes of Fujian Province. Part 1. Fujian Science and Technology Press, Fujian, China.
- ^ a b c d Kroboth, Patrick T.; Chapman, Duane C.; Hrabik, Robert A.; Neely, David A. (2019). "Characteristics for the External Identification of Black Carp From Grass Carp". Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management. 10 (2): 304–313. doi:10.3996/112018-JFWM-102.
- ^ "Black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus)". Dnr.state.mn.us.
- ^ a b c "Asian carp : Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force" (PDF). Fws.gov.
- ^ Margaret Stafford. "Scientists: Discovery of young, wild black carp troubling". STLtoday.com. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
- ^ Nico et al. 2005. Black carp: biological synopsis and risk assessment of an introduced fish American Fisheries Society Special Publication 32. 337 pp.
- ^ "Injurious Wildlife Species; Black Carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus), U.S. President. Rule". Federal Register. 72 (201): 59019–59035. 18 October 2007. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
- ^ a b c He, Chong; Zhou, Wu; Wang, Hongtao; Shi, San-Qiang; Yao, Haimin (2013). "Mechanics of Pharyngeal Teeth of Black Carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) Crushing Mollusk Shells". Advanced Engineering Materials. 15 (8): 684–690. doi:10.1002/adem.201200304.
- ^ Liu, Huanliang; Li, Hua; Zhai, Baoxiang; Liu, Wei. "Post-Larval Development of the Masticating Apparatus of Black Carp Mylopharyngodon piceus". Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica. 14: 310–320.
External links
- Species Profile- Black Carp (Asian Carp) (Mylopharyngodon piceus), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and reseources for black carp.