Potoo: Difference between revisions

Potoo; Temporal range: Middle Eocene to present ; 48–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Great potoo (Nyctibius grandis)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Clade:	Strisores
Clade:	Vanescaves
Order:	Nyctibiiformes; Yuri et al., 2013
Family:	Nyctibiidae; Chenu & des Murs, 1853
Type species
	Caprimulgus grandis (great potoo); Gmelin, JF, 1789
Genera
	Nyctibius; Phyllaemulor; †Paraprefica;
	Global range (In red)

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Potoos (family Nyctibiidae) are a group of birds related to the nightjars and frogmouths. They are sometimes called poor-me-ones, after their haunting calls. The family Nyctibiidae was formerly included with the nightjars in the order Caprimulgiformes but is now placed in a separate order, Nyctibiiformes. There are seven species in two genera in tropical Central and South America. Fossil evidence indicates that they also inhabited Europe during the Paleogene.

Potoos are nocturnal insectivores that lack the bristles around the mouth found in the true nightjars. They hunt from a perch like a shrike or flycatcher. During the day they perch upright on tree stumps, camouflaged to look like part of the stump. The single spotted egg is laid directly on the top of a stump.

Evolution and taxonomy

The potoos are today an exclusively New World family, but they apparently had a much more widespread distribution in the past. Fossil remains of potoos dating from the Eocene have been found in Germany.^[2] A complete skeleton of the genus Paraprefica has been found in Messel, Germany. It had skull and leg features similar to those of modern potoos, suggesting that it may be an early close relative of the modern potoos. Because the only fossils other than these ancient ones that have been found are recent ones of extinct species, it is unknown if the family once had a global distribution which has contracted, or if the distribution of the family was originally restricted to the Old World and has shifted to the New World.^[2]

A 1996 study of the mitochondrial DNA of the potoos supported the monophyly of the family although it did not support the previous assumption that it was closely related to the oilbirds.^[3] The study also found a great deal of genetic divergence between the species, suggesting that these species are themselves very old. The level of divergence is the highest of any genus of birds, being more typical of the divergence between genera or even families. This raises the possibility that there are several cryptic species to be discovered. For example, the northern potoo was for a long time considered to be the same species as the common potoo, but the two species have now been separated on the basis of their calls. In spite of this there is no morphological way to separate the two species.^[4]

The family Nyctibiidae was introduced (as Nyctibie) in 1853 by the French naturalists Jean-Charles Chenu and Œillet des Murs. Prior to this, its species were classified in the Caprimulgidae.^[5]^[6]

Species

Nyctibiidae

†Parapreficinae

†Paraprefica

Nyctibiinae

Phyllaemulor

Rufous potoo (P. bracteatus)

Nyctibius

Great potoo (N. grandis)

Long-tailed potoo (N. aethereus)

	Andean potoo (N. maculosus)

	White-winged potoo (N. leucopterus)

	Common potoo (N. griseus)

	Northern potoo (N. jamaicensis)

Phylogeny based on a study by Michael Braun and Christopher Huddleston published in 2009^[7] and Costa et al., 2021.^[8]

The family Nyctibiidae contains seven species in two genera:^[9]

Subfamily Nyctibiinae
- Genus Phyllaemulor Costa, Whitney, Braun, White, Silveira & Cleere 2018
  - Rufous potoo, Phyllaemulor bracteatus (Gould 1846)
- Genus Nyctibius Vieillot 1816
  - Great potoo, Nyctibius grandis (Gmelin 1789)
  - Long-tailed potoo, Nyctibius aethereus (zu Wied-Neuwied 1820)
  - Northern potoo, Nyctibius jamaicensis (Gmelin 1789)
  - Common potoo or lesser potoo, Nyctibius griseus (Gmelin 1789)
  - Andean potoo, Nyctibius maculosus Ridgway 1912
  - White-winged potoo, Nyctibius leucopterus (zu Wied-Neuwied 1821)

Prior to 2018, Nyctibius was considered the only extant genus within the Nyctibiidae; however, a study that year found a deep divergence between the rufous potoo and all other species in the genus, leading it to be described in the new genus Phyllaemulor and expanding the number of genera within the family.^[10] This was followed by the International Ornithological Congress in 2022.^[9]

In addition, the fossil genus Paraprefica, the only member of the extinct subfamily Parapreficinae, is known from the Eocene of Germany (the Messel pit), marking the earliest fossil evidence of potoos. The fossil genus Euronyctibius, from the Oligocene of France, was formerly considered a potoo, but analysis supports it instead being a close relative of the oilbird (family Steatornithidae).^[11]^[12]

Description

The potoos are a highly conservative family in appearance, with all the species closely resembling one another; species accounts in ornithological literature remark on their unusual appearance.^[4] Potoos range from 21–58 cm (8.3–22.8 in) in length. They resemble upright sitting nightjars, a closely related family (Caprimulgidae). They also resemble the frogmouths of Australasia, which are stockier and have much heavier bills. They have proportionally large heads for their body size and long wings and tails. The large head is dominated by a massive broad bill and enormous eyes. In the treatment of the family in the Handbook of the Birds of the World, Cohn-Haft describes the potoos as "little more than a flying mouth and eyes".^[4] The bill, while large and broad, is also short, barely projecting past the face. It is delicate, but has a unique "tooth" on the cutting edge of the upper mandible that may assist in foraging. Unlike the closely related nightjars, the potoos lack rictal bristles around the mouth. The legs and feet are weak and used only for perching.

The eyes are large, even larger than those of nightjars. As in many species of nocturnal birds, they reflect the light of flashlights.^[13] Their eyes, which could be conspicuous to potential predators during the day, have unusual slits in the lids,^[14] which allow potoos to sense movement even when their eyes are closed. Their plumage is cryptic, helping them blend into the branches on which they spend their days.

Distribution and habitat

The potoos have a Neotropical distribution.^[4] They range from Mexico to Argentina, with the greatest diversity occurring in the Amazon Basin, which holds five species. They are found in every Central and South American country. They also occur on three Caribbean islands: Jamaica, Hispaniola and Tobago. The potoos are generally highly sedentary, although there are occasional reports of vagrants, particularly species that have travelled on ships. All species occur in humid forests, although a few species also occur in drier forests.

Behavior

The potoos are highly nocturnal and generally do not fly during the day. They spend the day perched on branches with the eyes half closed. With their cryptic plumage they resemble stumps, and should they detect potential danger they adopt a "freeze" position which even more closely resembles a broken branch.^[15]^[16] The transition between perching and the freeze position is gradual and hardly perceptible to the observer.

The English zoologist Hugh Cott, describing Nyctibius griseus as "this wonderful bird", writes that it "habitually selects the top of an upright stump as a receptacle for its egg, which usually occupies a small hollow just, and only just, large enough to contain it ... the stump selected had thrown up a new leader just below the point of fracture ... and the birds sat facing this in such a way that when viewed from behind they came into line and blended with the grey stem."^[17]

Food and feeding

Potoos feed at dusk and at night on flying insects.^[4] Their typical foraging technique is to perch on a branch and occasionally fly out in the manner of a flycatcher in order to snatch a passing insect. They occasionally fly to vegetation to glean an insect off it before returning to their perch, but they do not attempt to obtain prey from the ground. Beetles form a large part of their diet, but they also take moths, grasshoppers and termites. One northern potoo was found with a small bird in its stomach as well. Having caught an insect, potoos swallow it whole without beating or crushing it.

Breeding

Potoos are monogamous breeders and both parents share responsibilities for incubating the egg and raising the chick. The family does not construct a nest of any kind, instead laying the single egg on a depression in a branch or at the top of a rotten stump. The egg is white with purple-brown spots. One parent, often the male, incubates the egg during the day, then the duties are shared during the night. Changeovers to relieve incubating parents and feed chicks are infrequent to minimise attention to the nest, as potoos are entirely reliant on camouflage to protect themselves and their nesting site from predators. The chick hatches about one month after laying and the nestling phase is two months, a considerable length of time for a landbird. The plumage of nestling potoos is white and once they are too large to hide under their parents they adopt the same freeze position as their parents, resembling clumps of fungus.

Defense

The behaviors described above suggest that the common potoo adopts different defensive strategies to suit its circumstances. For a lone potoo, or a brooding adult with a potential predator close to the nest, the bird attempts to avoid detection by remaining motionless and relying on camouflage. If ineffective, the potoo breaks cover and attempts to intimidate the predator by opening its beak and eyes wide open while vocalizing or simply flies out of reach. Nocturnal predators rely less on vision for locating prey therefore a different strategy may be required at night.^[18]

References

^ Yuri, T.; Kimball, R.T.; Harshman, J.; Bowie, R.C.K.; Braun, M.J.; Chojnowski, J.L.; Han, K.-L.; Hackett, S.J.; Huddleston, C.J.; Moore, W.S.; Reddy, S.; Sheldon, F.H.; Steadman, D.W.; Witt, C.C.; Braun, E.L. (2013). "Parsimony and model-based analyses of indels in avian nuclear genes reveal congruent and incongruent phylogenetic signals". Biology. 2 (1): 419–444. doi:10.3390/biology2010419.
^ ^a ^b Mayr, G (2005). "The Palaeogene Old World Potoo Paraprefica Mayr, 1999 (Aves, Nyctibiidae): its osteology and affinities to the New World Preficinae Olson, 1987". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 3 (4): 359–370. doi:10.1017/S1477201905001653.
^ Mariaux, Jean & Braun, Michael J. (1996). "A Molecular Phylogenetic Survey of the Nightjars and Allies (Caprimulgiformes) with Special Emphasis on the Potoos (Nyctibiidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 6 (2): 228–244. doi:10.1006/mpev.1996.0073. PMID 8899725.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Cohn-Haft, M (1999) "Family Nyctibiidae (Potoos)". in del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Sargatal, J. (eds). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 5: Barn-Owls to Hummingbirds. Lynx Editions. pp. 288–297 ISBN 84-87334-25-3
^ Chenu, J.-C.; Des Murs, M.A.P.O. (1853). Encyclopédie d'Histoire Naturelle, Oiseaux: Part 2. Paris. p. 180.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) For the publication date see: Dickinson, E.C.; Overstreet, L.K.; Dowsett, R.J.; Bruce, M.D. (2011). Priority! The Dating of Scientific Names in Ornithology: a Directory to the literature and its reviewers. Northampton, UK: Aves Press. pp. 83–84. ISBN 978-0-9568611-1-5.
^ Bock, Walter J. (1994). History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. Number 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. p. 232. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
^ Braun, Michael J.; Huddleston, Christopher J. (2009). "A molecular phylogenetic survey of caprimulgiform nightbirds illustrates the utility of non-coding sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 53 (3): 948–960. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.025.
^ Costa, Thiago V. V.; Silveira, Luís Fábio; Posso, Sérgio R.; Donatelli, Reginaldo J. (2021-03-01). "Phylogenetic analysis of the nocturnal avian family Nyctibiidae (Caprimulgiformes) inferred from osteological characters". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 291: 113–122. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2021.01.003. ISSN 0044-5231.
^ ^a ^b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Frogmouths, Oilbird, potoos, nightjars". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
^ Costa, Thiago V. V.; Whitney, Bret M.; Braun, Michael J.; White, Noor D.; Silveira, Luís Fábio; Cleere, Nigel (2018-04-01). "A systematic reappraisal of the Rufous Potoo Nyctibius bracteatus (Nyctibiidae) and description of a new genus". Journal of Ornithology. 159 (2): 367–377. doi:10.1007/s10336-017-1511-2. ISSN 2193-7206.
^ Costa, Thiago V. V.; Silveira, Luís Fábio; Posso, Sérgio R.; Donatelli, Reginaldo J. (2021-03-01). "Phylogenetic analysis of the nocturnal avian family Nyctibiidae (Caprimulgiformes) inferred from osteological characters". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 291: 113–122. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2021.01.003. ISSN 0044-5231.
^ Mourer-Chauviré, C. (2013-12-01). "New data concerning the familial position of the genus Euronyctibius (Aves, Caprimulgiformes) from the paleogene of the Phosphorites du Quercy, France". Paleontological Journal. 47 (11): 1315–1322. doi:10.1134/S0031030113110117. ISSN 1555-6174.
^ Van Rossem, A (1927). "Eye shine in birds, with notes on the feeding habits of some goatsuckers" (PDF). The Condor. 29 (1): 25–28. doi:10.2307/1363006. JSTOR 1363006.
^ Borrero, J (1974). "Notes on the structure of the upper eyelid of potoos (Nyctibius)" (PDF). The Condor. 76 (2): 210–211. doi:10.2307/1366732. JSTOR 1366732.
^ Perry, D (1979). "The Great Potoo in Costa Rica" (PDF). The Condor. 81 (3): 320–321. doi:10.2307/1367649. JSTOR 1367649.
^ Attenborough, D. 1998 The Life of Birds. BBC ISBN 0563-38792-0
^ Cott, Hugh. 1940. Adaptive Coloration in Animals. Oxford University Press. pp. 352–353. See Hugh Cott for his drawing of a 'Poor-me-one'.
^ Common Potoo: Cornell Lab of Ornithology

Cestari, C., Guaraldo, A., & Gussoni, C (n.d.). Nesting behavior and parental care of common potoo (Nyctibius griseus) in southern Brazil. The Wilson journal of ornithology, 102-106
Meek, K. (n.d.) Mobbing. Mobbing, 1-12

External links

Potoo videos Archived 2016-04-11 at the Wayback Machine on the Internet Bird Collection

[1] Yuri, T.; Kimball, R.T.; Harshman, J.; Bowie, R.C.K.; Braun, M.J.; Chojnowski, J.L.; Han, K.-L.; Hackett, S.J.; Huddleston, C.J.; Moore, W.S.; Reddy, S.; Sheldon, F.H.; Steadman, D.W.; Witt, C.C.; Braun, E.L. (2013). "Parsimony and model-based analyses of indels in avian nuclear genes reveal congruent and incongruent phylogenetic signals". Biology. 2 (1): 419–444. doi:10.3390/biology2010419.

[Mayr-2] Mayr, G (2005). "The Palaeogene Old World Potoo Paraprefica Mayr, 1999 (Aves, Nyctibiidae): its osteology and affinities to the New World Preficinae Olson, 1987". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 3 (4): 359–370. doi:10.1017/S1477201905001653.

[3] Mariaux, Jean & Braun, Michael J. (1996). "A Molecular Phylogenetic Survey of the Nightjars and Allies (Caprimulgiformes) with Special Emphasis on the Potoos (Nyctibiidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 6 (2): 228–244. doi:10.1006/mpev.1996.0073. PMID 8899725.

[HBW-4] Cohn-Haft, M (1999) "Family Nyctibiidae (Potoos)". in del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Sargatal, J. (eds). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 5: Barn-Owls to Hummingbirds. Lynx Editions. pp. 288–297 ISBN 84-87334-25-3

[5] Chenu, J.-C.; Des Murs, M.A.P.O. (1853). Encyclopédie d'Histoire Naturelle, Oiseaux: Part 2. Paris. p. 180.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) For the publication date see: Dickinson, E.C.; Overstreet, L.K.; Dowsett, R.J.; Bruce, M.D. (2011). Priority! The Dating of Scientific Names in Ornithology: a Directory to the literature and its reviewers. Northampton, UK: Aves Press. pp. 83–84. ISBN 978-0-9568611-1-5.

[6] Bock, Walter J. (1994). History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. Number 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. p. 232. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)

[7] Braun, Michael J.; Huddleston, Christopher J. (2009). "A molecular phylogenetic survey of caprimulgiform nightbirds illustrates the utility of non-coding sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 53 (3): 948–960. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.025.

[8] Costa, Thiago V. V.; Silveira, Luís Fábio; Posso, Sérgio R.; Donatelli, Reginaldo J. (2021-03-01). "Phylogenetic analysis of the nocturnal avian family Nyctibiidae (Caprimulgiformes) inferred from osteological characters". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 291: 113–122. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2021.01.003. ISSN 0044-5231.

[ioc-9] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Frogmouths, Oilbird, potoos, nightjars". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 8 July 2022.

[10] Costa, Thiago V. V.; Whitney, Bret M.; Braun, Michael J.; White, Noor D.; Silveira, Luís Fábio; Cleere, Nigel (2018-04-01). "A systematic reappraisal of the Rufous Potoo Nyctibius bracteatus (Nyctibiidae) and description of a new genus". Journal of Ornithology. 159 (2): 367–377. doi:10.1007/s10336-017-1511-2. ISSN 2193-7206.

[11] Costa, Thiago V. V.; Silveira, Luís Fábio; Posso, Sérgio R.; Donatelli, Reginaldo J. (2021-03-01). "Phylogenetic analysis of the nocturnal avian family Nyctibiidae (Caprimulgiformes) inferred from osteological characters". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 291: 113–122. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2021.01.003. ISSN 0044-5231.

[12] Mourer-Chauviré, C. (2013-12-01). "New data concerning the familial position of the genus Euronyctibius (Aves, Caprimulgiformes) from the paleogene of the Phosphorites du Quercy, France". Paleontological Journal. 47 (11): 1315–1322. doi:10.1134/S0031030113110117. ISSN 1555-6174.

[13] Van Rossem, A (1927). "Eye shine in birds, with notes on the feeding habits of some goatsuckers" (PDF). The Condor. 29 (1): 25–28. doi:10.2307/1363006. JSTOR 1363006.

[14] Borrero, J (1974). "Notes on the structure of the upper eyelid of potoos (Nyctibius)" (PDF). The Condor. 76 (2): 210–211. doi:10.2307/1366732. JSTOR 1366732.

[15] Perry, D (1979). "The Great Potoo in Costa Rica" (PDF). The Condor. 81 (3): 320–321. doi:10.2307/1367649. JSTOR 1367649.

[16] Attenborough, D. 1998 The Life of Birds. BBC ISBN 0563-38792-0

[17] Cott, Hugh. 1940. Adaptive Coloration in Animals. Oxford University Press. pp. 352–353. See Hugh Cott for his drawing of a 'Poor-me-one'.

[18] Common Potoo: Cornell Lab of Ornithology

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@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 {{Automatic taxobox
 | name = Potoo
+| fossil_range = Middle [[Eocene]] to present <br>{{fossil range|48|0}}
 | image = Nyctibius_grandis_-_Great_Potoo;_Apiacás,_Mato_Grosso,_Brazil_(cropped).jpg
 | image_caption = [[Great potoo]] (''Nyctibius grandis'')
+| grandparent_authority =
-| grandparent_authority = Yuri ''et al.'', 2013<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Yuri | first1=T. | last2=Kimball | first2=R.T. | last3=Harshman | first3=J. | last4=Bowie | first4=R.C.K. | last5=Braun | first5=M.J. | last6=Chojnowski | first6=J.L. | last7=Han | first7=K.-L. | last8=Hackett | first8=S.J. | last9=Huddleston | first9=C.J. | last10=Moore | first10=W.S. | last11=Reddy | first11=S. | last12=Sheldon | first12=F.H. | last13=Steadman | first13=D.W. | last14=Witt | first14=C.C. | last15=Braun | first15=E.L. | date=2013 | title=Parsimony and model-based analyses of indels in avian nuclear genes reveal congruent and incongruent phylogenetic signals | journal=Biology | volume=2 | issue=1 | pages=419-444 | doi=10.3390/biology2010419 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
+| parent_authority = Yuri ''et al.'', 2013<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Yuri | first1=T. | last2=Kimball | first2=R.T. | last3=Harshman | first3=J. | last4=Bowie | first4=R.C.K. | last5=Braun | first5=M.J. | last6=Chojnowski | first6=J.L. | last7=Han | first7=K.-L. | last8=Hackett | first8=S.J. | last9=Huddleston | first9=C.J. | last10=Moore | first10=W.S. | last11=Reddy | first11=S. | last12=Sheldon | first12=F.H. | last13=Steadman | first13=D.W. | last14=Witt | first14=C.C. | last15=Braun | first15=E.L. | date=2013 | title=Parsimony and model-based analyses of indels in avian nuclear genes reveal congruent and incongruent phylogenetic signals | journal=Biology | volume=2 | issue=1 | pages=419-444 | doi=10.3390/biology2010419 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
-| parent_authority = [[Jean-Charles Chenu|Chenu]] & [[Marc Athanase Parfait Œillet des Murs|des Murs]], 1853
-| display_parents = 3
+| display_parents = 2
-| taxon = Nyctibius
+| taxon = Nyctibiidae
-| authority = [[Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot|Vieillot]], 1816
+| authority = [[Jean-Charles Chenu|Chenu]] & [[Marc Athanase Parfait Œillet des Murs|des Murs]], 1853
 | type_species = ''Caprimulgus grandis'' ([[great potoo]])
 | type_species_authority = [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin, JF]], 1789
-| subdivision_ranks = Species
+| subdivision_ranks = Genera
-| subdivision = See text
+| subdivision =
+* ''[[Nyctibius]]''
+* ''[[Phyllaemulor]]''
+*{{extinct}}''[[Paraprefica]]''
 | range_map = Potoo range.gif
 | range_map_caption = Global range (In red)
 }}
-'''Potoos''' ([[family (biology)|family]] '''Nyctibiidae''') are a group of [[bird]]s related to the [[nightjar]]s and [[frogmouth]]s. They are sometimes called '''poor-me-ones''', after their haunting [[bird vocalization|calls]]. The family Nyctibiidae was formerly included with the [[nightjar]]s in the order [[Caprimulgiformes]] but is now placed in a separate order Nyctibiiformes. There are seven species in one [[genus]], '''''Nyctibius''''', in tropical [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]].
+'''Potoos''' ([[family (biology)|family]] '''Nyctibiidae''') are a group of [[bird]]s related to the [[nightjar]]s and [[frogmouth]]s. They are sometimes called '''poor-me-ones''', after their haunting [[bird vocalization|calls]]. The family Nyctibiidae was formerly included with the [[nightjar]]s in the order [[Caprimulgiformes]] but is now placed in a separate order, '''Nyctibiiformes'''. There are seven species in two genera in tropical [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]]. Fossil evidence indicates that they also inhabited [[Europe]] during the [[Paleogene]].
 Potoos are nocturnal [[insectivore]]s that lack the bristles around the mouth found in the true [[nightjars]]. They hunt from a perch like a [[shrike]] or [[Old World flycatcher|flycatcher]]. During the day they perch upright on tree stumps, [[camouflage]]d to look like part of the stump. The single spotted egg is laid directly on the top of a stump.
@@ Line 24: / Line 28: @@
 ==Evolution and taxonomy==
 [[File:Paraprefica major.JPG|thumb|left|''[[Paraprefica|Paraprefica major]]'' fossil]]
-The potoos are today an exclusively New World family, but they apparently had a much more widespread distribution in the past. [[Fossil]] remains of potoos dating from the [[Oligocene]] and [[Eocene]] have been found in [[France]] and [[Germany]].<ref name=Mayr>{{cite journal|author=Mayr, G |year=2005|title=The Palaeogene Old World Potoo ''Paraprefica'' Mayr, 1999 (Aves, Nyctibiidae): its osteology and affinities to the New World Preficinae Olson, 1987|journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|volume=3|issue=4|pages= 359–370|doi=10.1017/S1477201905001653}}</ref> A complete skeleton of the genus ''[[Paraprefica]]'' has been found in [[Messel pit|Messel]], Germany. It had skull and leg features similar to those of modern potoos, suggesting that it may be an early close relative of the modern potoos. Because the only fossils other than these ancient ones that have been found are recent ones of extinct species, it is unknown if the family once had a global distribution which has contracted, or if the distribution of the family was originally restricted to the Old World and has shifted to the New World.<ref name=Mayr/>
+The potoos are today an exclusively New World family, but they apparently had a much more widespread distribution in the past. [[Fossil]] remains of potoos dating from the [[Eocene]] have been found in [[Germany]].<ref name=Mayr>{{cite journal|author=Mayr, G |year=2005|title=The Palaeogene Old World Potoo ''Paraprefica'' Mayr, 1999 (Aves, Nyctibiidae): its osteology and affinities to the New World Preficinae Olson, 1987|journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|volume=3|issue=4|pages= 359–370|doi=10.1017/S1477201905001653}}</ref> A complete skeleton of the genus ''[[Paraprefica]]'' has been found in [[Messel pit|Messel]], Germany. It had skull and leg features similar to those of modern potoos, suggesting that it may be an early close relative of the modern potoos. Because the only fossils other than these ancient ones that have been found are recent ones of extinct species, it is unknown if the family once had a global distribution which has contracted, or if the distribution of the family was originally restricted to the Old World and has shifted to the New World.<ref name=Mayr/>
 A 1996 study of the [[mitochondrial DNA]] of the potoos supported the [[monophyly]] of the family although it did not support the previous assumption that it was closely related to the [[oilbird]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Mariaux, Jean |author2=Braun, Michael J. |name-list-style=amp |year=1996|title= A Molecular Phylogenetic Survey of the Nightjars and Allies (Caprimulgiformes) with Special Emphasis on the Potoos (Nyctibiidae)|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=6|issue=2|pages= 228–244|doi=10.1006/mpev.1996.0073|pmid=8899725|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4b1ddad44525faa9f15a9049ed8538aafe97d1ff }}</ref> The study also found a great deal of genetic divergence between the species, suggesting that these species are themselves very old. The level of divergence is the highest of any genus of birds, being more typical of the divergence between genera or even families. This raises the possibility that there are several [[cryptic species complex|cryptic species]] to be discovered. For example, the [[northern potoo]] was for a long time considered to be the same species as the [[common potoo]], but the two species have now been separated on the basis of their [[bird vocalization|calls]]. In spite of this there is no morphological way to separate the two species.<ref name = "HBW"/>
+The family Nyctibiidae was introduced (as Nyctibie) in 1853 by the French naturalists [[Jean-Charles Chenu]] and [[Marc Athanase Parfait Œillet des Murs|Œillet des Murs]]. Prior to this, its species were classified in the [[Nightjar|Caprimulgidae]].<ref>{{ cite book | last1=Chenu | first1=J.-C. | author1-link=Jean-Charles Chenu | last2=Des Murs | first2=M.A.P.O. | author2-link=Marc Athanase Parfait Œillet des Murs | date=1853 | title=Encyclopédie d'Histoire Naturelle, Oiseaux: Part 2  | location=Paris | publisher= | page=180 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47973654 }} For the publication date see: {{ cite book | last1=Dickinson | first1=E.C. | author1-link=Edward C. Dickinson | last2=Overstreet | first2=L.K. | last3=Dowsett | first3=R.J. | last4=Bruce | first4=M.D. | year=2011 | title=Priority! The Dating of Scientific Names in Ornithology: a Directory to the literature and its reviewers | location=Northampton, UK | publisher=Aves Press | isbn=978-0-9568611-1-5 | pages=83-84 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267763194 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | year=1994 | title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume= Number 222 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | location=New York | page=232 | url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/830 }}<!--Linked page allows download of the 48MB pdf--></ref>
-The genus ''Nyctibius'' was introduced in 1816 by the French ornithologist [[Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot]] to accommodate a single species, [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon|Comte de Buffon's]] "Le Grande Engoulevent de Cayenne", the [[great potoo]], which thus becomes the [[type species]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Vieillot  | first=Louis Jean Pierre | author-link=Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot | year=1816 | title=Analyse d'une Nouvelle Ornithologie Élémentaire
-| publisher=Deterville/self |  location=Paris | page = 38 | language=French| url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9745205x/f44.item }}<!--BHL has a scan of an 1883 reprint - same pagination http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12830237 --></ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1940 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=4 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts  | page=179 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14476650 }}</ref> The genus name is from [[Ancient Greek]] ''nuktibios '' meaning "night-feeding", from ''nux'' night and ''bios'' "life".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=277 | url=https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n277/mode/1up }}</ref> The family Nyctibiidae was introduced (as Nyctibie) in 1853 by the French naturalists [[Jean-Charles Chenu]] and [[Marc Athanase Parfait Œillet des Murs|Œillet des Murs]].<ref>{{ cite book | last1=Chenu | first1=J.-C. | author1-link=Jean-Charles Chenu | last2=Des Murs | first2=M.A.P.O. | author2-link=Marc Athanase Parfait Œillet des Murs | date=1853 | title=Encyclopédie d'Histoire Naturelle, Oiseaux: Part 2  | location=Paris | publisher= | page=180 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47973654 }} For the publication date see: {{ cite book | last1=Dickinson | first1=E.C. | author1-link=Edward C. Dickinson | last2=Overstreet | first2=L.K. | last3=Dowsett | first3=R.J. | last4=Bruce | first4=M.D. | year=2011 | title=Priority! The Dating of Scientific Names in Ornithology: a Directory to the literature and its reviewers | location=Northampton, UK | publisher=Aves Press | isbn=978-0-9568611-1-5 | pages=83-84 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267763194 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | year=1994 | title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume= Number 222 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | location=New York | page=232 | url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/830 }}<!--Linked page allows download of the 48MB pdf--></ref>
+=== Species ===
+{{cladogram|caption=Phylogeny based on a study by Michael Braun and Christopher Huddleston published in 2009<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Braun | first1=Michael J. | last2=Huddleston | first2=Christopher J. | date=2009 | title=A molecular phylogenetic survey of caprimulgiform nightbirds illustrates the utility of non-coding sequences | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=53 | issue=3 | pages=948-960 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.025}}</ref> and Costa ''et al.'', 2021.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Costa |first=Thiago V. V. |last2=Silveira |first2=Luís Fábio |last3=Posso |first3=Sérgio R. |last4=Donatelli |first4=Reginaldo J. |date=2021-03-01 |title=Phylogenetic analysis of the nocturnal avian family Nyctibiidae (Caprimulgiformes) inferred from osteological characters |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044523121000097 |journal=Zoologischer Anzeiger |language=en |volume=291 |pages=113–122 |doi=10.1016/j.jcz.2021.01.003 |issn=0044-5231}}</ref>
+|{{clade|style=font-size:80%;line-height:80%;width:320px;
+|label1='''Nyctibiidae'''
+|1={{Clade
+  |label1={{extinct}}[[Parapreficinae]]
+  |1={{extinct}}''[[Paraprefica]]''
+  |label2=[[Nyctibiinae]]
+  |2={{clade
+         |label1=''[[Phyllaemulor]]''
+         |1=[[Rufous potoo]] (''P. bracteatus'')
+         |label2=''[[Nyctibius]]''
+         |2={{Clade
+            |1=[[Great potoo]] (''N. grandis'')
+            |2={{Clade
+               |1=[[Long-tailed potoo]] (''N. aethereus'')
+               |2={{Clade
+                   |1={{Clade
+                      |1=[[Andean potoo]] (''N. maculosus'')
+                      |2=[[White-winged potoo]] (''N. leucopterus'')
+                       }}
+                   |2={{Clade
+                      |1=[[Common potoo]] (''N. griseus'')
+                      |2=[[Northern potoo]] (''N. jamaicensis'')
+                   }}
+              }}
+          }}
+       }}
+     }}
+   }}
+  }}
+}}
+The family Nyctibiidae contains seven species in two genera:<ref name="ioc">{{cite web |date=January 2022 |editor1-last=Gill |editor1-first=Frank |editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Rasmussen |editor3-first=Pamela |editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen |title=Frogmouths, Oilbird, potoos, nightjars |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/nightjars/ |access-date=8 July 2022 |work=IOC World Bird List Version 12.1 |publisher=International Ornithologists' Union}}</ref>
+* Subfamily [[Nyctibiinae]]
+** Genus ''[[Phyllaemulor]]'' <small>Costa, Whitney, Braun, White, Silveira & Cleere 2018</small>
+*** [[Rufous potoo]], ''Phyllaemulor bracteatus'' (<small>Gould 1846)</small>
+** Genus ''[[Nyctibius]]'' <small>[[Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot|Vieillot]] 1816</small>
+*** [[Great potoo]], ''Nyctibius grandis'' <small>(Gmelin 1789)</small>
+*** [[Long-tailed potoo]], ''Nyctibius aethereus'' <small>(zu Wied-Neuwied 1820)</small>
+*** [[Northern potoo]], ''Nyctibius jamaicensis'' <small>(Gmelin 1789)</small>
+*** [[Common potoo]] or lesser potoo, ''Nyctibius griseus'' <small>(Gmelin 1789)</small>
+*** [[Andean potoo]], ''Nyctibius maculosus'' <small>Ridgway 1912</small>
+*** [[White-winged potoo]], ''Nyctibius leucopterus'' <small>(zu Wied-Neuwied 1821)</small>
+Prior to 2018, ''Nyctibius'' was considered the only extant genus within the Nyctibiidae; however, a study that year found a deep divergence between the rufous potoo and all other species in the genus, leading it to be described in the new genus ''Phyllaemulor'' and expanding the number of genera within the family.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Costa |first=Thiago V. V. |last2=Whitney |first2=Bret M. |last3=Braun |first3=Michael J. |last4=White |first4=Noor D. |last5=Silveira |first5=Luís Fábio |last6=Cleere |first6=Nigel |date=2018-04-01 |title=A systematic reappraisal of the Rufous Potoo Nyctibius bracteatus (Nyctibiidae) and description of a new genus |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-017-1511-2 |journal=Journal of Ornithology |language=en |volume=159 |issue=2 |pages=367–377 |doi=10.1007/s10336-017-1511-2 |issn=2193-7206}}</ref> This was followed by the [[International Ornithologists' Union|International Ornithological Congress]] in 2022.<ref name="ioc" />
+In addition, the fossil genus ''[[Paraprefica]]'', the only member of the extinct subfamily [[Parapreficinae]], is known from the Eocene of Germany (the [[Messel pit]]), marking the earliest fossil evidence of potoos. The fossil genus ''[[Euronyctibius]]'', from the [[Oligocene]] of [[France]], was formerly considered a potoo, but analysis supports it instead being a close relative of the [[oilbird]] (family Steatornithidae).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Costa |first=Thiago V. V. |last2=Silveira |first2=Luís Fábio |last3=Posso |first3=Sérgio R. |last4=Donatelli |first4=Reginaldo J. |date=2021-03-01 |title=Phylogenetic analysis of the nocturnal avian family Nyctibiidae (Caprimulgiformes) inferred from osteological characters |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044523121000097 |journal=Zoologischer Anzeiger |language=en |volume=291 |pages=113–122 |doi=10.1016/j.jcz.2021.01.003 |issn=0044-5231}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mourer-Chauviré |first=C. |date=2013-12-01 |title=New data concerning the familial position of the genus Euronyctibius (Aves, Caprimulgiformes) from the paleogene of the Phosphorites du Quercy, France |url=https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030113110117 |journal=Paleontological Journal |language=en |volume=47 |issue=11 |pages=1315–1322 |doi=10.1134/S0031030113110117 |issn=1555-6174}}</ref>
 ==Description==
@@ Line 55: / Line 106: @@
 ===Defense===
 The behaviors described above suggest that the common potoo adopts different defensive strategies to suit its circumstances. For a lone potoo, or a brooding adult with a potential predator close to the nest, the bird attempts to avoid detection by remaining motionless and relying on camouflage. If ineffective, the potoo breaks cover and attempts to intimidate the predator by opening its beak and eyes wide open while vocalizing or simply flies out of reach. Nocturnal predators rely less on vision for locating prey therefore a different strategy may be required at night.<ref>[https://ebird.org/species/compot1 Common Potoo: Cornell Lab of Ornithology]</ref>
-==Species==
-{{cladogram|caption=Phylogeny based on a study by Michael Braun and Christopher Huddleston published in 2009.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Braun | first1=Michael J. | last2=Huddleston | first2=Christopher J. | date=2009 | title=A molecular phylogenetic survey of caprimulgiform nightbirds illustrates the utility of non-coding sequences | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=53 | issue=3 | pages=948-960 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.025}}</ref>
-|{{clade|style=font-size:80%;line-height:80%;width:320px;
-|label1='''''Nyctibius'''''
-|1={{Clade
-  |1=[[Rufous potoo]] (''N. bracteatus'')
-  |2={{Clade
-    |1=[[Great potoo]] (''N. grandis'')
-    |2={{Clade
-      |1=[[Long-tailed potoo]] (''N. aethereus'')
-      |2={{Clade
-        |1={{Clade
-          |1=[[Andean potoo]] (''N. maculosus'')
-          |2=[[White-winged potoo]] (''N. leucopterus'')
-           }}
-        |2={{Clade
-          |1=[[Common potoo]] (''N. griseus'')
-          |2=[[Northern potoo]] (''N. jamaicensis'')
-           }}
-         }}
-       }}
-     }}
-   }}
-}}
-}}
-The genus ''Nyctibius'' contains seven species:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=January 2022 | title=Frogmouths, Oilbird, potoos, nightjars | work=IOC World Bird List Version 12.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/nightjars/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=8 July 2022 }}</ref>
-* [[Rufous potoo]], ''Nyctibius bracteatus'' <small>Gould 1846</small>
-* [[Great potoo]], ''Nyctibius grandis'' <small>(Gmelin 1789)</small>
-* [[Long-tailed potoo]], ''Nyctibius aethereus'' <small>(zu Wied-Neuwied 1820)</small>
-* [[White-winged potoo]], ''Nyctibius leucopterus'' <small>(zu Wied-Neuwied 1821)</small>
-* [[Andean potoo]], ''Nyctibius maculosus'' <small>Ridgway 1912</small>
-* [[Common potoo]] or lesser potoo, ''Nyctibius griseus'' <small>(Gmelin 1789)</small>
-* [[Northern potoo]], ''Nyctibius jamaicensis'' <small>(Gmelin 1789)</small>
 ==References==