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'''''Galdieria partita''''' is a species of [[extremophilic]] [[red algae]] that lives in acidic hot springs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sano |first1=S. |last2=Ueda |first2=M. |last3=Kitajima |first3=S. |last4=Takeda |first4=T. |last5=Shigeoka |first5=S. |last6=Kurano |first6=N. |last7=Miyachi |first7=S. |last8=Miyake |first8=C. |last9=Yokota |first9=A. |date=2001 |title=Characterization of ascorbate peroxidases from unicellular red alga ''Galdieria partita'' |url= https://academic.oup.com/pcp/article/42/4/433/1873344|journal=Plant & Cell Physiology |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=433–440 |doi=10.1093/pcp/pce054 |issn=0032-0781 |pmid=11333315}}</ref> It is the only [[unicellular]] species of red algae known to reproduce sexually.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hirooka |first1=Shunsuke |last2=Itabashi |first2=Takeshi |last3=Ichinose |first3=Takako M. |last4=Onuma |first4=Ryo |last5=Fujiwara |first5=Takayuki |last6=Yamashita |first6=Shota |last7=Jong |first7=Lin Wei |last8=Tomita |first8=Reiko |last9=Iwane |first9=Atsuko H. |last10=Miyagishima |first10=Shin-ya |display-authors=8 |date=2022 |title=Life cycle and functional genomics of the unicellular red alga ''Galdieria'' for elucidating algal and plant evolution and industrial use |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=119 |issue=41 |pages=e2210665119 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2210665119 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=9565259 |pmid=36194630 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It was discovered in 1894 by [[Josephine Elizabeth Tilden]] from [[Yellowstone National Park]] in the western United States.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hansen |first=Gayle I. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gMmAQAAMAAJ |title=Prominent Phycologists of the 20th Century |date=1996 |publisher=Lancelot Press |isbn=978-0-88999-636-6 |editor-last1=Garbary |editor-first1=David J. |editor-last2=Wynne |editor-first2=Michael James | pages=185–186 |language=en |chapter=Josephine Elizabeth Tilden (1869-1957) |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323719320}}</ref> Originally described as a specides of green algae, ''Chroococcus varium'', its scientific name and taxonomic position were revised several times. In 1959, [[Mary Belle Allen]] produced the [[pure culture]] which has been distributed as the "Allen strain".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seckbach |first=Joseph |date=1991 |title=Systematic problems with ''Cyanidium caldarium'' and ''Galdieria sulphuraria'' and their implications for molecular biology studies |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1991.00794.x |url-access=subscription|journal=Journal of Phycology |language=en |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=794–796 |doi=10.1111/j.0022-3646.1991.00794.x |s2cid=84476554 |issn=0022-3646}}</ref>
'''''Galdieria partita''''' is a species of [[extremophilic]] [[red algae]] that lives in acidic hot springs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sano |first1=S. |last2=Ueda |first2=M. |last3=Kitajima |first3=S. |last4=Takeda |first4=T. |last5=Shigeoka |first5=S. |last6=Kurano |first6=N. |last7=Miyachi |first7=S. |last8=Miyake |first8=C. |last9=Yokota |first9=A. |date=2001 |title=Characterization of ascorbate peroxidases from unicellular red alga ''Galdieria partita'' |url= https://academic.oup.com/pcp/article/42/4/433/1873344|journal=Plant & Cell Physiology |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=433–440 |doi=10.1093/pcp/pce054 |issn=0032-0781 |pmid=11333315}}</ref> It is the only [[unicellular]] species of red algae known to reproduce sexually.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hirooka |first1=Shunsuke |last2=Itabashi |first2=Takeshi |last3=Ichinose |first3=Takako M. |last4=Onuma |first4=Ryo |last5=Fujiwara |first5=Takayuki |last6=Yamashita |first6=Shota |last7=Jong |first7=Lin Wei |last8=Tomita |first8=Reiko |last9=Iwane |first9=Atsuko H. |last10=Miyagishima |first10=Shin-ya |display-authors=8 |date=2022 |title=Life cycle and functional genomics of the unicellular red alga ''Galdieria'' for elucidating algal and plant evolution and industrial use |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=119 |issue=41 |pages=e2210665119 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2210665119 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=9565259 |pmid=36194630 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It was discovered in 1894 by [[Josephine Elizabeth Tilden]] from [[Yellowstone National Park]] in the western United States.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hansen |first=Gayle I. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gMmAQAAMAAJ |title=Prominent Phycologists of the 20th Century |date=1996 |publisher=Lancelot Press |isbn=978-0-88999-636-6 |editor-last1=Garbary |editor-first1=David J. |editor-last2=Wynne |editor-first2=Michael James | pages=185–186 |language=en |chapter=Josephine Elizabeth Tilden (1869-1957) |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323719320}}</ref> Originally described as a specides of green algae, ''Chroococcus varium'', its scientific name and taxonomic position were revised several times. In 1959, [[Mary Belle Allen]] produced the [[pure culture]] which has been distributed as the "Allen strain".<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Seckbach |first=Joseph |date=1991 |title=Systematic problems with ''Cyanidium caldarium'' and ''Galdieria sulphuraria'' and their implications for molecular biology studies |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1991.00794.x |url-access=subscription|journal=Journal of Phycology |language=en |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=794–796 |doi=10.1111/j.0022-3646.1991.00794.x |s2cid=84476554 |issn=0022-3646}}</ref>

== History ==
Josephine Elizabeth Tilden, the first woman teacher at the University of Minnesota, investigated algae of the Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming in 1894.<ref name=":0" /> Among her collection was a species which she identified as a [[green alga]]. In 1898, she named it ''Protococcus botryoides'' f. ''caldarium.''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tilden |first=Josephine E. |date=1898 |title=Observations on Some West American Thermal Algæ |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2464465 |journal=Botanical Gazette |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=89–105 |doi=10.1086/327640 |issn=0006-8071 |jstor=2464465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Austrian biologists [[Lothar Geitler]] and Franz Ruttner revised the identification as a [[blue-green algae]] with a name ''Cyanidium caldarium'' in 1936.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=Brock |first=Thomas D. |title=The Genus Cyanidium |date=1978 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4612-6284-8_9 |work=Thermophilic Microorganisms and Life at High Temperatures |pages=255–302 |place=New York, NY |publisher=Springer New York |doi=10.1007/978-1-4612-6284-8_9 |isbn=978-1-4612-6286-2 |access-date=2022-10-24}}</ref> Around the same time Joseph J. Copeland created the genus name as ''Pluto caldarius''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Copeland |first=Joseph J. |date=1936 |title=Yellowstone thermal myxophyceae |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1936.tb56976.x |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=4–223 |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1936.tb56976.x}}</ref> The controversy of priority started, but ''Cyanidium caldarium'' became more widely used.<ref name=":2" />

Mary Belle Allen, while working at the [[Hopkins Marine Station|Marine Station]] of [[Stanford University]], had developed the method of culturing microbes living at high temperature ([[thermophiles]]).<ref name="thermophilic">{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=Mary Belle |date=1 June 1953 |title=The thermophilic aerobic sporeforming bacteria |journal=Bacteriological Reviews |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=125–173 |doi=10.1128/br.17.2.125-173.1953 |pmc=180763 |pmid=13058821}}</ref> In 1952, she developed a specific culture media for thermophilic algae by which she isolated an "unidentified unicellular alga" from the acid waters of the Lemonade Spring, [[The Geysers]], [[Sonoma County, California]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=M. B. |date=1 January 1952 |title=The cultivation of myxophyceae |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00410816 |journal=Archiv für Mikrobiologie |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=34–53 |doi=10.1007/BF00410816 |issn=1432-072X |s2cid=20787061}}</ref> In 1958, while working at the Laboratory of Comparative Physiology and Morphology of the [[Kaiser Foundation Research Institute]] in [[Richmond, California]], she compared the thermophilic algae of the Lemonade Spring with those of the Yellowstone National Park. With it she produced the first pure culture of the ''C. caldarium,'' as reported in 1959.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allen |first=Mary Belle |date=1959 |title=Studies with cyanidium caldarium, an anomalously pigmented chlorophyte |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00409348 |journal=Archiv für Mikrobiologie |language=en |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=270–277 |doi=10.1007/BF00409348 |issn=0302-8933}}</ref> This sample was subsequently distributed as the "Allen strain".<ref name=":1" />

In 1991, Olga Yu Sentsova at the [[Moscow State University]], analysed the specimen of Allan strain with a new one collected from [[Kamchatka Peninsula]] in Russia Far East.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sentsova |first=O. Yu. |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-011-0882-9 |title=Evolutionary Pathways and Enigmatic Algae: Cyanidium caldarium (Rhodophyta) and Related Cells |date=1994 |publisher=Springer Netherlands |isbn=978-94-010-4381-6 |editor-last=Seckbach |editor-first=Joseph |location=Dordrecht |pages=167–174 |language=en |chapter=The study of Cyanidiophyceae in Russia |doi=10.1007/978-94-011-0882-9}}</ref> She revised the identification as ''Galdieria partita,'' along with a description of two other new species, ''G. daedala'' and ''G. maxima''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sentsova |first=O. Yu |date=1991 |title=Diversity of acido thermophilic unicellular algae of the genus galdieria rhodophyta cyanidiophyceae |url=https://eurekamag.com/research/007/223/007223446.php |journal=Botanicheskii Zhurnal (St Petersburg) |language=en |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=69–79}}</ref> The genus ''Galdieria'' was established by an Italian botanist Aldo Merola in 1981 for the identification of a red alga, ''[[Galdieria sulphuraria|G. sulphuraria]].''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Merola |first=Aldo |last2=Castaldo |first2=Rosa |last3=Luca |first3=Paolo De |last4=Gambardella |first4=Raffaele |last5=Musacchio |first5=Aldo |last6=Taddei |first6=Roberto |date=1981 |title=Revision of Cyanidium caldarium. Three species of acidophilic algae |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/11263508109428026 |journal=Giornale Botanico Italiano |language=en |volume=115 |issue=4-5 |pages=189–195 |doi=10.1080/11263508109428026 |issn=0017-0070}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 05:22, 24 October 2022

Galdieria partita
Galdieria partita cell. n: nucleus; c: chloroplast
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Clade: Archaeplastida
Division: Rhodophyta
Class: Cyanidiophyceae
Order: Cyanidiales
Family: Galdieriaceae
Genus: Galdieria
Species:
G. partita
Binomial name
Galdieria partita
O.Yu.Sentsova, 1991

Galdieria partita is a species of extremophilic red algae that lives in acidic hot springs.[1] It is the only unicellular species of red algae known to reproduce sexually.[2] It was discovered in 1894 by Josephine Elizabeth Tilden from Yellowstone National Park in the western United States.[3] Originally described as a specides of green algae, Chroococcus varium, its scientific name and taxonomic position were revised several times. In 1959, Mary Belle Allen produced the pure culture which has been distributed as the "Allen strain".[4]

History

Josephine Elizabeth Tilden, the first woman teacher at the University of Minnesota, investigated algae of the Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming in 1894.[3] Among her collection was a species which she identified as a green alga. In 1898, she named it Protococcus botryoides f. caldarium.[5] Austrian biologists Lothar Geitler and Franz Ruttner revised the identification as a blue-green algae with a name Cyanidium caldarium in 1936.[6] Around the same time Joseph J. Copeland created the genus name as Pluto caldarius.[7] The controversy of priority started, but Cyanidium caldarium became more widely used.[6]

Mary Belle Allen, while working at the Marine Station of Stanford University, had developed the method of culturing microbes living at high temperature (thermophiles).[8] In 1952, she developed a specific culture media for thermophilic algae by which she isolated an "unidentified unicellular alga" from the acid waters of the Lemonade Spring, The Geysers, Sonoma County, California.[9] In 1958, while working at the Laboratory of Comparative Physiology and Morphology of the Kaiser Foundation Research Institute in Richmond, California, she compared the thermophilic algae of the Lemonade Spring with those of the Yellowstone National Park. With it she produced the first pure culture of the C. caldarium, as reported in 1959.[10] This sample was subsequently distributed as the "Allen strain".[4]

In 1991, Olga Yu Sentsova at the Moscow State University, analysed the specimen of Allan strain with a new one collected from Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia Far East.[11] She revised the identification as Galdieria partita, along with a description of two other new species, G. daedala and G. maxima.[12] The genus Galdieria was established by an Italian botanist Aldo Merola in 1981 for the identification of a red alga, G. sulphuraria.[13]

References

  1. ^ Sano, S.; Ueda, M.; Kitajima, S.; Takeda, T.; Shigeoka, S.; Kurano, N.; Miyachi, S.; Miyake, C.; Yokota, A. (2001). "Characterization of ascorbate peroxidases from unicellular red alga Galdieria partita". Plant & Cell Physiology. 42 (4): 433–440. doi:10.1093/pcp/pce054. ISSN 0032-0781. PMID 11333315.
  2. ^ Hirooka, Shunsuke; Itabashi, Takeshi; Ichinose, Takako M.; Onuma, Ryo; Fujiwara, Takayuki; Yamashita, Shota; Jong, Lin Wei; Tomita, Reiko; et al. (2022). "Life cycle and functional genomics of the unicellular red alga Galdieria for elucidating algal and plant evolution and industrial use". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (41): e2210665119. doi:10.1073/pnas.2210665119. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 9565259. PMID 36194630.
  3. ^ a b Hansen, Gayle I. (1996). "Josephine Elizabeth Tilden (1869-1957)". In Garbary, David J.; Wynne, Michael James (eds.). Prominent Phycologists of the 20th Century. Lancelot Press. pp. 185–186. ISBN 978-0-88999-636-6.
  4. ^ a b Seckbach, Joseph (1991). "Systematic problems with Cyanidium caldarium and Galdieria sulphuraria and their implications for molecular biology studies". Journal of Phycology. 27 (6): 794–796. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3646.1991.00794.x. ISSN 0022-3646. S2CID 84476554.
  5. ^ Tilden, Josephine E. (1898). "Observations on Some West American Thermal Algæ". Botanical Gazette. 25 (2): 89–105. doi:10.1086/327640. ISSN 0006-8071. JSTOR 2464465.
  6. ^ a b Brock, Thomas D. (1978), "The Genus Cyanidium", Thermophilic Microorganisms and Life at High Temperatures, New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 255–302, doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-6284-8_9, ISBN 978-1-4612-6286-2, retrieved 2022-10-24
  7. ^ Copeland, Joseph J. (1936). "Yellowstone thermal myxophyceae". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 36 (1): 4–223. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1936.tb56976.x.
  8. ^ Allen, Mary Belle (1 June 1953). "The thermophilic aerobic sporeforming bacteria". Bacteriological Reviews. 17 (2): 125–173. doi:10.1128/br.17.2.125-173.1953. PMC 180763. PMID 13058821.
  9. ^ Allen, M. B. (1 January 1952). "The cultivation of myxophyceae". Archiv für Mikrobiologie. 17 (1): 34–53. doi:10.1007/BF00410816. ISSN 1432-072X. S2CID 20787061.
  10. ^ Allen, Mary Belle (1959). "Studies with cyanidium caldarium, an anomalously pigmented chlorophyte". Archiv für Mikrobiologie. 32 (3): 270–277. doi:10.1007/BF00409348. ISSN 0302-8933.
  11. ^ Sentsova, O. Yu. (1994). "The study of Cyanidiophyceae in Russia". In Seckbach, Joseph (ed.). Evolutionary Pathways and Enigmatic Algae: Cyanidium caldarium (Rhodophyta) and Related Cells. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 167–174. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-0882-9. ISBN 978-94-010-4381-6.
  12. ^ Sentsova, O. Yu (1991). "Diversity of acido thermophilic unicellular algae of the genus galdieria rhodophyta cyanidiophyceae". Botanicheskii Zhurnal (St Petersburg). 76 (1): 69–79.
  13. ^ Merola, Aldo; Castaldo, Rosa; Luca, Paolo De; Gambardella, Raffaele; Musacchio, Aldo; Taddei, Roberto (1981). "Revision of Cyanidium caldarium. Three species of acidophilic algae". Giornale Botanico Italiano. 115 (4–5): 189–195. doi:10.1080/11263508109428026. ISSN 0017-0070.


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