Parasitengona: Difference between revisions
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| authority = Oudemans, 1909 |
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[[File:Monoscutum with Parasitengona larvae.jpg|thumb|Parasitengona larvae on a specimen of [[Monoscutum]] ([[Opiliones]])]] |
[[File:Monoscutum with Parasitengona larvae.jpg|thumb|Parasitengona larvae on a specimen of ''[[Monoscutum]]'' ([[Opiliones]])]] |
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'''Parasitengona''' is a group of [[mite]]s, variously ranked as a |
'''Parasitengona''' is a group of [[mite]]s, variously ranked as a hyporder<ref>{{cite web |title=Taxon: Suborder Parasitengona Oudemans, 1909 (mite) |work=The Taxonomicon |url=http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?src=0&id=143235 |accessdate=2016-12-19}}</ref> or a cohort,<ref>{{cite book |publisher=[[Texas Tech University Press]] |edition=3rd |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-89672-620-8 |editor=Gerald W. Krantz & D. E. Walter |title=A Manual of Acarology}}</ref> between the [[taxonomic rank]]s of [[order (biology)|order]] and [[family (biology)|family]]. |
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They are divided into the aquatic [[Hydrachnidia]] (water mites) and the terrestrial Trombidia.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Wohltmann |first=Andreas |title=Acari: Terrestrial Parasitengona inhabiting transient biotopes |date=2006 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-55958-1_6 |work=Süßwasserfauna von Mitteleuropa, Vol. 7/2-1 Chelicerata: Araneae/Acari I |pages=158–240 |editor-last=Gerecke |editor-first=Reinhard |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=de |doi=10.1007/978-3-662-55958-1_6 |isbn=978-3-662-55957-4 |access-date=2022-11-03 |last2=Gabryś |first2=Grzegorz |last3=Mąkol |first3=Joanna}}</ref> The latter includes [[velvet mite]]s and [[chiggers]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Entomology |date=2020-05-28 |title="Go Pick Up a Mite!" Two Cents From an Acarologist and His Love for Mites |url=http://entomologytoday.org/2020/05/28/ray-fisher-acarologist-mites-standout-early-career-professional/ |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=Entomology Today |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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== Description == |
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Many Parasitengona are relatively large (for mite standards) and have a bright red colouration.<ref name=":0" /> Other colours include purple, orange, yellow, blue, green and brown.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Stålstedt |first=J. |url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1070675/FULLTEXT01.pdf |title=Phylogeny, taxonomy and species delimitation of water mites and velvet mites |publisher=Department of Zoology, Stockholm University |year=2017 |isbn=978-91-7649-688-6 |location=}}</ref> The terrestrial Trombidia are often hypertrichous, meaning they are covered in many irregularly arranged [[Seta|setae]]. The [[chelicerae]] bases are separate, the fixed cheliceral digit is absent and the movable digit is either hooked or linear. The [[Pedipalp|palps]] are often raptorial with a claw-like seta on the tibia. The [[gnathosoma]] is retractable within group Erythraeina. The stigmata and peritremes, when present, are between the cheliceral bases. In Trombidia, there is usually one or two pairs of [[trichobothria]] on the prodorsum, and these are often mounted on a linear sclerotised plate (crista metopica). There are almost always well-developed eye lenses. Genital papillae are usually present but vary in their size and number.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acariformes |url=https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/cpitt/public/mites/Soil%20Mites/html/Parasiten.htm |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=keys.lucidcentral.org}}</ref> |
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Eggs of Trombidia are usually reddish, but those within superfamily Erythraeoidea are brown-black due to a [[lipid]]-[[protein]] cover. Eggs of Hydrachnidia have a gelatinous sheath.<ref name=":0" /> |
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== Life cycle and reproduction == |
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The life cycle of Parasitengona consists of the egg, prelarva, larva, protonymph (also known as the nymphochrysalis), deutonymph, tritonymph (imagochrysalis) and adult. The larva, deutoynmph and adult stages are active, while the remaining stages are inactive.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Parasitengona - velvet mites (including chiggers) & water mites |url=https://bugguide.net/node/view/729496 |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=bugguide.net}}</ref> |
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The deutonymph is usually the primary growth stage. However, larvae of species of ''[[Trombidium]]'' and ''[[Eutrombidium]]'' (Trombidia) and ''[[Eylais]]'' and ''[[Hydrachna]]'' (Hydrachnidia) can grow additional [[cuticle]] without [[moulting]] (neosomy), so these species grow most in the larval stage.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Almost all parasitengones have two distinct sexes ([[Dioecy|dioecious]]). Males transfer sperm to females indirectly via stalked [[Spermatophore|spermatophores]]. Female lay eggs usually in one to three clutches.<ref name=":0" /> |
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== Ecology == |
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Larvae of Parasitengona are usually [[Parasitism|ectoparasites]] of arthropods, and they make up most of the red mites that can be found attached to arthropods. Some (e.g. chiggers) use vertebrates as hosts instead. There are also species with free-living larvae.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stålstedt |first=Jeanette |last2=Łaydanowicz |first2=Joanna |last3=Lehtinen |first3=Pekka |last4=Bergsten |first4=Johannes |last5=Mąkol |first5=Joanna |date=2019-06-19 |title=Checklist of terrestrial Parasitengona mites in Fennoscandia with new species- and distribution records (Acariformes: Prostigmata) |url=https://bdj.pensoft.net/article/36094/ |journal=Biodiversity Data Journal |volume=7 |pages=e36094 |doi=10.3897/BDJ.7.e36094 |issn=1314-2828}}</ref> |
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Some examples are larval ''Neotrombidium beeri'', which live beneath elytra of [[Alobates pennsylvanica|false mealworm beetles]], and larval ''[[Arrenurus]]'', which parasitise [[Odonata]].<ref name=":1" /> Twenty-one species across six families are [[Myrmecophily|myrmecophilous]], meaning they are associated with [[Ant|ants]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mąkol |first=Joanna |last2=Łaydanowicz |first2=Joanna |last3=Kłosińska |first3=Aleksandra |date=2010 |title=Myrmecophilous Parasitengona (Acari: Prostigmata) — Accident or Adaptation? |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3161/000345410X535415 |journal=Annales Zoologici |language=en |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=429–437 |doi=10.3161/000345410X535415 |issn=0003-4541}}</ref> Non-biting midges ([[Chironomidae]]) are the most common host for water mites, while [[Crane fly|crane flies]] (Tipulidae) are hosts for both water mites and Trombidia.<ref name=":2" /> |
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Deutonymphs and adults are usually predators on other arthropods, especially immobile life stages such as eggs and pupae. Again, some species have other diets, such as species of ''[[Balaustium]]'' that feed on pollen<ref>{{Cite web |title=Genus Balaustium - sidewalk mites |url=https://bugguide.net/node/view/91443 |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=bugguide.net}}</ref> or on the sap of plants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balaustium mite – Cesar Australia |url=https://cesaraustralia.com/pestnotes/mites/balaustium-mite/ |access-date=2022-11-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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== Phylogeny == |
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According to a molecular [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] analysis using the genes 18S, 28S and COI, Hydrachnidia (water mites) is nested within Trombidia (terrestrial parasitengone mites) and the [[sister group]] to Calyptostomatoidea, Stygothrombioidea is the sister group to all other Parasitengona, Erythraeoidea and Tanaupodoidea are sister groups, and Trombiculoidea is a [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]] clade along with Chyzerioidea in relation to Trombidioidea.<ref name=":2" /> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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[[Category:Trombidiformes]] |
[[Category:Trombidiformes]] |
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{{Trombidiformes-stub}} |
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Revision as of 01:33, 4 November 2022
| Parasitengona Temporal range:
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|---|---|
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Actinedida |
| Suborder: | Parasitengona Oudemans, 1909 |
Parasitengona is a group of mites, variously ranked as a hyporder[1] or a cohort,[2] between the taxonomic ranks of order and family.
They are divided into the aquatic Hydrachnidia (water mites) and the terrestrial Trombidia.[3] The latter includes velvet mites and chiggers.[4]
Description
Many Parasitengona are relatively large (for mite standards) and have a bright red colouration.[3] Other colours include purple, orange, yellow, blue, green and brown.[5] The terrestrial Trombidia are often hypertrichous, meaning they are covered in many irregularly arranged setae. The chelicerae bases are separate, the fixed cheliceral digit is absent and the movable digit is either hooked or linear. The palps are often raptorial with a claw-like seta on the tibia. The gnathosoma is retractable within group Erythraeina. The stigmata and peritremes, when present, are between the cheliceral bases. In Trombidia, there is usually one or two pairs of trichobothria on the prodorsum, and these are often mounted on a linear sclerotised plate (crista metopica). There are almost always well-developed eye lenses. Genital papillae are usually present but vary in their size and number.[6]
Eggs of Trombidia are usually reddish, but those within superfamily Erythraeoidea are brown-black due to a lipid-protein cover. Eggs of Hydrachnidia have a gelatinous sheath.[3]
Life cycle and reproduction
The life cycle of Parasitengona consists of the egg, prelarva, larva, protonymph (also known as the nymphochrysalis), deutonymph, tritonymph (imagochrysalis) and adult. The larva, deutoynmph and adult stages are active, while the remaining stages are inactive.[5][7]
The deutonymph is usually the primary growth stage. However, larvae of species of Trombidium and Eutrombidium (Trombidia) and Eylais and Hydrachna (Hydrachnidia) can grow additional cuticle without moulting (neosomy), so these species grow most in the larval stage.[3]
Almost all parasitengones have two distinct sexes (dioecious). Males transfer sperm to females indirectly via stalked spermatophores. Female lay eggs usually in one to three clutches.[3]
Ecology
Larvae of Parasitengona are usually ectoparasites of arthropods, and they make up most of the red mites that can be found attached to arthropods. Some (e.g. chiggers) use vertebrates as hosts instead. There are also species with free-living larvae.[7][8]
Some examples are larval Neotrombidium beeri, which live beneath elytra of false mealworm beetles, and larval Arrenurus, which parasitise Odonata.[4] Twenty-one species across six families are myrmecophilous, meaning they are associated with ants.[9] Non-biting midges (Chironomidae) are the most common host for water mites, while crane flies (Tipulidae) are hosts for both water mites and Trombidia.[5]
Deutonymphs and adults are usually predators on other arthropods, especially immobile life stages such as eggs and pupae. Again, some species have other diets, such as species of Balaustium that feed on pollen[10] or on the sap of plants.[11]
Phylogeny
According to a molecular phylogenetic analysis using the genes 18S, 28S and COI, Hydrachnidia (water mites) is nested within Trombidia (terrestrial parasitengone mites) and the sister group to Calyptostomatoidea, Stygothrombioidea is the sister group to all other Parasitengona, Erythraeoidea and Tanaupodoidea are sister groups, and Trombiculoidea is a paraphyletic clade along with Chyzerioidea in relation to Trombidioidea.[5]
References
- ^ "Taxon: Suborder Parasitengona Oudemans, 1909 (mite)". The Taxonomicon. Retrieved 2016-12-19.
- ^ Gerald W. Krantz & D. E. Walter, ed. (2009). A Manual of Acarology (3rd ed.). Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 978-0-89672-620-8.
- ^ a b c d e Wohltmann, Andreas; Gabryś, Grzegorz; Mąkol, Joanna (2006), Gerecke, Reinhard (ed.), "Acari: Terrestrial Parasitengona inhabiting transient biotopes", Süßwasserfauna von Mitteleuropa, Vol. 7/2-1 Chelicerata: Araneae/Acari I (in German), Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 158–240, doi:10.1007/978-3-662-55958-1_6, ISBN 978-3-662-55957-4, retrieved 2022-11-03
- ^ a b Today, Entomology (2020-05-28). ""Go Pick Up a Mite!" Two Cents From an Acarologist and His Love for Mites". Entomology Today. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
- ^ a b c d Stålstedt, J. (2017). Phylogeny, taxonomy and species delimitation of water mites and velvet mites (PDF). Department of Zoology, Stockholm University. ISBN 978-91-7649-688-6.
- ^ "Acariformes". keys.lucidcentral.org. Retrieved 2022-11-04.
- ^ a b "Parasitengona - velvet mites (including chiggers) & water mites". bugguide.net. Retrieved 2022-11-03.
- ^ Stålstedt, Jeanette; Łaydanowicz, Joanna; Lehtinen, Pekka; Bergsten, Johannes; Mąkol, Joanna (2019-06-19). "Checklist of terrestrial Parasitengona mites in Fennoscandia with new species- and distribution records (Acariformes: Prostigmata)". Biodiversity Data Journal. 7: e36094. doi:10.3897/BDJ.7.e36094. ISSN 1314-2828.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Mąkol, Joanna; Łaydanowicz, Joanna; Kłosińska, Aleksandra (2010). "Myrmecophilous Parasitengona (Acari: Prostigmata) — Accident or Adaptation?". Annales Zoologici. 60 (3): 429–437. doi:10.3161/000345410X535415. ISSN 0003-4541.
- ^ "Genus Balaustium - sidewalk mites". bugguide.net. Retrieved 2022-11-03.
- ^ "Balaustium mite – Cesar Australia". Retrieved 2022-11-03.
