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| binomial_text = Panagrolaimus superbus
| binomial_text = Panagrolaimus superbus
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'''''Panagrolaimus superbus''''' is a species of terrestrial free-living [[nematode]] ([[roundworm]]). Panagrolaimus superbus, like other species within the ''Panagrolaimus'' genus, exhibits the ability to enter [[anhydrobiosis]] for extended periods of time.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1186/1471-2199-9-58|doi-access=free|date=19 June 2008|vauthors=Shannon AJ, Tyson T, Dix I, Boyd J, Burnell AM|display-authors=3|journal=[[BMC Molecular & Cell Biology]]|volume=9|issue=58|title=Systemic RNAi mediated gene silencing in the anhydrobiotic nematode ''Panagrolaimus superbus''}}</ref>
'''''Panagrolaimus superbus''''' is a species of terrestrial free-living [[nematode]] ([[roundworm]]). Panagrolaimus superbus, like other species within the ''Panagrolaimus'' genus, exhibits the ability to enter [[anhydrobiosis]] for extended periods of time.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1186/1471-2199-9-58|doi-access=free|date=19 June 2008|vauthors=Shannon AJ, Tyson T, Dix I, Boyd J, Burnell AM|display-authors=3|journal=[[BMC Molecular & Cell Biology]]|volume=9|issue=58|title=Systemic RNAi mediated gene silencing in the anhydrobiotic nematode ''Panagrolaimus superbus''|page=58 |pmid=18565215 |pmc=2453295 }}</ref>


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
''P. superbus'' is non-parasitic terrestrial [[bacterivore]], commonly found on grasses such as [[rye]].<ref name=nem7/><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0928493198000344|title=Heavy metal biomineralization in free-living nematodes, ''Panagrolaimus'' spp.|vauthors=Williams MS, Seraphin S|doi=10.1016/S0928-4931(98)00034-4|journal=[[Materials Science and Engineering C]]|date=September 1998|volume=6|issue=1|pages=47–51|access-date=11 November 2022|doi-access=free}}</ref> It is found in continental Europe, as well as [[Surtsey, Iceland]].<ref name="pot">{{cite journal|vauthors=Shannon AJ, Browne JA, Boyd J, Fitzpatrick DA, Burnell AM|display-authors=3|url=https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/208/12/2433/15501/The-anhydrobiotic-potential-and-molecular|title=The anhydrobiotic potential and molecular phylogenetics of species and strains of ''Panagrolaimus'' (Nematoda, Panagrolaimidae)|journal=[[The Journal of Experimental Biology]]|doi=10.1242/jeb.01629|date=15 June 2005|pages=2433–2445|volume=208|issue=12|access-date=8 November 2022}}</ref><ref name="nem7">{{cite journal|journal=[[Nematology (journal)|Nematology]]|url=https://wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?auth=production&url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=25117821&site=eds-live&scope=site|via=[[EBSCO Information Services]]|title=Life cycle and calculation of the intrinsic rate of natural increase of two bacterivorous nematodes, ''Panagrolaimus'' sp. and ''Poikilolaimus'' sp. from chemoautotrophic Movile Cave, Romania|date=2007|vauthors=Muschiol D, Traunspurger W|volume=9|issue=2|pages=271–284|access-date=8 November 2022|doi=10.1163/156854107780739117}}</ref>
''P. superbus'' is non-parasitic terrestrial [[bacterivore]], commonly found on grasses such as [[rye]].<ref name=nem7/><ref>{{cite journal|title=Heavy metal biomineralization in free-living nematodes, ''Panagrolaimus'' spp.|vauthors=Williams MS, Seraphin S|doi=10.1016/S0928-4931(98)00034-4|journal=[[Materials Science and Engineering C]]|date=September 1998|volume=6|issue=1|pages=47–51|doi-access=free}}</ref> It is found in continental Europe, as well as [[Surtsey, Iceland]].<ref name="pot">{{cite journal|vauthors=Shannon AJ, Browne JA, Boyd J, Fitzpatrick DA, Burnell AM|display-authors=3|url=https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/208/12/2433/15501/The-anhydrobiotic-potential-and-molecular|title=The anhydrobiotic potential and molecular phylogenetics of species and strains of ''Panagrolaimus'' (Nematoda, Panagrolaimidae)|journal=[[The Journal of Experimental Biology]]|doi=10.1242/jeb.01629|date=15 June 2005|pages=2433–2445|volume=208|issue=12|pmid=15939782|s2cid=14863741|access-date=8 November 2022}}</ref><ref name="nem7">{{cite journal|journal=[[Nematology (journal)|Nematology]]|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854107780739117|via=[[EBSCO Information Services]]|title=Life cycle and calculation of the intrinsic rate of natural increase of two bacterivorous nematodes, ''Panagrolaimus'' sp. and ''Poikilolaimus'' sp. from chemoautotrophic Movile Cave, Romania|date=2007|vauthors=Muschiol D, Traunspurger W|volume=9|issue=2|pages=271–284|access-date=8 November 2022|doi=10.1163/156854107780739117}}</ref>


==Metabolism==
==Metabolism==
In order to combat rapid [[dessication]], ''P. superbus'' has several [[constitutive gene]]s that allow the accumulation of [[trehalose]], even under normal metabolic circumstances, that acts as a protective layer and an intracellular protection mechanism.<ref name=pot/><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC4352009&blobtype=pdf|title=Anhydrobiosis and Freezing-Tolerance: Adaptations That Facilitate the Establishment of Panagrolaimus Nematodes in Polar Habitats|vauthors=McGill LM, Shannon AJ, Pisani D, Félix MA, Ramløv H, Dix I, Wharton DA, Burnell AM|display-authors=3|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0116084|doi-access=free|date=6 March 2015|journal=[[PLOS One]]|editor-first=Wenju|editor-last=Liang|access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref> ''P. superbus'' also has several inducible genes that [[upregulate]] in response to dessication, genes responsible for enzymes such as [[Glutathione peroxidase|gpx]], [[PARK7|dj1]] and [[Peroxiredoxin|1 Cys-Prx]] to help scavenge and reduce [[reactive oxygen species]], [[mitogen-activated protein kinase]]s that [[Phosphorylation|phosphorylate]] [[heat shock protein]]s such as [[Hsp27]] to stabilise [[microfilament]]s, and [[casein kinase 2]] that helps in [[DNA repair]], among others.<ref>{{cite journal|doi-access=free|title=A molecular analysis of desiccation tolerance mechanisms in the anhydrobiotic nematode ''Panagrolaimus superbus'' using expressed sequenced tags|vauthors=Tyson T, Zamora GO, Wong S, Skelton M, Daly B, Jones JT, Mulvihill ED, Elsworth B, Phillips M, Blaxter M, Burnell AM|display-authors=3|doi=10.1186/1756-0500-5-68|date=26 January 2012|journal=[[BMC Research Notes]]}}</ref> ''P. superbus'''s ability to enter anhydriobiosis has given it polyextremotolerance, a tolerance of various extreme environments, being the first multi-cellular organism able to withstand immersion and reproduce in [[heavy water]], albeit with a reduced metabolic rate, withstand immersion in [[gallium]], and tolerate [[g-force]]s up to 400,000 times the Earth's.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.isj.unimore.it/index.php/ISJ/article/view/27/330|title=Survival potential of the anhydrobiotic nematode ''Panagrolaimus superbus'' submitted to extreme abiotic stresses|vauthors=Souza TJ, Carli GJ, Pereira TC|date=28 March 2017|volume=14|issue=1|pages=85–93|doi=10.25431/1824-307X/isj.v14i1.85-93|doi-access=free|journal=ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal|access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/cbic.202000642|via=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]|title=An Animal Able To Tolerate D<sub>2</sub>O|vauthors=Pereira TC, Giuliatti S, Contiliani DF, Carli GJ|display-authors=3|date=30 October 2022|journal=[[ChemBioChem]]|volume=22|issue=6|pages=988–991}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Journal of Nematology|doi=10.21307/jofnem-2020-046|date=18 May 2020|issue=52|pages=1–6|pmc=7266057|pmid=32421263|title=''Panagrolaimus superbus'' tolerates hypoxia within Gallium metal cage: implications for the understanding of the phenomenon of anhydrobiosis|vauthors=Contiliani DF, Ribeiro YA, Moraes VN, Pereira TC|display-authors=3}}</ref>
In order to combat rapid [[dessication]], ''P. superbus'' has several [[constitutive gene]]s that allow the accumulation of [[trehalose]], even under normal metabolic circumstances, that acts as a protective layer and an intracellular protection mechanism.<ref name=pot/><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC4352009&blobtype=pdf|title=Anhydrobiosis and Freezing-Tolerance: Adaptations That Facilitate the Establishment of Panagrolaimus Nematodes in Polar Habitats|vauthors=McGill LM, Shannon AJ, Pisani D, Félix MA, Ramløv H, Dix I, Wharton DA, Burnell AM|display-authors=3|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0116084|doi-access=free|date=6 March 2015|journal=[[PLOS One]]|volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=e0116084 |pmid=25747673 |pmc=4352009 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1016084M |editor-first=Wenju|editor-last=Liang|access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref> ''P. superbus'' also has several inducible genes that [[upregulate]] in response to dessication, genes responsible for enzymes such as [[Glutathione peroxidase|gpx]], [[PARK7|dj1]] and [[Peroxiredoxin|1 Cys-Prx]] to help scavenge and reduce [[reactive oxygen species]], [[mitogen-activated protein kinase]]s that [[Phosphorylation|phosphorylate]] [[heat shock protein]]s such as [[Hsp27]] to stabilise [[microfilament]]s, and [[casein kinase 2]] that helps in [[DNA repair]], among others.<ref>{{cite journal|doi-access=free|title=A molecular analysis of desiccation tolerance mechanisms in the anhydrobiotic nematode ''Panagrolaimus superbus'' using expressed sequenced tags|vauthors=Tyson T, Zamora GO, Wong S, Skelton M, Daly B, Jones JT, Mulvihill ED, Elsworth B, Phillips M, Blaxter M, Burnell AM|display-authors=3|doi=10.1186/1756-0500-5-68|date=26 January 2012|journal=[[BMC Research Notes]]|volume=5 |page=68 |pmid=22281184 |pmc=3296651 }}</ref> ''P. superbus'''s ability to enter anhydriobiosis has given it polyextremotolerance, a tolerance of various extreme environments, being the first multi-cellular organism able to withstand immersion and reproduce in [[heavy water]], albeit with a reduced metabolic rate, withstand immersion in [[gallium]], and tolerate [[g-force]]s up to 400,000 times the Earth's.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.isj.unimore.it/index.php/ISJ/article/view/27/330|title=Survival potential of the anhydrobiotic nematode ''Panagrolaimus superbus'' submitted to extreme abiotic stresses|vauthors=Souza TJ, Carli GJ, Pereira TC|date=28 March 2017|volume=14|issue=1|pages=85–93|doi=10.25431/1824-307X/isj.v14i1.85-93|doi-access=free|journal=ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal|access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/cbic.202000642|via=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]|title=An Animal Able To Tolerate D<sub>2</sub>O|vauthors=Pereira TC, Giuliatti S, Contiliani DF, Carli GJ|display-authors=3|date=30 October 2022|journal=[[ChemBioChem]]|volume=22|issue=6|pages=988–991|pmid=33125805 |s2cid=226218470 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Journal of Nematology|doi=10.21307/jofnem-2020-046|date=18 May 2020|issue=52|pages=1–6|pmc=7266057|pmid=32421263|title=''Panagrolaimus superbus'' tolerates hypoxia within Gallium metal cage: implications for the understanding of the phenomenon of anhydrobiosis|vauthors=Contiliani DF, Ribeiro YA, Moraes VN, Pereira TC|volume=52 |display-authors=3}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 04:08, 11 November 2022

Panagrolaimus superbus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Nematoda
Class: Secernentea
Order: Tylenchida
Family: Panagrolaimidae
Genus: Panagrolaimus
Species:
P. superbus
Binomial name
Panagrolaimus superbus
Fuchs, 1930[1]

Panagrolaimus superbus is a species of terrestrial free-living nematode (roundworm). Panagrolaimus superbus, like other species within the Panagrolaimus genus, exhibits the ability to enter anhydrobiosis for extended periods of time.[2]

Ecology

P. superbus is non-parasitic terrestrial bacterivore, commonly found on grasses such as rye.[3][4] It is found in continental Europe, as well as Surtsey, Iceland.[5][3]

Metabolism

In order to combat rapid dessication, P. superbus has several constitutive genes that allow the accumulation of trehalose, even under normal metabolic circumstances, that acts as a protective layer and an intracellular protection mechanism.[5][6] P. superbus also has several inducible genes that upregulate in response to dessication, genes responsible for enzymes such as gpx, dj1 and 1 Cys-Prx to help scavenge and reduce reactive oxygen species, mitogen-activated protein kinases that phosphorylate heat shock proteins such as Hsp27 to stabilise microfilaments, and casein kinase 2 that helps in DNA repair, among others.[7] P. superbus's ability to enter anhydriobiosis has given it polyextremotolerance, a tolerance of various extreme environments, being the first multi-cellular organism able to withstand immersion and reproduce in heavy water, albeit with a reduced metabolic rate, withstand immersion in gallium, and tolerate g-forces up to 400,000 times the Earth's.[8][9][10]

References

  1. ^ "Panagrolaimus superbus Fuchs, 1930". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  2. ^ Shannon AJ, Tyson T, Dix I, et al. (19 June 2008). "Systemic RNAi mediated gene silencing in the anhydrobiotic nematode Panagrolaimus superbus". BMC Molecular & Cell Biology. 9 (58): 58. doi:10.1186/1471-2199-9-58. PMC 2453295. PMID 18565215.
  3. ^ a b Muschiol D, Traunspurger W (2007). "Life cycle and calculation of the intrinsic rate of natural increase of two bacterivorous nematodes, Panagrolaimus sp. and Poikilolaimus sp. from chemoautotrophic Movile Cave, Romania". Nematology. 9 (2): 271–284. doi:10.1163/156854107780739117. Retrieved 8 November 2022 – via EBSCO Information Services.
  4. ^ Williams MS, Seraphin S (September 1998). "Heavy metal biomineralization in free-living nematodes, Panagrolaimus spp". Materials Science and Engineering C. 6 (1): 47–51. doi:10.1016/S0928-4931(98)00034-4.
  5. ^ a b Shannon AJ, Browne JA, Boyd J, et al. (15 June 2005). "The anhydrobiotic potential and molecular phylogenetics of species and strains of Panagrolaimus (Nematoda, Panagrolaimidae)". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 208 (12): 2433–2445. doi:10.1242/jeb.01629. PMID 15939782. S2CID 14863741. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  6. ^ McGill LM, Shannon AJ, Pisani D, et al. (6 March 2015). Liang W (ed.). "Anhydrobiosis and Freezing-Tolerance: Adaptations That Facilitate the Establishment of Panagrolaimus Nematodes in Polar Habitats". PLOS One. 10 (3): e0116084. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1016084M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116084. PMC 4352009. PMID 25747673. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  7. ^ Tyson T, Zamora GO, Wong S, et al. (26 January 2012). "A molecular analysis of desiccation tolerance mechanisms in the anhydrobiotic nematode Panagrolaimus superbus using expressed sequenced tags". BMC Research Notes. 5: 68. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-5-68. PMC 3296651. PMID 22281184.
  8. ^ Souza TJ, Carli GJ, Pereira TC (28 March 2017). "Survival potential of the anhydrobiotic nematode Panagrolaimus superbus submitted to extreme abiotic stresses". ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal. 14 (1): 85–93. doi:10.25431/1824-307X/isj.v14i1.85-93. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  9. ^ Pereira TC, Giuliatti S, Contiliani DF, et al. (30 October 2022). "An Animal Able To Tolerate D2O". ChemBioChem. 22 (6): 988–991. doi:10.1002/cbic.202000642. PMID 33125805. S2CID 226218470 – via Wiley.
  10. ^ Contiliani DF, Ribeiro YA, Moraes VN, et al. (18 May 2020). "Panagrolaimus superbus tolerates hypoxia within Gallium metal cage: implications for the understanding of the phenomenon of anhydrobiosis". The Journal of Nematology. 52 (52): 1–6. doi:10.21307/jofnem-2020-046. PMC 7266057. PMID 32421263.
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