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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox magazine
{{Infobox magazine
| logo =
| logo =
| logo_size = 180px
| logo_size = 180px
| image_file = Kadro.jpg
| image_file = Kadro.jpg
| image_size = 180px
| image_size = 180px
| image_alt =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_caption =
| editor =
| editor =
| editor_title =
| editor_title =
| previous_editor =
| previous_editor =
| category = Political magazine
| category = Political magazine
| frequency =
| frequency =
| circulation =
| circulation =
| publisher =
| publisher =
| founder = [[Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu]] <br> [[Şevket Süreyya Aydemir]] <br> Vedat Nedim Tör
| founder = [[Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu]] <br> [[Şevket Süreyya Aydemir]] <br> Vedat Nedim Tör
| founded =
| founded =
| firstdate = January 1932
| firstdate = January 1932
| finaldate = December 1934
| finaldate = December 1934
| finalnumber =
| finalnumber =
| company =
| company =
| country = Turkey
| country = Turkey
| based = Ankara
| based = Ankara
| language = Turkish
| language = Turkish
| website = {{URL|http://www.kadrodergisi.com}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.kadrodergisi.com}}
| issn =
| issn =
| oclc = }}
| oclc =
}}
⚫
'''''Kadro''''' was an influential leftist [[magazine]] published in [[Turkey]] between January 1932 and December 1934.<ref>{{Cite book|author1=Tamer Çetin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s8xRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|title=The Political Economy of Regulation in Turkey|author2=Fuat Oğuz|date=12 January 2011|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4419-7750-2|pages=27–28}}</ref><ref name=banu>{{cite thesis|author=Banu İdrisoğlu|title=Left-Leaning Interpretations of Kemalism within the Scope of Three Journals: Kadro, Markopaşa and Yön|url=https://studenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2663575/view|location=Leiden University|page=12 |degree=MA|date=2016}}</ref>
'''''Kadro''''' was an influential leftist [[magazine]] published in [[Turkey]] between January 1932 and December 1934.<ref>{{Cite book|author1=Tamer Çetin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s8xRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|title=The Political Economy of Regulation in Turkey
⚫
|author2=Fuat Oğuz|year=2011|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4419-7750-2|pages=27–28|editor= Georgios Terzis}}</ref><ref name=banu>{{cite thesis|author=Banu İdrisoğlu|title=Left-Leaning Interpretations of Kemalism within the Scope of Three Journals: Kadro, Markopaşa and Yön|url=https://studenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2663575/view|location=Leiden University|page=12 |degree=MA|date=2016}}</ref> The title of ''Kadro'' translates from Turkish as "cadre" (referring to the "cadre" of intellectuals who were to be the vanguard of the permanent Turkish revolution).


==History and profile==
==History and profile==
''Kadro'' was first published in January 1932.<ref name=banu/> The founders were leading Turkish journalists and authors: [[Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu]], [[Şevket Süreyya Aydemir]] and Vedat Nedim Tör.<ref name=banu/> Of them Karaosmanoğlu was also the license holder who asked for permission from [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], [[President of Turkey]], to publish a magazine.<ref name=banu/> Regular contributors of ''Kadro'' included [[Burhan Asaf Belge]], İsmail Hüsrev Tökin and Mehmet Şevki Yazman.<ref name=banu/>
''Kadro'' was first published in January 1932.<ref name=banu/> The founders were leading Turkish journalists and authors: [[Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu]], [[Şevket Süreyya Aydemir]] and Vedat Nedim Tör.<ref name=banu/> Of them Karaosmanoğlu was also the license holder who asked for permission from [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], [[President of Turkey]], to publish a magazine.<ref name=banu/> Regular contributors of ''Kadro'' included [[Burhan Asaf Belge]], İsmail Hüsrev Tökin and Mehmet Şevki Yazman.<ref name=banu/>


Kadro increased its criticism over the bureaucrats of the ruling party, Republican People's Party, which led to its closure in 1934.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mehmet Ali Kumral|title=Exploring Emotions in Turkey-Iran Relations Affective Politics of Partnership and Rivalry|year=2020 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|location=Cham|isbn=978-3-030-39029-7|page=124|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39029-7}}</ref>
The title of ''Kadro'' translates from Turkish as "cadre" (referring to the "cadre" of intellectuals who were to be the vanguard of the permanent Turkish revolution).


===Ideology===
===Ideology===
''Kadro'' believed that a Turkish revolution would occur in two stages: the battle to achieve political sovereignty, achieved in the [[Turkish War of Independence]], and an ongoing battle to liberate the economy and society from imperialist influence. To this end, the ''Kadro'' theorists borrowed heavily from Marxist theory, particularly elements of Soviet central planning, and also to a limited extent from south-west European nationalism. Importantly, the ''Kadro'' theorists never accepted either of these ideologies, believing that they were creating a third (non-capitalist, non-socialist) development theory that would be essentially Turkish.
''Kadro'' believed that a Turkish revolution would occur in two stages: the battle to achieve political sovereignty, achieved in the [[Turkish War of Independence]], and an ongoing battle to liberate the economy and society from imperialist influence. To this end, the ''Kadro'' theorists borrowed heavily from Marxist theory, particularly elements of Soviet central planning, and also to a limited extent from south-west European nationalism. Importantly, the ''Kadro'' theorists never accepted either of these ideologies, believing that they were creating a third (non-capitalist, non-socialist) development theory that would be essentially Turkish.


The theorists advocated absolute state control of the economy ([[Kemalism#Etatism|statism]] {{lang-tr|devletçilik}}, a key element of [[Kemalist ideology]]),<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jacob M. Landau|title=Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey|publisher=Westview Press|year=1984|isbn=0865319863|location=Boulder|page=171|language=en}}</ref> believing that Turkey could overcome the problem of [[class conflict]] if the state never developed a middle and upper class. If the state was in charge of development, class conflict would not arise, as capital would be in the hands of the state, not specific classes.
The theorists advocated absolute state control of the economy ([[Kemalism#Etatism|statism]] {{lang-tr|devletçilik}}, a key element of [[Kemalist ideology]]),<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jacob M. Landau|title=Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey|publisher=Westview Press|year=1984
|isbn=0865319863|location=Boulder|page=171|author-link=Jacob M. Landau}}</ref> believing that Turkey could overcome the problem of [[class conflict]] if the state never developed a middle and upper class. If the state was in charge of development, class conflict would not arise, as capital would be in the hands of the state, not specific classes.


''Kadro'' was important as it sought to provide Kemalist Turkey with a solid theoretical underpinning. Although Kadro policies were never absolutely adapted, Turkey did pursue a state-centered development [[strategy]]. The magazine ''Kadro'' led to the creation of a so called ''Kadro'' movement consistent of left-wing political theorists and its journalists took part in the nightly political debates organized by Atatürk.<ref name=":1"/>
''Kadro'' was important as it sought to provide Kemalist Turkey with a solid theoretical underpinning. Although Kadro policies were never absolutely adapted, Turkey did pursue a state-centered development [[strategy]]. The magazine ''Kadro'' led to the creation of a so called ''Kadro'' movement consistent of left-wing political theorists and its journalists took part in the nightly political debates organized by Atatürk.<ref name=":1"/>


Although it claimed to be supportive of the government, the magazine was shut down in 1934:<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Walter F. Weiker|title=Political Parties and Democracy in Turkey|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=1991|isbn=1-85043300-3|editor1=Metin Heper|pages=94–95|editor2=Jacob M. Landau}}</ref> economically liberal figures in the government (like [[Celal Bayar]]) worked against the ''Kadro'' theories, which they found far too leftist.
Although it claimed to be supportive of the government, the magazine was shut down in 1934:<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Walter F. Weiker|title=Political Parties and Democracy in Turkey|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]]|year=1991|isbn=1-85043300-3|editor1=Metin Heper|pages=94–95
|editor2=Jacob M. Landau}}</ref> economically liberal figures in the government (like [[Celal Bayar]]) worked against the ''Kadro'' theories, which they found far too leftist.


==See also==
==See also==
Line 49: Line 53:
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== Further reading ==
==Further reading==
*Harris, George. "The Communists and the Kadro: Shaping Ideology in Atatürk's Turkey". Istanbul: Isis, 2002.
*Harris, George. "The Communists and the Kadro: Shaping Ideology in Atatürk's Turkey". Istanbul: Isis, 2002.
*Turkes, Mustafa. "A Patriotic Leftist Development-Strategy Proposal in Turkey in the 1930s: The Case of the Kadro (Cadre) Movement", ''[[International Journal of Middle East Studies]]'', 2001, 33: 91-114.
*Turkes, Mustafa. "A Patriotic Leftist Development-Strategy Proposal in Turkey in the 1930s: The Case of the Kadro (Cadre) Movement", ''[[International Journal of Middle East Studies]]'', 2001, 33: 91-114.

Revision as of 10:55, 22 November 2022

Kadro
CategoriesPolitical magazine
FounderYakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu
Şevket Süreyya Aydemir
Vedat Nedim Tör
First issueJanuary 1932
Final issueDecember 1934
CountryTurkey
Based inAnkara
LanguageTurkish
Websitewww.kadrodergisi.com

Kadro was an influential leftist magazine published in Turkey between January 1932 and December 1934.[1][2] The title of Kadro translates from Turkish as "cadre" (referring to the "cadre" of intellectuals who were to be the vanguard of the permanent Turkish revolution).

History and profile

Kadro was first published in January 1932.[2] The founders were leading Turkish journalists and authors: Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu, Şevket Süreyya Aydemir and Vedat Nedim Tör.[2] Of them Karaosmanoğlu was also the license holder who asked for permission from Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, President of Turkey, to publish a magazine.[2] Regular contributors of Kadro included Burhan Asaf Belge, İsmail Hüsrev Tökin and Mehmet Şevki Yazman.[2]

Kadro increased its criticism over the bureaucrats of the ruling party, Republican People's Party, which led to its closure in 1934.[3]

Ideology

Kadro believed that a Turkish revolution would occur in two stages: the battle to achieve political sovereignty, achieved in the Turkish War of Independence, and an ongoing battle to liberate the economy and society from imperialist influence. To this end, the Kadro theorists borrowed heavily from Marxist theory, particularly elements of Soviet central planning, and also to a limited extent from south-west European nationalism. Importantly, the Kadro theorists never accepted either of these ideologies, believing that they were creating a third (non-capitalist, non-socialist) development theory that would be essentially Turkish.

The theorists advocated absolute state control of the economy (statism Turkish: devletçilik, a key element of Kemalist ideology),[4] believing that Turkey could overcome the problem of class conflict if the state never developed a middle and upper class. If the state was in charge of development, class conflict would not arise, as capital would be in the hands of the state, not specific classes.

Kadro was important as it sought to provide Kemalist Turkey with a solid theoretical underpinning. Although Kadro policies were never absolutely adapted, Turkey did pursue a state-centered development strategy. The magazine Kadro led to the creation of a so called Kadro movement consistent of left-wing political theorists and its journalists took part in the nightly political debates organized by Atatürk.[5]

Although it claimed to be supportive of the government, the magazine was shut down in 1934:[5] economically liberal figures in the government (like Celal Bayar) worked against the Kadro theories, which they found far too leftist.

See also

References

  1. ^ Tamer Çetin; Fuat Oğuz (2011). Georgios Terzis (ed.). The Political Economy of Regulation in Turkey. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-1-4419-7750-2.
  2. ^ a b c d e Banu İdrisoğlu (2016). Left-Leaning Interpretations of Kemalism within the Scope of Three Journals: Kadro, Markopaşa and Yön (MA thesis). Leiden University. p. 12.
  3. ^ Mehmet Ali Kumral (2020). Exploring Emotions in Turkey-Iran Relations Affective Politics of Partnership and Rivalry. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 124. ISBN 978-3-030-39029-7.
  4. ^ Jacob M. Landau (1984). Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey. Boulder: Westview Press. p. 171. ISBN 0865319863.
  5. ^ a b Walter F. Weiker (1991). Metin Heper; Jacob M. Landau (eds.). Political Parties and Democracy in Turkey. I.B. Tauris. pp. 94–95. ISBN 1-85043300-3.

Further reading

  • Harris, George. "The Communists and the Kadro: Shaping Ideology in Atatürk's Turkey". Istanbul: Isis, 2002.
  • Turkes, Mustafa. "A Patriotic Leftist Development-Strategy Proposal in Turkey in the 1930s: The Case of the Kadro (Cadre) Movement", International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2001, 33: 91-114.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kadro&oldid=1123183500"