Correlates of immunity: Difference between revisions
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The fact that the correlates of immunity/protection remain unclear is a significant barrier to HIV vaccine research. There is evidence that some highly exposed individuals can develop resistance to HIV infection,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Fowke KR, Nagelkerke NJ, Kimani J |title=Resistance to HIV-1 infection among persistently seronegative prostitutes in Nairobi, Kenya |journal=Lancet |volume=348 |issue=9038 |pages=1347–1351 |date=November 1996 |pmid=8918278 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(95)12269-2 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> suggesting that immunity and therefore a [[vaccine]] is possible. However, without knowing the correlates of immunity, scientists cannot know exactly what sort of immune response a vaccine would need to stimulate, and the only method of assessing vaccine effectiveness will be through large [[Clinical trial|phase III trials]] with clinical outcomes (i.e. infection and/or disease, not just laboratory markers). |
The fact that the correlates of immunity/protection remain unclear is a significant barrier to HIV vaccine research. There is evidence that some highly exposed individuals can develop resistance to HIV infection,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Fowke KR, Nagelkerke NJ, Kimani J |title=Resistance to HIV-1 infection among persistently seronegative prostitutes in Nairobi, Kenya |journal=Lancet |volume=348 |issue=9038 |pages=1347–1351 |date=November 1996 |pmid=8918278 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(95)12269-2 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> suggesting that immunity and therefore a [[vaccine]] is possible. However, without knowing the correlates of immunity, scientists cannot know exactly what sort of immune response a vaccine would need to stimulate, and the only method of assessing vaccine effectiveness will be through large [[Clinical trial|phase III trials]] with clinical outcomes (i.e. infection and/or disease, not just laboratory markers). |
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A July 2021 study used this predictive marker to validate higher levels of neutralizing antibodies corresponding with lower likelihood of breakthrough infection in [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bergwerk|first=Moriah|last2=Gonen|first2=Tal|last3=Lustig|first3=Yaniv|last4=Amit|first4=Sharon|last5=Lipsitch|first5=Marc|last6=Cohen|first6=Carmit|last7=Mandelboim|first7=Michal|last8=Levin|first8=Einav Gal|last9=Rubin|first9=Carmit|last10=Indenbaum|first10=Victoria|last11=Tal|first11=Ilana|date=2021-07-28|title=Covid-19 Breakthrough Infections in Vaccinated Health Care Workers|url=https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2109072|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|pmid=34320281 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2109072| pmc=8362591|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mallapaty|first=Smriti|date=2021-07-29|title=A blood marker predicts who gets ‘breakthrough’ COVID|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02096-3|journal=Nature|language=en|doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02096-3}}</ref> |
A July 2021 study used this predictive marker to validate higher levels of neutralizing antibodies corresponding with lower likelihood of breakthrough infection in [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bergwerk|first=Moriah|last2=Gonen|first2=Tal|last3=Lustig|first3=Yaniv|last4=Amit|first4=Sharon|last5=Lipsitch|first5=Marc|last6=Cohen|first6=Carmit|last7=Mandelboim|first7=Michal|last8=Levin|first8=Einav Gal|last9=Rubin|first9=Carmit|last10=Indenbaum|first10=Victoria|last11=Tal|first11=Ilana|date=2021-07-28|title=Covid-19 Breakthrough Infections in Vaccinated Health Care Workers|url=https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2109072|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|pmid=34320281 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2109072| pmc=8362591|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mallapaty|first=Smriti|date=2021-07-29|title=A blood marker predicts who gets ‘breakthrough’ COVID|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02096-3|journal=Nature|language=en|doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02096-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chi|first=WY|date=2022-10-15|title=COVID-19 vaccine update: vaccine effectiveness, SARS-CoV-2 variants, boosters, adverse effects, and immune correlates of protection|url=https://jbiomedsci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12929-022-00853-8|journal=Journal of Biomedical Science|language=en|doi=10.1186/s12929-022-00853-8}}</ref> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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Revision as of 11:36, 24 November 2022
Correlates of immunity or correlates of protection to a virus or other infectious pathogen are measurable signs that a person (or other potential host) is immune, in the sense of being protected against becoming infected and/or developing disease.
For many viruses, antibodies and especially neutralizing antibodies serve as a correlate of immunity. Pregnant women, for example, are routinely screened in the UK for rubella antibodies to confirm their immunity, which can cause serious congenital abnormalities in their children. In contrast, for HIV, the simple presence of antibodies is not a correlate of immunity/protection since infected individuals develop antibodies without protection against the disease.
The fact that the correlates of immunity/protection remain unclear is a significant barrier to HIV vaccine research. There is evidence that some highly exposed individuals can develop resistance to HIV infection,[1] suggesting that immunity and therefore a vaccine is possible. However, without knowing the correlates of immunity, scientists cannot know exactly what sort of immune response a vaccine would need to stimulate, and the only method of assessing vaccine effectiveness will be through large phase III trials with clinical outcomes (i.e. infection and/or disease, not just laboratory markers).
A July 2021 study used this predictive marker to validate higher levels of neutralizing antibodies corresponding with lower likelihood of breakthrough infection in COVID-19.[2][3][4]
See also
Sources and notes
- ^ Fowke KR, Nagelkerke NJ, Kimani J, et al. (November 1996). "Resistance to HIV-1 infection among persistently seronegative prostitutes in Nairobi, Kenya". Lancet. 348 (9038): 1347–1351. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(95)12269-2. PMID 8918278.
- ^ Bergwerk, Moriah; Gonen, Tal; Lustig, Yaniv; Amit, Sharon; Lipsitch, Marc; Cohen, Carmit; Mandelboim, Michal; Levin, Einav Gal; Rubin, Carmit; Indenbaum, Victoria; Tal, Ilana (2021-07-28). "Covid-19 Breakthrough Infections in Vaccinated Health Care Workers". New England Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2109072. PMC 8362591. PMID 34320281.
- ^ Mallapaty, Smriti (2021-07-29). "A blood marker predicts who gets 'breakthrough' COVID". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-02096-3.
- ^ Chi, WY (2022-10-15). "COVID-19 vaccine update: vaccine effectiveness, SARS-CoV-2 variants, boosters, adverse effects, and immune correlates of protection". Journal of Biomedical Science. doi:10.1186/s12929-022-00853-8.
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