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The '''eastern pygmy marmoset''' ('''''Cebuella niveiventris''''') is a [[marmoset]] [[species]], a very small [[New World monkey]] found in the southwestern [[Amazon Rainforest]] in Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru. It was formerly regarded as [[conspecific]] with the similar [[western pygmy marmoset]], but the eastern pygmy marmoset has whitish underparts. Although the eastern pygmy marmoset occurs further east than the western pygmy marmoset, the primary separators of their ranges are the [[Amazon River]] ([[Solimões River]]) and [[Maranon River]], with the western occurring to the north of them and the eastern to the south.<ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021" /> The species has recently been confirmed by DNA testing to exist in Ecuador, hundreds of kilometers north of the Maranon River.<ref name=elcomercio>{{cite web |title=Nueva especie del mono más pequeño del mundo fue encontrada en Ecuador |url=https://www.elcomercio.com/tendencias/nueva-especie-mono-leoncillo-amazonia.html |lang=es |date=12 April 2021 |website = El Comercio}}</ref>
The '''eastern pygmy marmoset''' ('''''Cebuella niveiventris'''''), a subspecies that is part of the main [[marmoset]] [[species]], a very small [[New World monkey]] further classified as part of the [[Callitrichidae|Callitrichidea]] family. The eastern pygmy marmoset is found in the southwestern [[Amazon Rainforest]] in Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru. It was formerly regarded as [[conspecific]] with the similar [[western pygmy marmoset]], but the eastern pygmy marmoset has whitish colored underparts. Although the eastern pygmy marmoset occurs further east than the western pygmy marmoset, the primary separators of their ranges are the [[Amazon River]] ([[Solimões River]]) and [[Maranon River]], with the western occurring to the north of them and the eastern to the south.<ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021" /> The species has recently been confirmed by DNA testing to exist in Ecuador, hundreds of kilometers north of the Maranon River.<ref name=elcomercio>{{cite web |title=Nueva especie del mono más pequeño del mundo fue encontrada en Ecuador |url=https://www.elcomercio.com/tendencias/nueva-especie-mono-leoncillo-amazonia.html |lang=es |date=12 April 2021 |website = El Comercio}}</ref>

== Physical Description ==
The eastern pygmy marmoset weighs around 119 grams and have a head size ranging from 33.7 to 38.9mm, being one of the smallest [[New World monkey|New World Monkeys]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Boubli |first=Jean P. |last2=da Silva |first2=Maria N.F. |last3=Rylands |first3=Anthony B. |last4=Nash |first4=Stephen D. |last5=Bertuol |first5=Fabrício |last6=Nunes |first6=Mário |last7=Mittermeier |first7=Russell A. |last8=Byrne |first8=Hazel |last9=Silva |first9=Felipe E. |last10=Röhe |first10=Fábio |last11=Sampaio |first11=Iracilda |last12=Schneider |first12=Horacio |last13=Farias |first13=Izeni P. |last14=Hrbek |first14=Tomas |date=2018-03 |title=How many pygmy marmoset (Cebuella Gray, 1870) species are there? A taxonomic re-appraisal based on new molecular evidence |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1055790317304876 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |language=en |volume=120 |pages=170–182 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2017.11.010}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Garbino |first=Guilherme S.T. |last2=Casali |first2=Daniel M. |last3=Nascimento |first3=Fabio O. |last4=Serrano-Villavicencio |first4=José Eduardo |date=2019-03 |title=Taxonomy of the pygmy marmoset (Cebuella Gray, 1866): Geographic variation, species delimitation, and nomenclatural notes |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1616504718300934 |journal=Mammalian Biology |language=en |volume=95 |pages=135–142 |doi=10.1016/j.mambio.2018.09.003}}</ref>. In the wild, full grown adult males weigh approximately 110 grams whereas adult females can weigh around 120 grams<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Genoud |first=Michel |last2=Martin |first2=Robert D. |last3=Glaser |first3=Dieter |date=1997 |title=Rate of metabolism in the smallest simian primate, the pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1997)41:3<229::aid-ajp5>3.0.co;2-z |journal=American Journal of Primatology |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=229–245 |doi=10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1997)41:3<229::aid-ajp5>3.0.co;2-z |issn=0275-2565}}</ref>. All pygmy marmosets share a common attribute where they have a mane of fur covering their ears, arms that are longer than their hind legs, and they have no [[Cusp (anatomy)|protocone]] in their first upper [[Premolar|premolar tooth]] <ref name=":1" />. Due to their specific diet, the eastern pygmy marmoset also has large lower [[Incisor|incisors]] and a strong V-shaped lower jaw <ref name=":1" />. The eastern pygmy marmoset also has claw-like nails which are beneficial for actions such as poking holes in tree bark to obtain food, as well as the claw-like nails allows them to cling vertically to tree trunks <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kinzey |first=W G |date=1986-10 |title=New World Primate Field Studies: What's in it for Anthropology? |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.15.100186.001005 |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=121–148 |doi=10.1146/annurev.an.15.100186.001005 |issn=0084-6570}}</ref>.
[[File:Callithrix pygmaea - Flickr - Dick Culbert.jpg|thumb|Eastern pygmy marmoset in Victoria, B.C, Canada]]
As different subspecies of the pygmy marmoset have different coloration patterns, the eastern pygmy is more of a white, pale color<ref name=":0" />. The species has whiteish underparts which include their arms and legs, as well as their throat and chest having a more orange to white coloration <ref name=":0" />.

== Ecology ==

=== Distribution ===
The eastern pygmy marmoset are small arboreal nonhuman primates that cover a large geographic distribution<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Boubli |first=Jean P. |last2=da Silva |first2=Maria N.F. |last3=Rylands |first3=Anthony B. |last4=Nash |first4=Stephen D. |last5=Bertuol |first5=Fabrício |last6=Nunes |first6=Mário |last7=Mittermeier |first7=Russell A. |last8=Byrne |first8=Hazel |last9=Silva |first9=Felipe E. |last10=Röhe |first10=Fábio |last11=Sampaio |first11=Iracilda |last12=Schneider |first12=Horacio |last13=Farias |first13=Izeni P. |last14=Hrbek |first14=Tomas |date=2018-03 |title=How many pygmy marmoset (Cebuella Gray, 1870) species are there? A taxonomic re-appraisal based on new molecular evidence |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1055790317304876 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |language=en |volume=120 |pages=170–182 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2017.11.010}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Citation |last=Rylands |first=Anthony B. |title=The Systematics and Distributions of the Marmosets (Callithrix, Callibella, Cebuella, and Mico) and Callimico (Callimico) (Callitrichidae, Primates) |date=2009 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0293-1_2 |work=The Smallest Anthropoids: The Marmoset/Callimico Radiation |pages=25–61 |editor-last=Ford |editor-first=Susan M. |place=Boston, MA |publisher=Springer US |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-0293-1_2 |isbn=978-1-4419-0293-1 |access-date=2022-12-01 |last2=Coimbra-Filho |first2=Adelmar F. |last3=Mittermeier |first3=Russell A. |editor2-last=Porter |editor2-first=Leila M. |editor3-last=Davis |editor3-first=Lesa C.}}</ref>. As it was confirmed by DNA the eastern pygmy marmoset is located primarily south of the Rio Solimões river (Amazon River) covering parts of Peru, Brazil, Equator and Bolivia<ref name=":02" />. The specie covers a larger range in Brazil and Peru, present in the Amazonian lowlands and [https://www.earth.com/image/the-foothills-of-the-andes-mountains/ Andean foothills]<ref name=":3" />. This nonhuman primate is also found stretched a little into northern Bolivia<ref name=":3" />.

=== Diet ===
The eastern pygmy marmoset is similar to the general species as they have a specific high-quality, rare food diet <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Garbino |first=Guilherme S.T. |last2=Casali |first2=Daniel M. |last3=Nascimento |first3=Fabio O. |last4=Serrano-Villavicencio |first4=José Eduardo |date=2019-03 |title=Taxonomy of the pygmy marmoset (Cebuella Gray, 1866): Geographic variation, species delimitation, and nomenclatural notes |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1616504718300934 |journal=Mammalian Biology |language=en |volume=95 |pages=135–142 |doi=10.1016/j.mambio.2018.09.003}}</ref>. They are considered mainly to be exudativores as well as [[Insectivore|insectivores]]<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Boubli |first=Jean P. |last2=da Silva |first2=Maria N.F. |last3=Rylands |first3=Anthony B. |last4=Nash |first4=Stephen D. |last5=Bertuol |first5=Fabrício |last6=Nunes |first6=Mário |last7=Mittermeier |first7=Russell A. |last8=Byrne |first8=Hazel |last9=Silva |first9=Felipe E. |last10=Röhe |first10=Fábio |last11=Sampaio |first11=Iracilda |last12=Schneider |first12=Horacio |last13=Farias |first13=Izeni P. |last14=Hrbek |first14=Tomas |date=2018-03 |title=How many pygmy marmoset (Cebuella Gray, 1870) species are there? A taxonomic re-appraisal based on new molecular evidence |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1055790317304876 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |language=en |volume=120 |pages=170–182 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2017.11.010}}</ref>. The eastern pygmy marmosets feed primarily on plant exudates which consist of tree sap, tree gum as well as latex from trees and [[Liana|lianas]]<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Genoud |first=Michel |last2=Martin |first2=Robert D. |last3=Glaser |first3=Dieter |date=1997 |title=Rate of metabolism in the smallest simian primate, the pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1997)41:3<229::aid-ajp5>3.0.co;2-z |journal=American Journal of Primatology |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=229–245 |doi=10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1997)41:3<229::aid-ajp5>3.0.co;2-z |issn=0275-2565}}</ref>. This consists of a large portion of their diet<ref name=":03" />. They are known at times to also eat [[Arthropod|arthropods]], primarily being insects, and occasionally eat fruits for extra nutrition<ref name=":22" />.

The species due to their particular diet have dental as well as nail adaptations in order to gnaw, dig, and cling vertically to trees, these are all behaviors associated with feeding as well as exudate foraging<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Colin Phillip |date=2011-04-01 |title=The positional behavior of pygmy marmosets (Cebuella pygmaea) in northwestern Bolivia |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-011-0237-7 |journal=Primates |language=en |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=171–178 |doi=10.1007/s10329-011-0237-7 |issn=1610-7365}}</ref>.


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 08:45, 1 December 2022

Eastern pygmy marmoset
Eastern pygmy marmosets in Dudley Zoo, England
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Callitrichidae
Genus: Cebuella
Species:
C. niveiventris
Binomial name
Cebuella niveiventris
Lönnberg, 1940

The eastern pygmy marmoset (Cebuella niveiventris), a subspecies that is part of the main marmoset species, a very small New World monkey further classified as part of the Callitrichidea family. The eastern pygmy marmoset is found in the southwestern Amazon Rainforest in Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru. It was formerly regarded as conspecific with the similar western pygmy marmoset, but the eastern pygmy marmoset has whitish colored underparts. Although the eastern pygmy marmoset occurs further east than the western pygmy marmoset, the primary separators of their ranges are the Amazon River (Solimões River) and Maranon River, with the western occurring to the north of them and the eastern to the south.[1] The species has recently been confirmed by DNA testing to exist in Ecuador, hundreds of kilometers north of the Maranon River.[2]

Physical Description

The eastern pygmy marmoset weighs around 119 grams and have a head size ranging from 33.7 to 38.9mm, being one of the smallest New World Monkeys [3][4]. In the wild, full grown adult males weigh approximately 110 grams whereas adult females can weigh around 120 grams[5]. All pygmy marmosets share a common attribute where they have a mane of fur covering their ears, arms that are longer than their hind legs, and they have no protocone in their first upper premolar tooth [4]. Due to their specific diet, the eastern pygmy marmoset also has large lower incisors and a strong V-shaped lower jaw [4]. The eastern pygmy marmoset also has claw-like nails which are beneficial for actions such as poking holes in tree bark to obtain food, as well as the claw-like nails allows them to cling vertically to tree trunks [6].

Eastern pygmy marmoset in Victoria, B.C, Canada

As different subspecies of the pygmy marmoset have different coloration patterns, the eastern pygmy is more of a white, pale color[3]. The species has whiteish underparts which include their arms and legs, as well as their throat and chest having a more orange to white coloration [3].

Ecology

Distribution

The eastern pygmy marmoset are small arboreal nonhuman primates that cover a large geographic distribution[7][8]. As it was confirmed by DNA the eastern pygmy marmoset is located primarily south of the Rio Solimões river (Amazon River) covering parts of Peru, Brazil, Equator and Bolivia[7]. The specie covers a larger range in Brazil and Peru, present in the Amazonian lowlands and Andean foothills[8]. This nonhuman primate is also found stretched a little into northern Bolivia[8].

Diet

The eastern pygmy marmoset is similar to the general species as they have a specific high-quality, rare food diet [9]. They are considered mainly to be exudativores as well as insectivores[10]. The eastern pygmy marmosets feed primarily on plant exudates which consist of tree sap, tree gum as well as latex from trees and lianas[11]. This consists of a large portion of their diet[10]. They are known at times to also eat arthropods, primarily being insects, and occasionally eat fruits for extra nutrition[11].

The species due to their particular diet have dental as well as nail adaptations in order to gnaw, dig, and cling vertically to trees, these are all behaviors associated with feeding as well as exudate foraging[12].

References

Wikispecies has information related to Eastern pygmy marmoset.
  1. ^ a b de la Torre, S.; Calouro, A.M.; Wallace, R.B.; Mollinedo, J.M.; Messias, M.R.; Valença-Montenegro, M.M. (2021). "Cebuella niveiventris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T136865A191707236. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T136865A191707236.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Nueva especie del mono más pequeño del mundo fue encontrada en Ecuador". El Comercio (in Spanish). 12 April 2021.
  3. ^ a b c Boubli, Jean P.; da Silva, Maria N.F.; Rylands, Anthony B.; Nash, Stephen D.; Bertuol, Fabrício; Nunes, Mário; Mittermeier, Russell A.; Byrne, Hazel; Silva, Felipe E.; Röhe, Fábio; Sampaio, Iracilda; Schneider, Horacio; Farias, Izeni P.; Hrbek, Tomas (2018-03). "How many pygmy marmoset (Cebuella Gray, 1870) species are there? A taxonomic re-appraisal based on new molecular evidence". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 120: 170–182. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.11.010. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ a b c Garbino, Guilherme S.T.; Casali, Daniel M.; Nascimento, Fabio O.; Serrano-Villavicencio, José Eduardo (2019-03). "Taxonomy of the pygmy marmoset (Cebuella Gray, 1866): Geographic variation, species delimitation, and nomenclatural notes". Mammalian Biology. 95: 135–142. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2018.09.003. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ Genoud, Michel; Martin, Robert D.; Glaser, Dieter (1997). <229::aid-ajp5>3.0.co;2-z "Rate of metabolism in the smallest simian primate, the pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea)". American Journal of Primatology. 41 (3): 229–245. doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1997)41:3<229::aid-ajp5>3.0.co;2-z. ISSN 0275-2565.
  6. ^ Kinzey, W G (1986-10). "New World Primate Field Studies: What's in it for Anthropology?". Annual Review of Anthropology. 15 (1): 121–148. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.15.100186.001005. ISSN 0084-6570. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ a b Boubli, Jean P.; da Silva, Maria N.F.; Rylands, Anthony B.; Nash, Stephen D.; Bertuol, Fabrício; Nunes, Mário; Mittermeier, Russell A.; Byrne, Hazel; Silva, Felipe E.; Röhe, Fábio; Sampaio, Iracilda; Schneider, Horacio; Farias, Izeni P.; Hrbek, Tomas (2018-03). "How many pygmy marmoset (Cebuella Gray, 1870) species are there? A taxonomic re-appraisal based on new molecular evidence". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 120: 170–182. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.11.010. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ a b c Rylands, Anthony B.; Coimbra-Filho, Adelmar F.; Mittermeier, Russell A. (2009), Ford, Susan M.; Porter, Leila M.; Davis, Lesa C. (eds.), "The Systematics and Distributions of the Marmosets (Callithrix, Callibella, Cebuella, and Mico) and Callimico (Callimico) (Callitrichidae, Primates)", The Smallest Anthropoids: The Marmoset/Callimico Radiation, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 25–61, doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0293-1_2, ISBN 978-1-4419-0293-1, retrieved 2022-12-01
  9. ^ Garbino, Guilherme S.T.; Casali, Daniel M.; Nascimento, Fabio O.; Serrano-Villavicencio, José Eduardo (2019-03). "Taxonomy of the pygmy marmoset (Cebuella Gray, 1866): Geographic variation, species delimitation, and nomenclatural notes". Mammalian Biology. 95: 135–142. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2018.09.003. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ a b Boubli, Jean P.; da Silva, Maria N.F.; Rylands, Anthony B.; Nash, Stephen D.; Bertuol, Fabrício; Nunes, Mário; Mittermeier, Russell A.; Byrne, Hazel; Silva, Felipe E.; Röhe, Fábio; Sampaio, Iracilda; Schneider, Horacio; Farias, Izeni P.; Hrbek, Tomas (2018-03). "How many pygmy marmoset (Cebuella Gray, 1870) species are there? A taxonomic re-appraisal based on new molecular evidence". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 120: 170–182. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.11.010. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ^ a b Genoud, Michel; Martin, Robert D.; Glaser, Dieter (1997). <229::aid-ajp5>3.0.co;2-z "Rate of metabolism in the smallest simian primate, the pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea)". American Journal of Primatology. 41 (3): 229–245. doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1997)41:3<229::aid-ajp5>3.0.co;2-z. ISSN 0275-2565.
  12. ^ Jackson, Colin Phillip (2011-04-01). "The positional behavior of pygmy marmosets (Cebuella pygmaea) in northwestern Bolivia". Primates. 52 (2): 171–178. doi:10.1007/s10329-011-0237-7. ISSN 1610-7365.

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