993–994 carbon-14 spike: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Solar storm}} |
{{Short description|Solar storm}} |
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[[File:Carbon-14 plot, showcasing 993-994 spike.jpg|thumb|'''Fig. 1:''' The carbon-14 spike can be seen 993-994 CE. Colored points represent a studied region around Sweden (NH0) and Japan (NH2); yellow points represent the Japanese cedar analyzed in the study.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miyake |first=Fusa |last2=Hakozaki |first2=Masataka |last3=Kimura |first3=Katsuhiko |last4=Tokanai |first4=Fuyuki |last5=Nakamura |first5=Toshio |last6=Takeyama |first6=Mirei |last7=Moriya |first7=Toru |date=2022-07-04 |title=Regional Differences in Carbon-14 Data of the 993 CE Cosmic Ray Event |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspas.2022.886140/full |journal=Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences |volume=9 |pages=886140 |doi=10.3389/fspas.2022.886140 |issn=2296-987X}}</ref>]] |
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The '''993–994 carbon-14 spike''' was a rapid increase in [[carbon-14]] content from tree rings, and followed the [[774–775 carbon-14 spike]].<ref name="Miyake_2013">{{cite journal |title=Another rapid event in the carbon-14 content of tree rings : Nature Communications : Nature Publishing Group |journal=Nature Communications |volume=4 |pages=1748 |date=2013 |author= Miyake, F. |display-authors=etal|doi=10.1038/ncomms2783 |pmid=23612289 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This event is also confirmed by a sharp increase of [[beryllium-10]] and hence considered to be of solar origin.<ref name="Mekhaldi_2015">{{cite journal |title=Multiradionuclide evidence for the solar origin of the cosmic-ray events of ᴀᴅ 774/5 and 993/4 : Nature Communications : Nature Publishing Group |journal=Nature Communications |volume=6 |pages=8611 |date=2015 |author= Mekhaldi, F. |display-authors=etal|doi=10.1038/ncomms9611 |pmid=26497389 |pmc=4639793 }}</ref> It may have come from a massive [[Geomagnetic storm|solar storm]] as a series of auroral observations are known from late 992 in [[Korea]], [[Germany]] and [[Ireland]].<ref name="Hayakawa_2017">{{cite journal |title=Historical Auroras in the 990s: Evidence of Great Magnetic Storms : Solar Physics : Springer |journal = Solar Physics|volume = 292|date=2017 |author= Hayakawa, H. |display-authors=etal|doi=10.1007/s11207-016-1039-2 |arxiv = 1612.01106|s2cid = 119095730}}</ref> |
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The '''993–994 carbon-14 spike''' was a rapid 9.1% increase in [[carbon-14]] isotope content from tree rings.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Miyake |first=Fusa |last2=Masuda |first2=Kimiaki |last3=Nakamura |first3=Toshio |date=2013-06-26 |title=Another rapid event in the carbon-14 content of tree rings |url=http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms2783 |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1748 |doi=10.1038/ncomms2783 |issn=2041-1723}}</ref> This event was also confirmed with an associated increase of [[beryllium-10]] in Antarctic ice core samples, supporting the hypothesis that this event was of solar origin.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hayakawa |first=Hisashi |last2=Tamazawa |first2=Harufumi |last3=Uchiyama |first3=Yurina |last4=Ebihara |first4=Yusuke |last5=Miyahara |first5=Hiroko |last6=Kosaka |first6=Shunsuke |last7=Iwahashi |first7=Kiyomi |last8=Isobe |first8=Hiroaki |date=2017-01 |title=Historical Auroras in the 990s: Evidence of Great Magnetic Storms |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11207-016-1039-2 |journal=Solar Physics |language=en |volume=292 |issue=1 |pages=12 |doi=10.1007/s11207-016-1039-2 |issn=0038-0938}}</ref> There were several astronomical observations during this time that correspond with the <sup>14</sup>C and <sup>10</sup>B spikes, but these texts are few and far between.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Mekhaldi |first=Florian |last2=Muscheler |first2=Raimund |last3=Adolphi |first3=Florian |last4=Aldahan |first4=Ala |last5=Beer |first5=Jürg |last6=McConnell |first6=Joseph R. |last7=Possnert |first7=Göran |last8=Sigl |first8=Michael |last9=Svensson |first9=Anders |last10=Synal |first10=Hans-Arno |last11=Welten |first11=Kees C. |last12=Woodruff |first12=Thomas E. |date=2015-10-26 |title=Multiradionuclide evidence for the solar origin of the cosmic-ray events of ᴀᴅ 774/5 and 993/4 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26497389 |journal=Nature Communications |volume=6 |pages=8611 |doi=10.1038/ncomms9611 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=4639793 |pmid=26497389}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Stephenson |first=F. Richard |date=2015-03-15 |title=Astronomical evidence relating to the observed 14C increases in A.D. 774–5 and 993–4 as determined from tree rings |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027311771400773X |journal=Advances in Space Research |language=en |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=1537–1545 |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2014.12.014 |issn=0273-1177}}</ref> |
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In 2021, a scientific paper used the 993–994 carbon-14 spike as a benchmark in [[dendrochronology]] (tree-ring studies) to precisely determine that [[Vikings]] were present in [[L’Anse aux Meadows]] in [[Newfoundland]] exactly 1000 years prior, in 1021 AD.<ref>{{ |
In 2021, a scientific paper used the 993–994 carbon-14 spike as a benchmark in [[dendrochronology]] (tree-ring studies) to precisely determine that [[Vikings]] were present in [[L’Anse aux Meadows]] in [[Newfoundland]] exactly 1000 years prior, in 1021 AD.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kuitems |first=Margot |last2=Wallace |first2=Birgitta L. |last3=Lindsay |first3=Charles |last4=Scifo |first4=Andrea |last5=Doeve |first5=Petra |last6=Jenkins |first6=Kevin |last7=Lindauer |first7=Susanne |last8=Erdil |first8=Pınar |last9=Ledger |first9=Paul M. |last10=Forbes |first10=Véronique |last11=Vermeeren |first11=Caroline |last12=Friedrich |first12=Ronny |last13=Dee |first13=Michael W. |date=2022-01-20 |title=Evidence for European presence in the Americas in ad 1021 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03972-8 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=601 |issue=7893 |pages=388–391 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03972-8 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=PMC8770119 |pmid=34671168}}</ref> |
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== Historical Observations == |
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The solar storm hypothesis is heavily supported by several observations of aurora events from late 992 in [[Korea]], [[Germany]] and [[Ireland]], usually describing a red sky, presumably due to major auroras.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> These historical observations don't completely prove the cause of the 993-994 <sup>14</sup>C spike, but show evidence of a strong solar event taking place late 992, as they were recorded within a relatively short time frame.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> |
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In the [[Korean Peninsula]], between December 992 and January 993, a text described "heaven's gate" opening one night.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> |
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In the [[Saxony]] region of present-day [[Germany]], late 992, several aurora observations were made. One set of observations, recorded October 21st, 992, noted that the sky reddened three times.<ref name=":0" /> Another set of observations, made December 26th, 992, mentioned a light as bright as the sun shining for an hour, then reddening the sky, before vanishing completely.<ref name=":0" /> |
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In the [[Ulster]] region of present-day [[Ireland]], December 26th, 992, texts described the sky as "blood-red" and having a "fiery hue".<ref name=":0" /> |
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== Similar events == |
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The 993-994 carbon-14 spike was one of only a few well-documented <sup>14</sup>C events. Prior to this <sup>14</sup>C event, there was a considerably larger one, the [[774–775 carbon-14 spike|774-775 carbon-14 spike]], which was around 1.7 times as strong than the 993-994 event.<ref name=":1" /> Both events also had subsequent <sup>10</sup>B spikes, further proving that they are from strong solar activity.<ref name=":3" /> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[List of solar storms]] |
* [[List of solar storms]] |
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* [[774–775 carbon-14 spike|774-775 carbon-14 spike]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 03:36, 6 December 2022
The 993–994 carbon-14 spike was a rapid 9.1% increase in carbon-14 isotope content from tree rings.[2] This event was also confirmed with an associated increase of beryllium-10 in Antarctic ice core samples, supporting the hypothesis that this event was of solar origin.[2][3] There were several astronomical observations during this time that correspond with the 14C and 10B spikes, but these texts are few and far between.[3][4][5]
In 2021, a scientific paper used the 993–994 carbon-14 spike as a benchmark in dendrochronology (tree-ring studies) to precisely determine that Vikings were present in L’Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland exactly 1000 years prior, in 1021 AD.[6]
Historical Observations
The solar storm hypothesis is heavily supported by several observations of aurora events from late 992 in Korea, Germany and Ireland, usually describing a red sky, presumably due to major auroras.[3][4][5] These historical observations don't completely prove the cause of the 993-994 14C spike, but show evidence of a strong solar event taking place late 992, as they were recorded within a relatively short time frame.[3][5]
In the Korean Peninsula, between December 992 and January 993, a text described "heaven's gate" opening one night.[3][5]
In the Saxony region of present-day Germany, late 992, several aurora observations were made. One set of observations, recorded October 21st, 992, noted that the sky reddened three times.[3] Another set of observations, made December 26th, 992, mentioned a light as bright as the sun shining for an hour, then reddening the sky, before vanishing completely.[3]
In the Ulster region of present-day Ireland, December 26th, 992, texts described the sky as "blood-red" and having a "fiery hue".[3]
Similar events
The 993-994 carbon-14 spike was one of only a few well-documented 14C events. Prior to this 14C event, there was a considerably larger one, the 774-775 carbon-14 spike, which was around 1.7 times as strong than the 993-994 event.[2] Both events also had subsequent 10B spikes, further proving that they are from strong solar activity.[4]
See also
References
- ^ Miyake, Fusa; Hakozaki, Masataka; Kimura, Katsuhiko; Tokanai, Fuyuki; Nakamura, Toshio; Takeyama, Mirei; Moriya, Toru (2022-07-04). "Regional Differences in Carbon-14 Data of the 993 CE Cosmic Ray Event". Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences. 9: 886140. doi:10.3389/fspas.2022.886140. ISSN 2296-987X.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c Miyake, Fusa; Masuda, Kimiaki; Nakamura, Toshio (2013-06-26). "Another rapid event in the carbon-14 content of tree rings". Nature Communications. 4 (1): 1748. doi:10.1038/ncomms2783. ISSN 2041-1723.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Hayakawa, Hisashi; Tamazawa, Harufumi; Uchiyama, Yurina; Ebihara, Yusuke; Miyahara, Hiroko; Kosaka, Shunsuke; Iwahashi, Kiyomi; Isobe, Hiroaki (2017-01). "Historical Auroras in the 990s: Evidence of Great Magnetic Storms". Solar Physics. 292 (1): 12. doi:10.1007/s11207-016-1039-2. ISSN 0038-0938.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c Mekhaldi, Florian; Muscheler, Raimund; Adolphi, Florian; Aldahan, Ala; Beer, Jürg; McConnell, Joseph R.; Possnert, Göran; Sigl, Michael; Svensson, Anders; Synal, Hans-Arno; Welten, Kees C.; Woodruff, Thomas E. (2015-10-26). "Multiradionuclide evidence for the solar origin of the cosmic-ray events of ᴀᴅ 774/5 and 993/4". Nature Communications. 6: 8611. doi:10.1038/ncomms9611. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4639793. PMID 26497389.
- ^ a b c d Stephenson, F. Richard (2015-03-15). "Astronomical evidence relating to the observed 14C increases in A.D. 774–5 and 993–4 as determined from tree rings". Advances in Space Research. 55 (6): 1537–1545. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2014.12.014. ISSN 0273-1177.
- ^ Kuitems, Margot; Wallace, Birgitta L.; Lindsay, Charles; Scifo, Andrea; Doeve, Petra; Jenkins, Kevin; Lindauer, Susanne; Erdil, Pınar; Ledger, Paul M.; Forbes, Véronique; Vermeeren, Caroline; Friedrich, Ronny; Dee, Michael W. (2022-01-20). "Evidence for European presence in the Americas in ad 1021". Nature. 601 (7893): 388–391. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03972-8. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 8770119. PMID 34671168.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
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