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A '''lightweight blockchain''' is a modified, "stripped-back" blockchain enabling trustless, secure data transactions between nodes.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Awan |first1=Saba |title=Blockchain Based Authentication and Trust Evaluation Mechanism for Secure Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks |date=2022 |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-79728-7_11 |work=Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing |volume=279 |pages=96–107 |editor-last=Barolli |editor-first=Leonard |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-79728-7_11 |isbn=978-3-030-79727-0 |access-date=2021-07-08 |last2=Sajid |first2=Maimoona Bint E. |last3=Amjad |first3=Sana |last4=Aziz |first4=Usman |last5=Gurmani |first5=Usman |last6=Javaid |first6=Nadeem |editor2-last=Yim |editor2-first=Kangbin |editor3-last=Chen |editor3-first=Hsing-Chung |s2cid=237284322}}</ref> A [[blockchain]] is a distributed ledger with growing lists of records ''(blocks)'' that are securely linked together via [[Cryptographic hash function|cryptographic hashes]] <ref>{{Cite news |title=The great chain of being sure about things |work=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2015/10/31/the-great-chain-of-being-sure-about-things |access-date=2023-02-06 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>. To ensure each new block of data added to the chain is legitimate, a consensus mechanism must be used; for example, the [[Bitcoin]] blockchain utilizes [[Proof of work|Proof-of-Work (PoW)]] and the [[Ethereum]] blockchain utilizes [[Proof of stake|Proof-of-Stake (PoS)]]. The architecture of this blockchain-based distributed ledger technology requires intensive energy consumption and computational power, which not all devices can support.
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A '''lightweight blockchain''' is a modified blockchain which has a simplified algorithm without sacrificing data security.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hanggoro|first1=Delphi|last2=Sari|first2=Riri Fitri|date=November 2019|title=A Review of Lightweight Blockchain Technology Implementation to the Internet of Things|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9042431|journal=2019 IEEE R10 Humanitarian Technology Conference (R10-HTC)(47129)|location=Depok, West Java, Indonesia|publisher=IEEE|pages=275–280|doi=10.1109/R10-HTC47129.2019.9042431|isbn=978-1-7281-0834-6|s2cid=214594644 }}</ref> This type of blockchain is suitable for applications that need data reliability, but limited computational resources<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hong|first=Sunghyuck|date=March 2020|title=P2P networking based internet of things (IoT) sensor node authentication by Blockchain|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12083-019-00739-x|journal=Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications|language=en|volume=13|issue=2|pages=579–589|doi=10.1007/s12083-019-00739-x|s2cid=203197089 |issn=1936-6442}}</ref> like [[Internet of things|Internet of Things (IoT)]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Alassaf|first1=Norah|last2=Gutub|first2=Adnan|last3=Parah|first3=Shabir A.|last4=Al Ghamdi|first4=Manal|date=December 2019|title=Enhancing speed of SIMON: A light-weight-cryptographic algorithm for IoT applications|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11042-018-6801-z|journal=Multimedia Tools and Applications|language=en|volume=78|issue=23|pages=32633–32657|doi=10.1007/s11042-018-6801-z|s2cid=254858308 |issn=1380-7501}}</ref> and [[Self-driving car|Autonomous Driving]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Islam|first1=Shafkat|last2=Badsha|first2=Shahriar|last3=Sengupta|first3=Shamik|date=2020-09-28|title=A Light-weight Blockchain Architecture for V2V Knowledge Sharing at Vehicular Edges|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9239055|journal=2020 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2)|location=Piscataway, NJ, USA|publisher=IEEE|pages=1–8|doi=10.1109/ISC251055.2020.9239055|isbn=978-1-7281-8294-0|s2cid=226293739 }}</ref> Especially in IoT, most of the connected devices are small, ubiquitous, and run on battery but aim to work for a long period of time remotely and securely.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Özyılmaz|first1=Kazım Rıfat|last2=Yurdakul|first2=Arda|date=2017|title=Integrating low-power IoT devices to a blockchain-based infrastructure: work-in-progress|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=3125503.3125628|journal=Proceedings of the Thirteenth ACM International Conference on Embedded Software 2017 Companion - EMSOFT '17|language=en|location=Seoul, Republic of Korea|publisher=ACM Press|pages=1–2|doi=10.1145/3125503.3125628|isbn=978-1-4503-5186-7|s2cid=1811771 }}</ref> Lightweight blockchain enabled trust evaluation mechanism in [[wireless sensor network]] for secured data transaction between nodes.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Awan|first1=Saba|title=Blockchain Based Authentication and Trust Evaluation Mechanism for Secure Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks|date=2022|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-79728-7_11|work=Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing|volume=279|pages=96–107|editor-last=Barolli|editor-first=Leonard|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-79728-7_11|isbn=978-3-030-79727-0|access-date=2021-07-08|last2=Sajid|first2=Maimoona Bint E.|last3=Amjad|first3=Sana|last4=Aziz|first4=Usman|last5=Gurmani|first5=Usman|last6=Javaid|first6=Nadeem|s2cid=237284322 |editor2-last=Yim|editor2-first=Kangbin|editor3-last=Chen|editor3-first=Hsing-Chung}}</ref>


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Though lightweight blockchains are simplified, they do not sacrifice on data security<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hanggoro|first1=Delphi|last2=Sari|first2=Riri Fitri|date=November 2019|title=A Review of Lightweight Blockchain Technology Implementation to the Internet of Things|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9042431|journal=2019 IEEE R10 Humanitarian Technology Conference (R10-HTC)(47129)|location=Depok, West Java, Indonesia|publisher=IEEE|pages=275–280|doi=10.1109/R10-HTC47129.2019.9042431|isbn=978-1-7281-0834-6|s2cid=214594644 }}</ref>, making them suitable for applications and devices that need data reliability but limited computational resources<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hong|first=Sunghyuck|date=March 2020|title=P2P networking based internet of things (IoT) sensor node authentication by Blockchain|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12083-019-00739-x|journal=Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications|language=en|volume=13|issue=2|pages=579–589|doi=10.1007/s12083-019-00739-x|s2cid=203197089 |issn=1936-6442}}</ref>. For example, [[Internet of things|Internet of Things (IoT)]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Alassaf|first1=Norah|last2=Gutub|first2=Adnan|last3=Parah|first3=Shabir A.|last4=Al Ghamdi|first4=Manal|date=December 2019|title=Enhancing speed of SIMON: A light-weight-cryptographic algorithm for IoT applications|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11042-018-6801-z|journal=Multimedia Tools and Applications|language=en|volume=78|issue=23|pages=32633–32657|doi=10.1007/s11042-018-6801-z|s2cid=254858308 |issn=1380-7501}}</ref> devices or [[Self-driving car|Autonomous Vehicles]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Islam|first1=Shafkat|last2=Badsha|first2=Shahriar|last3=Sengupta|first3=Shamik|date=2020-09-28|title=A Light-weight Blockchain Architecture for V2V Knowledge Sharing at Vehicular Edges|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9239055|journal=2020 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2)|location=Piscataway, NJ, USA|publisher=IEEE|pages=1–8|doi=10.1109/ISC251055.2020.9239055|isbn=978-1-7281-8294-0|s2cid=226293739 }}</ref>
Theoretically, [[Blockchain]] is robust and unhackable.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sharma|first1=Jitendra|last2=Dubey|first2=Jigyasu|date=2021|editor-last=Suma|editor-first=V.|editor2-last=Chen|editor2-first=Joy Iong-Zong|editor3-last=Baig|editor3-first=Zubair|editor4-last=Wang|editor4-first=Haoxiang|title=A Study of Blockchain for Secure Smart Contract|url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-1395-1_45|journal=Inventive Systems and Control|series=Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems|volume=204 |language=en|location=Singapore|publisher=Springer|pages=591–598|doi=10.1007/978-981-16-1395-1_45|isbn=978-981-16-1395-1|s2cid=236662187 }}</ref> The downside of this technology is the intensive energy consumption needed for [[Hash function|hashing]], block validation and proof-of-work due to the nature of [[Distributed ledger|Distributed Ledger]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Puthal|first1=Deepak|last2=Malik|first2=Nisha|last3=Mohanty|first3=Saraju P.|last4=Kougianos|first4=Elias|last5=Das|first5=Gautam|date=July 2018|title=Everything You Wanted to Know About the Blockchain: Its Promise, Components, Processes, and Problems|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8386948|journal=IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine|volume=7|issue=4|pages=6–14|doi=10.1109/MCE.2018.2816299|s2cid=49272880 |issn=2162-2248}}</ref>


An experiment shows that using an IoT gateway as a trusted node and sensor data as distinctive tags for IoT sensor node authentications via the modified authenticated encryption scheme in a lightweight blockchain network can accommodate up to 1.34 million authentication processes every second, which is more than sufficient to be applied in a resource-constrained IoT network <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Khan|first1=Safiullah|last2=Lee|first2=Wai-Kong|last3=Hwang|first3=Seong Oun|date=2021|title=AEchain: A lightweight blockchain for IoT applications|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9357973|journal=IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine|volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=64–76|doi=10.1109/MCE.2021.3060373|s2cid=234325223 |issn=2162-2256}}</ref> and even in health sector.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Raguiata |first1=Bah |last2=Shi |first2=Jihui |last3=Dialikhatou |first3=Barry |date=2022-08-29 |title=A Blockchain-based Lightweight Access Control Solution in the Healthcare Sector for Developing countries: A case from Conakry |url=https://zenodo.org/record/7030387 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.7030387}}</ref>
Lightweight blockchain-based devices can have various use-cases. A recent experiment proved that a lightweight blockchain-based network could accommodate up to 1.34 million authentication processes every second, which is more than sufficient to be applied in a resource-constrained IoT network <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=Safiullah |last2=Lee |first2=Wai-Kong |last3=Hwang |first3=Seong Oun |date=2021 |title=AEchain: A lightweight blockchain for IoT applications |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9357973 |journal=IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=64–76 |doi=10.1109/MCE.2021.3060373 |issn=2162-2256 |s2cid=234325223}}</ref> and even in the health sector.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Raguiata |first1=Bah |last2=Shi |first2=Jihui |last3=Dialikhatou |first3=Barry |date=2022-08-29 |title=A Blockchain-based Lightweight Access Control Solution in the Healthcare Sector for Developing countries: A case from Conakry |url=https://zenodo.org/record/7030387 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.7030387}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 21:56, 6 February 2023

A lightweight blockchain is a modified, "stripped-back" blockchain enabling trustless, secure data transactions between nodes.[1] A blockchain is a distributed ledger with growing lists of records (blocks) that are securely linked together via cryptographic hashes [2]. To ensure each new block of data added to the chain is legitimate, a consensus mechanism must be used; for example, the Bitcoin blockchain utilizes Proof-of-Work (PoW) and the Ethereum blockchain utilizes Proof-of-Stake (PoS). The architecture of this blockchain-based distributed ledger technology requires intensive energy consumption and computational power, which not all devices can support.

Though lightweight blockchains are simplified, they do not sacrifice on data security[3], making them suitable for applications and devices that need data reliability but limited computational resources[4]. For example, Internet of Things (IoT)[5] devices or Autonomous Vehicles.[6]

Lightweight blockchain-based devices can have various use-cases. A recent experiment proved that a lightweight blockchain-based network could accommodate up to 1.34 million authentication processes every second, which is more than sufficient to be applied in a resource-constrained IoT network [7] and even in the health sector.[8]

References

  1. ^ Awan, Saba; Sajid, Maimoona Bint E.; Amjad, Sana; Aziz, Usman; Gurmani, Usman; Javaid, Nadeem (2022), Barolli, Leonard; Yim, Kangbin; Chen, Hsing-Chung (eds.), "Blockchain Based Authentication and Trust Evaluation Mechanism for Secure Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks", Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing, vol. 279, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 96–107, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-79728-7_11, ISBN 978-3-030-79727-0, S2CID 237284322, retrieved 2021-07-08
  2. ^ "The great chain of being sure about things". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
  3. ^ Hanggoro, Delphi; Sari, Riri Fitri (November 2019). "A Review of Lightweight Blockchain Technology Implementation to the Internet of Things". 2019 IEEE R10 Humanitarian Technology Conference (R10-HTC)(47129). Depok, West Java, Indonesia: IEEE: 275–280. doi:10.1109/R10-HTC47129.2019.9042431. ISBN 978-1-7281-0834-6. S2CID 214594644.
  4. ^ Hong, Sunghyuck (March 2020). "P2P networking based internet of things (IoT) sensor node authentication by Blockchain". Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications. 13 (2): 579–589. doi:10.1007/s12083-019-00739-x. ISSN 1936-6442. S2CID 203197089.
  5. ^ Alassaf, Norah; Gutub, Adnan; Parah, Shabir A.; Al Ghamdi, Manal (December 2019). "Enhancing speed of SIMON: A light-weight-cryptographic algorithm for IoT applications". Multimedia Tools and Applications. 78 (23): 32633–32657. doi:10.1007/s11042-018-6801-z. ISSN 1380-7501. S2CID 254858308.
  6. ^ Islam, Shafkat; Badsha, Shahriar; Sengupta, Shamik (2020-09-28). "A Light-weight Blockchain Architecture for V2V Knowledge Sharing at Vehicular Edges". 2020 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2). Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE: 1–8. doi:10.1109/ISC251055.2020.9239055. ISBN 978-1-7281-8294-0. S2CID 226293739.
  7. ^ Khan, Safiullah; Lee, Wai-Kong; Hwang, Seong Oun (2021). "AEchain: A lightweight blockchain for IoT applications". IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine. 11 (2): 64–76. doi:10.1109/MCE.2021.3060373. ISSN 2162-2256. S2CID 234325223.
  8. ^ Raguiata, Bah; Shi, Jihui; Dialikhatou, Barry (2022-08-29). "A Blockchain-based Lightweight Access Control Solution in the Healthcare Sector for Developing countries: A case from Conakry". doi:10.5281/zenodo.7030387. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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