Jyotiḥśāstra: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→‎Treatises on nativity: link, unlink unrelated
cleanup per WP:REPCITE, WP:SEEALSO etc.; rm list of works from intro - seems to be random criteria for selection; rm unsourced, expand with sources etc.
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|List of Hindu astrological texts}}
{{Short description|List of Hindu astrological texts}}
{{multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=February 2008}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2008}}
{{one source|date=April 2010}}
}}


A '''''{{IAST|jyotiḥśāstra}}''''' is a text from a classical body of literature on the topic of [[Hindu astrology]], known as {{IAST|Jyotiṣa}}, dating to the medieval period of [[Classical Sanskrit literature]] (roughly the 3rd to 9th centuries CE)
A '''''{{IAST|jyotiḥśāstra}}''''' ([[shastra|treatise]] on [[jyotisha]]) is a text from a classical body of literature on the topic of [[Hindu astrology]], known as {{IAST|Jyotiṣa}}, dating to the medieval period of [[Classical Sanskrit literature]] (roughly the 3rd to 9th centuries CE). Only the most important ones exist in scholarly editions or translations, while many remain unedited in Sanskrit or vernacular manuscripts.
Only the most important ones exist in scholarly editions or translations, such as the [[Yavanajataka]] (3rd century), [[Brihat Samhitā]] (6th century), [[Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra]] (7th century) or [[Sārāvalī]] (8th century), while many remain unedited in Sanskrit or vernacular manuscripts.


Such classical texts should be distinguished from modern works. There are a great number of contemporary publications, reflecting the persisting importance of astrology in [[Hindu culture]], and the corresponding economical attractivity of the market in India.
Such classical texts should be distinguished from modern works. There are a great number of contemporary publications, reflecting the persisting importance of astrology in [[Hindu culture]], and the corresponding economical attractivity of the market in India.
Notable modern authors include [[Sri Yukteswar Giri]] (1855–1936), [[Bangalore Venkata Raman]] (1912–1998), and Sanjay Rath (b. 1963).
Notable modern authors include [[Sri Yukteswar Giri]] (1855–1936), [[Bangalore Venkata Raman]] (1912–1998), and Sanjay Rath (b. 1963).


==Classification==
== Classification ==
⚫
Pingree classifies as ''jyotihshastra'' ([[shastra|treatises]] on [[jyotisha]]) manuscripts on [[Indian astronomy|astronomy]], [[Indian mathematics|mathematics]], [[Indian astrology|astrology]] and [[divination]], and estimates that about 10% of surviving Sanskrit manuscripts belong to the category. He cites the [[Brihat Samhita]] (1.9) for a traditional tripartite division of subject matter which, in his view, does not cover the field adequately:<ref name="Pingree p1">Pingree (1981) p.1</ref>
* '''samhitā''':<ref name="Pingree p1" /> omens<ref name="Pingree p1" />
* '''ganita''':<ref name="Pingree p1" /> astronomy<ref name="Pingree p1" />
* '''horā''':<ref name="Pingree p1" /> astrology<ref name="Pingree p1" />


⚫
[[David Pingree]] classifies as ''jyotihshastra'' manuscripts on [[Indian astronomy|astronomy]], [[Indian mathematics|mathematics]], [[Indian astrology|astrology]] and [[divination]], and estimates that about 10% of surviving Sanskrit manuscripts belong to the category.
This classification is also found as follows: first comes Siddhanta, without correct calculations of Siddhanta, all types of astrology fail.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
* '''Siddhanta''': Mathematical astronomy, determining the correct degrees of planets by pure calculations, calculations for finding start and end of Muhurtas (auspicious/inauspicious periods), finding exact sunrise time/sunset time, finding exact moonrise time/moonset time, finding eclipses time and place, finding exact birth Lagna (rising sign), Science of making almanacs etc..
* '''horā''': astrology (Natal Horoscopy - i.e. Jataka, Interrogative astrology - i.e. Prashna etc.). Another type of astrology is Nadi astrology, i.e. foretelling a person's future (also past lives) though their nerves and veins only.
*'''samhitā''': Collective astrology (Mundane Astrology i.e. Predicting Rains, Draught, Epidemics, Wars, Political ups & downs of a country etc.)


Traditionally, ''jyotihshastra'' texts are classified into three broad categories:{{sfn|David Pingree|1981|p=1}}{{sfn|K.S. Shukla|1990|p=5}}{{sfn|Yukio Ōhashi|2012|p=348}}
==Classical texts==


* '''samhitā''' or ''śākhā'' (natural astrology and omens): effects of planetary positions and other natural phenomenon on the world
===Treatises on nativity===
* '''horā''' or ''jātaka'' (horoscopic astrology): effects of planetary positions on humans,
⚫
* [[Gargiya-jyotisha]]
* '''gaṇita''' (mathematical astronomy): calculations of planetary paths and other astronomical matters such as spherics
⚫
* [[Garga-samhita (Garga and Bharadvaja)]]
** ''siddhanta'': a fundamental treatise; generally uses the beginning of creation of ''kalpa'' (aeon) as the [[epoch (astronomy)|epoch]] of calculation
⚫
* [[Garga Hora]]
** ''tantra'': generally uses the beginning of the ''[[kali yuga]]'' as the epoch of calculation
⚫
* [[Brihat Parasara Horashastra]] (Sage [[Parasara]])
** ''karana'': a handy, practical work describing short and simplified calculations; meant for [[panchanga]]-makers; generally uses the year of composition as the epoch
⚫
* [[Jaimini Sutras (Hindu astrology)|Jaimini Sutra]] (Sage [[Jaimini]])

⚫
* Sphujidhwaja Hora or [[Yavanajataka]] (King Sphujidhwaja)
According to Pingree, this classification, mentioned in sources such as the ''[[Brihat Samhita]]'' (1.9), does not cover the field adequately.{{sfn|David Pingree|1981|p=1}}
⚫
* [[Sārāvalī|Saravali]] (Kalyanavarma)

⚫
* [[Brihat Jataka]] ([[Varahamihira]])
== List of classical texts ==
⚫
* [[Phaladeepika]] (Mantreswara)

⚫
* [[Hora Sara]] (Prithuyasas)
⚫
* ''[[Gargiya-jyotisha]]''
⚫
* [[Sarvartha Chintamani]] (Venkatesa Daivajna)
⚫
* ''[[Garga-samhita (Garga and Bharadvaja)|Garga-samhita]]'', attributed to [[Vrddha Garga]]
⚫
* [[Hora Ratna]] (Acharya Balabhadra)
⚫
* ''[[Garga Hora]]''
⚫
* [[Jataka Parijata]] (Vaidyanatha Deekshita)
⚫
* ''[[Brihat Parasara Horashastra]]'', attributed to sage [[Parasara]]
⚫
* [[Chamatkara Chintamani]] (Melpathur Narayana Bhattatiri)
⚫
* ''[[Jaimini Sutras by Hindu astrology)|Jaimini Sutra]]'', attributed to sage [[Jaimini]]
⚫
* [[Uttara Kalamritam]] (Ganaka Kalidasa)
⚫
* ''Sphujidhwaja Hora'' or [[Yavanajataka]] by King Sphujidhwaja)
* [[Tajika Neelakanthi]] ([[Neelakantha (Hindu astrologer)|Neelakantha]])
⚫
* ''[[Sārāvalī]]'' by Kalyanavarma
⚫
* [[Prasna Marga]] (Panakkattu Nambootiri)
* Daivajna Vallabha ([[Varahamihira]])
* ''[[Brihat Samhitā]]'' by [[Varahamihira]]
* [[Dasadhyayi]] ([[Govinda Bhattathiri]])
* ''[[Brihat Jataka]]'' by [[Varahamihira]]
⚫
* ''Daivajna Vallabha'' by [[Varahamihira]]
⚫
* ''[[Phaladeepika]]'' by Mantreshvara
⚫
* ''[[Hora Sara]]'' by Prithuyasas
⚫
* ''[[Sarvartha Chintamani]]'' by Venkatesha Daivajna
⚫
* ''[[Hora Ratna]]'' by Acharya Balabhadra
⚫
* ''[[Jataka Parijata]]'' by Vaidyanatha Deekshita
⚫
* ''[[Chamatkara Chintamani]]'' by Melpathur Narayana Bhattatiri
⚫
* ''[[Uttara Kalamritam]]'' by Ganaka Kalidasa
* ''[[Tajika Neelakanthi]]'' by [[Nilakantha Daivajna|Nilakantha]])
⚫
* ''[[Prasna Marga]]'' by Panakkattu Nambootiri
* ''[[Dasadhyayi]]'' by [[Govinda Bhattathiri]]


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Indian astronomy]]
*{{IAST|[[Jyotiṣa]]}}
*[[Indian astronomy]]
* [[Vedanga]]
*[[Vedanga]]
* [[Lal Kitab]]
* [[Lal Kitab]]


==Notes==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


=== Bibliography ===
==References==
{{ref begin}}
* [[David Pingree]], ''{{IAST|Jyotiḥśāstra}}'', Vol. VI Fasc. 4 of J. Gonda (Ed.) ''A History of Indian Literature'', Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, 1981, {{ISBN|3-447-02165-9}}
* {{cite book |author=David Pingree |author-link=David Pingree |chapter=Jyotiḥśāstra |editor=J. Gonda |title=A History of Indian Literature |volume=4 |year=1981 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz |location=Wiesbaden |isbn=3-447-02165-9 }}
* {{cite journal |author=K.S. Shukla |title=Supplement: A critical study of the Laghumānasa of Mañjula |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |volume=25 |issue=1-4 |year=1990 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Critical_Study_of_the_Laghum%C4%81nasa_of.html?id=Cmu4AAAAIAAJ |oclc=24307203 }}
* {{cite book |author=Yukio Ōhashi |chapter=Remarks on the Origin of Indo-Tibetan Astronomy |editor1=Helaine Selin |editor2=Sun Xiaochun |series=Science Across Cultures: The History of Non-Western Science |year=2012 |publisher=Springer |location=Dordrecht |doi=10.1007/978-94-011-4179-6_11 |isbn=978-94-010-5820-9 }}
{{ref end}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Jyotihsastra}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jyotihsastra}}

Revision as of 00:01, 1 March 2023

A jyotiḥśāstra (treatise on jyotisha) is a text from a classical body of literature on the topic of Hindu astrology, known as Jyotiṣa, dating to the medieval period of Classical Sanskrit literature (roughly the 3rd to 9th centuries CE). Only the most important ones exist in scholarly editions or translations, while many remain unedited in Sanskrit or vernacular manuscripts.

Such classical texts should be distinguished from modern works. There are a great number of contemporary publications, reflecting the persisting importance of astrology in Hindu culture, and the corresponding economical attractivity of the market in India. Notable modern authors include Sri Yukteswar Giri (1855–1936), Bangalore Venkata Raman (1912–1998), and Sanjay Rath (b. 1963).

Classification

David Pingree classifies as jyotihshastra manuscripts on astronomy, mathematics, astrology and divination, and estimates that about 10% of surviving Sanskrit manuscripts belong to the category.

Traditionally, jyotihshastra texts are classified into three broad categories:[1][2][3]

  • samhitā or śākhā (natural astrology and omens): effects of planetary positions and other natural phenomenon on the world
  • horā or jātaka (horoscopic astrology): effects of planetary positions on humans,
  • gaṇita (mathematical astronomy): calculations of planetary paths and other astronomical matters such as spherics
    • siddhanta: a fundamental treatise; generally uses the beginning of creation of kalpa (aeon) as the epoch of calculation
    • tantra: generally uses the beginning of the kali yuga as the epoch of calculation
    • karana: a handy, practical work describing short and simplified calculations; meant for panchanga-makers; generally uses the year of composition as the epoch

According to Pingree, this classification, mentioned in sources such as the Brihat Samhita (1.9), does not cover the field adequately.[1]

List of classical texts

See also

References

  1. ^ a b David Pingree 1981, p. 1.
  2. ^ K.S. Shukla 1990, p. 5.
  3. ^ Yukio Ōhashi 2012, p. 348.

Bibliography

  • David Pingree (1981). "Jyotiḥśāstra". In J. Gonda (ed.). A History of Indian Literature. Vol. 4. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-02165-9.
  • K.S. Shukla (1990). "Supplement: A critical study of the Laghumānasa of Mañjula". Indian Journal of History of Science. 25 (1–4). Indian National Science Academy. OCLC 24307203.
  • Yukio Ōhashi (2012). "Remarks on the Origin of Indo-Tibetan Astronomy". In Helaine Selin; Sun Xiaochun (eds.). Science Across Cultures: The History of Non-Western Science. Dordrecht: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-4179-6_11. ISBN 978-94-010-5820-9. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jyotiḥśāstra&oldid=1142183312"