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Munchausen by Internet
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In the UK, a woman was cautioned in 2009 for trolling herself on Facebook and then jailed for 20 months for repeat offences during 2011–12.{{r|Indy}}
In the UK, a woman was cautioned in 2009 for trolling herself on Facebook and then jailed for 20 months for repeat offences during 2011–12.{{r|Indy}}

Though digital self-harm can be done in various ways, it is usually done in a public or semi-public setting<ref name=understandingdigitalsh/>. Researchers Rinjani Soengkoeng and Ahmed Moustafa suggest that there are three types of digital self-harm<ref name=currentliterature/>. These are:

* social development (either determine if one's friends would defend them or prove one's resilience)
* personal gain (sympathy or entertainment)
* manifestation of negative emotions (which can derive from mental health issues,stressors, or social rejection)<ref name=currentliterature/>.

These appear to be common reasons for digital self harm according to [[Sameer Hinduja]] and Justin W. Patchin's 2017 study of American middle and high school students<ref name=adolescenthealth/>.

== Contributing Factors ==
Common correlations to digital self-harm include [[bullying]]<ref name=cyberbullyprevention/>, [[Major depressive disorder|depression]], negative emotionality, and sleep deprivation<ref name=teenscyberbully/><ref name=indirecteffects/><ref name=sleepduration/>. There is also research that suggests digital self-harm and physical self-harm have similar causes and motivations<ref name=onlinevictims/>. The two seem to be positively associated with physical self-harm<ref name=suicideprevention/> and suicidal thoughts and behaviors<ref name=riskfactors/>.
== Prevention ==
Identifying and preventing digital self-harm is arguably more difficult than its offline counterpart. For one, it is hard for parents to monitor their child’s online presence<ref name=sleepduration/>. Taking away internet access completely is usually impractical, as the internet is important for gaining important information from the outside world<ref name=digitalshprevention/><ref name=understandingdigitalsh/>. There is a need to create strategies for digital self-harm prevention, as it is not the same as physical self harm or suicide<ref name="digitalshprevention" />. Due to anonymous apps such as [[Yik Yak]], [[Whisper (app)|Whisper]], and [[Secret (app)| Secret]], it is more difficult to track digital self-harm without possible invasion of privacy. Research by Dr. Sujita Kumar Kar suggests that "calling out" the behavior of digital-self harm may be counterproductive<ref name=teenscyberbully/>. Instead, encouragement to change online behavior may more beneficial in the long term<ref name=teenscyberbully/>.


== References ==
== References ==
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<ref name=Corish>{{citation |title=Waving Silently - Technology and Self-harm |author=Ken Corish |url=https://kencorish.com/waving-silently-technology-and-self-harm/ |journal=Every Child Journal |publisher=Imaginative Minds Group |year=2014}}</ref>
<ref name=Corish>{{citation |title=Waving Silently - Technology and Self-harm |author=Ken Corish |url=https://kencorish.com/waving-silently-technology-and-self-harm/ |journal=Every Child Journal |publisher=Imaginative Minds Group |year=2014}}</ref>
<ref name=Indy>{{citation |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/woman-becomes-first-person-be-jailed-trolling-herself-9110128.html |newspaper=The Independent |title=Woman becomes first person to be jailed for 'trolling herself' |author=Maria Tadeo |date=5 February 2014}}</ref>
<ref name=Indy>{{citation |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/woman-becomes-first-person-be-jailed-trolling-herself-9110128.html |newspaper=The Independent |title=Woman becomes first person to be jailed for 'trolling herself' |author=Maria Tadeo |date=5 February 2014}}</ref>
<ref name=currentliterature>{{Cite journal |last1=Soengkoeng |first1=Rinjani |last2=Moustafa |first2=Ahmed A. |date=9 March 2022 |title=Digital self-harm: an examination of the current literature with recommendations for future research |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s44202-022-00032-8 |journal=Discover Psychology |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=19 |doi=10.1007/s44202-022-00032-8 |issn=2731-4537}}</ref>

<ref name=adolescenthealth> {{Cite journal |last1=Patchin |first1=Justin W. |last2=Hinduja |first2=Sameer |date=December 2017 |title=Digital Self-Harm Among Adolescents |url=https://www.proquest.com/assia/docview/1970948534/BCA6F9772AB1427DPQ/1 |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |publisher=Elsevier |volume=61 |issue=6 |pages=761 |issn=1054-139X}}</ref>

<ref name=teenscyberbully> {{Cite |last1=Pacheco |first1=Edgar |title=Digital Self-Harm: Prevalence, Motivations and Outcomes for Teens Who Cyberbully Themselves |date=1 May 2019 |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3374725 |location=Rochester, NY |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3374725 |last2=Melhuish |first2=Neil |last3=Fiske |first3=Jandy}}</ref>

<ref name=indirecteffects>{{Cite journal |last1=Meldrum |first1=Ryan C. |last2=Patchin |first2=Justin W. |last3=Young |first3=Jacob T.N. |last4=Hinduja |first4=Sameer |date=4 March 2022 |title=Bullying Victimization, Negative Emotions, and Digital Self-Harm: Testing a Theoretical Model of Indirect Effects |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2020.1833380 |journal=Deviant Behavior |volume=43 |issue=3 |doi=10.1080/01639625.2020.1833380 |issn=0163-9625}} </ref>

<ref name=digitalshprevention>{{Cite journal |last1=Kar |first1=Sujita Kumar |last2=Arafat |first2=S. M. Yasir |date=January 2021 |title=Digital self-harm in adolescents: Strategies of Prevention |url=http://ezproxy.uky.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=149028755&site=ehost-live&scope=site |journal=Journal of Indian Association for Child & Adolescent Mental Health |volume=17 |issue=1 |doi=10.1177/0973134220210110 |issn=09731342}}</ref>

<ref name=cyberbullyprevention>{{Cite book |title=Cyberbullying Prevention and Response: Expert Perspectives |date=23 June 2011|publisher=Routledge |location=New York}}</ref>

<ref name=sleepduration> {{Cite journal |last1=Semenza |first1=Daniel C. |last2=Meldrum |first2=Ryan C. |last3=Testa |first3=Alexander |last4=Jackson |first4=Dylan B. |date=May 2022 |title=Sleep duration, depressive symptoms, and digital self‐harm among adolescents |journal=Child & Adolescent Mental Health |publisher=Wiley Blackwell |volume=27 |issue=2 |doi=10.1111/camh.12457 |issn=1475357X}}</ref>

<ref name=onlinevictims>{{Cite journal |last1=Erreygers |first1=Sara |last2=Symons |first2=Michelle |last3=Vandebosch |first3=Heidi |last4=Pabian |first4=Sara |date= 1 January 2022 |title=Fictitious online victimization: Exploration and creation of a measurement instrument |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820960079 |journal=New Media & Society |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=156–177 |doi=10.1177/1461444820960079 |issn=1461-4448}}</ref>

<ref name=suicideprevention>
{{Cite web |title=Suicide prevention for physicians: identification, intervention and mitigation of risk | date=2021 | journal=Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health|url=https://www-clinicalkey-com.ezproxy.uky.edu/#!/content/playContent/1-s2.0-S1357303916302791?returnurl=https:%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1357303916302791%3Fshowall%3Dtrue&referrer=https:%2F%2Facamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2F}}</ref>

<ref name=riskfactors>{{Cite journal |last1=Franklin |first1=Joseph C. |last2=Ribeiro |first2=Jessica D. |last3=Fox |first3=Kathryn R. |last4=Bentley |first4=Kate H. |last5=Kleiman |first5=Evan M. |last6=Huang |first6=Xieyining |last7=Musacchio |first7=Katherine M. |last8=Jaroszewski |first8=Adam C. |last9=Chang |first9=Bernard P. |last10=Nock |first10=Matthew K. |date=2017 |title=Risk factors for suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A meta-analysis of 50 years of research |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=143 |pages=187–232 |doi=10.1037/bul0000084 |issn=1939-1455}}</ref>

<ref name=understandingdigitalsh> {{Cite journal |last1=Ramluggun |first1=Pras |last2=Small |first2=Myra |date=6 January 2022 |title=Understanding digital self-harm and its implications for mental health practice |url=https://journals.rcni.com/mental-health-practice/evidence-and-practice/understanding-digital-selfharm-and-its-implications-for-mental-health-practice-mhp.2021.e1592/abs |journal=Mental Health Practice |publisher=RCN Publishing Company |volume=25 |issue=1 |doi=10.7748/mhp.2021.e1592 |issn=14658720}}</ref>
}}
}}


Revision as of 23:10, 11 April 2023

Statistics from a report by the Massachusetts Aggression Reduction Center[1]

Auto-trolling, self-cyberbullying, digital Munchausen or digital self-harm is a form of self-abuse on the Internet.[2][3] It is usually done by teenagers posting fake insults on social media, attacking themselves to elicit attention and sympathy.[2] A study in 2012 found that about 35 per cent of those who did this felt better.[2][1] Studies in 2016 and 2019 found an increase in prevalence in American adolescents rising from 6 to 9 per cent.[3][4][5] In a 2011 study, boys were more likely than girls to admit to digital self-bullying.[6] In a 2022 study published by researchers Justin Patchin, Sameer Hinduja, and Ryan Meldrum, [7] US youth who engaged in digital self-harm were between five and seven times more likely to have considered suicide and between nine and fifteen times more likely to have attempted suicide.

In the UK, a woman was cautioned in 2009 for trolling herself on Facebook and then jailed for 20 months for repeat offences during 2011–12.[8]

Though digital self-harm can be done in various ways, it is usually done in a public or semi-public setting[9]. Researchers Rinjani Soengkoeng and Ahmed Moustafa suggest that there are three types of digital self-harm[10]. These are:

  • social development (either determine if one's friends would defend them or prove one's resilience)
  • personal gain (sympathy or entertainment)
  • manifestation of negative emotions (which can derive from mental health issues,stressors, or social rejection)[10].

These appear to be common reasons for digital self harm according to Sameer Hinduja and Justin W. Patchin's 2017 study of American middle and high school students[11].

Contributing Factors

Common correlations to digital self-harm include bullying[12], depression, negative emotionality, and sleep deprivation[13][14][15]. There is also research that suggests digital self-harm and physical self-harm have similar causes and motivations[16]. The two seem to be positively associated with physical self-harm[17] and suicidal thoughts and behaviors[18].

Prevention

Identifying and preventing digital self-harm is arguably more difficult than its offline counterpart. For one, it is hard for parents to monitor their child’s online presence[15]. Taking away internet access completely is usually impractical, as the internet is important for gaining important information from the outside world[19][9]. There is a need to create strategies for digital self-harm prevention, as it is not the same as physical self harm or suicide[19]. Due to anonymous apps such as Yik Yak, Whisper, and Secret, it is more difficult to track digital self-harm without possible invasion of privacy. Research by Dr. Sujita Kumar Kar suggests that "calling out" the behavior of digital-self harm may be counterproductive[13]. Instead, encouragement to change online behavior may more beneficial in the long term[13].

References

  1. ^ a b Englander, Elizabeth (June 2012), Digital Self-Harm: Frequency, Type, Motivations, and Outcomes (PDF), Massachusetts Aggression Reduction Center
  2. ^ a b c Ktena, Natalie (2018-05-16). "These teens secretly trolled themselves online". BBC Three. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  3. ^ a b "Why more young Americans are cyber-bullying themselves", The Economist, 11 January 2020
  4. ^ Juli Fraga (21 April 2018), When Teens Cyberbully Themselves, NPR
  5. ^ Patchin, Justin; Hinduja, Sameer (2017), "Digital Self-Harm Among Adolescents", Journal of Adolescent Health, 61 (6): 761–766, doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.06.012, PMID 28935385
  6. ^ Ken Corish (2014), "Waving Silently - Technology and Self-harm", Every Child Journal, Imaginative Minds Group
  7. ^ Fairbank, Rachel. "What Parents Need to Know About 'Digital Self-Harm'". LifeHacker.
  8. ^ Maria Tadeo (5 February 2014), "Woman becomes first person to be jailed for 'trolling herself'", The Independent
  9. ^ a b Ramluggun, Pras; Small, Myra (6 January 2022). "Understanding digital self-harm and its implications for mental health practice". Mental Health Practice. 25 (1). RCN Publishing Company. doi:10.7748/mhp.2021.e1592. ISSN 1465-8720.
  10. ^ a b Soengkoeng, Rinjani; Moustafa, Ahmed A. (9 March 2022). "Digital self-harm: an examination of the current literature with recommendations for future research". Discover Psychology. 2 (1): 19. doi:10.1007/s44202-022-00032-8. ISSN 2731-4537.
  11. ^ Patchin, Justin W.; Hinduja, Sameer (December 2017). "Digital Self-Harm Among Adolescents". Journal of Adolescent Health. 61 (6). Elsevier: 761. ISSN 1054-139X.
  12. ^ Cyberbullying Prevention and Response: Expert Perspectives. New York: Routledge. 23 June 2011.
  13. ^ a b c Pacheco, Edgar; Melhuish, Neil; Fiske, Jandy (1 May 2019), Digital Self-Harm: Prevalence, Motivations and Outcomes for Teens Who Cyberbully Themselves, Rochester, NY, doi:10.2139/ssrn.3374725{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  14. ^ Meldrum, Ryan C.; Patchin, Justin W.; Young, Jacob T.N.; Hinduja, Sameer (4 March 2022). "Bullying Victimization, Negative Emotions, and Digital Self-Harm: Testing a Theoretical Model of Indirect Effects". Deviant Behavior. 43 (3). doi:10.1080/01639625.2020.1833380. ISSN 0163-9625.
  15. ^ a b Semenza, Daniel C.; Meldrum, Ryan C.; Testa, Alexander; Jackson, Dylan B. (May 2022). "Sleep duration, depressive symptoms, and digital self‐harm among adolescents". Child & Adolescent Mental Health. 27 (2). Wiley Blackwell. doi:10.1111/camh.12457. ISSN 1475-357X.
  16. ^ Erreygers, Sara; Symons, Michelle; Vandebosch, Heidi; Pabian, Sara (1 January 2022). "Fictitious online victimization: Exploration and creation of a measurement instrument". New Media & Society. 24 (1): 156–177. doi:10.1177/1461444820960079. ISSN 1461-4448.
  17. ^ "Suicide prevention for physicians: identification, intervention and mitigation of risk". Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health. 2021.
  18. ^ Franklin, Joseph C.; Ribeiro, Jessica D.; Fox, Kathryn R.; Bentley, Kate H.; Kleiman, Evan M.; Huang, Xieyining; Musacchio, Katherine M.; Jaroszewski, Adam C.; Chang, Bernard P.; Nock, Matthew K. (2017). "Risk factors for suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A meta-analysis of 50 years of research". Psychological Bulletin. 143: 187–232. doi:10.1037/bul0000084. ISSN 1939-1455.
  19. ^ a b Kar, Sujita Kumar; Arafat, S. M. Yasir (January 2021). "Digital self-harm in adolescents: Strategies of Prevention". Journal of Indian Association for Child & Adolescent Mental Health. 17 (1). doi:10.1177/0973134220210110. ISSN 0973-1342.


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