Tuber indicum: Difference between revisions
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''Tuber indicum'', commonly known as the Chinese Black Truffle or the Asian Black Truffle,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tuber indicum |url=http://iucn.ekoo.se/iucn/species_view/188017/ |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=iucn.ekoo.se}}</ref> is an edible fungus known for its hypogean fruiting bodies, characteristic of the ''Tuber'' genus. It is found natively in Himalayan India and parts of China<ref name=":0" />, but has also been found invasively in the United States<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bonito |first=Gregory |last2=Trappe |first2=James M. |last3=Donovan |first3=Sylvia |last4=Vilgalys |first4=Rytas |date=2011-02-01 |title=The Asian black truffle Tuber indicum can form ectomycorrhizas with North American host plants and complete its life cycle in non-native soils |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1754504810000619 |journal=Fungal Ecology |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=83–93 |doi=10.1016/j.funeco.2010.08.003 |issn=1754-5048}}</ref> and Italy.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Murat |first=Claude |last2=Zampieri |first2=Elisa |last3=Vizzini |first3=Alfredo |last4=Bonfante |first4=Paola |year=2008 |title=Is the Perigord black truffle threatened by an invasive species? We dreaded it and it has happened! |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02449.x |journal=New Phytologist |language=en |volume=178 |issue=4 |pages=699–702 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02449.x |issn=0028-646X}}</ref> It is sold commercially and often confused with ''Tuber |
''Tuber indicum'', commonly known as the Chinese Black Truffle or the Asian Black Truffle,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tuber indicum |url=http://iucn.ekoo.se/iucn/species_view/188017/ |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=iucn.ekoo.se}}</ref> is an edible fungus known for its hypogean fruiting bodies, characteristic of the ''Tuber'' genus. It is found natively in Himalayan India and parts of China<ref name=":0" />, but has also been found invasively in the United States<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Bonito |first=Gregory |last2=Trappe |first2=James M. |last3=Donovan |first3=Sylvia |last4=Vilgalys |first4=Rytas |date=2011-02-01 |title=The Asian black truffle Tuber indicum can form ectomycorrhizas with North American host plants and complete its life cycle in non-native soils |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1754504810000619 |journal=Fungal Ecology |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=83–93 |doi=10.1016/j.funeco.2010.08.003 |issn=1754-5048}}</ref> and Italy.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Murat |first=Claude |last2=Zampieri |first2=Elisa |last3=Vizzini |first3=Alfredo |last4=Bonfante |first4=Paola |year=2008 |title=Is the Perigord black truffle threatened by an invasive species? We dreaded it and it has happened! |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02449.x |journal=New Phytologist |language=en |volume=178 |issue=4 |pages=699–702 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02449.x |issn=0028-646X}}</ref> It is sold commercially and often confused with ''[[Tuber melanosporum]]''. |
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== Taxonomy == |
== Taxonomy == |
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== Description == |
== Description == |
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Known for its dark brown, lumpy or round fruiting bodies commonly known as [[Truffle|truffles]]. They are modified [[apothecia]], also known as stereothecia<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weber |first=John |title=Introduction to Fungi |last2=Webster |first2=Roland W. S. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-511-27783-2 |edition=3rd |pages=423-424}}</ref>, and produce ellipsoid spores with a variety of ornamentation<ref name=":2" />. The species is genetically diverse and has a lot of morphological variation<ref name=":1" />. |
Known for its dark brown, lumpy or round fruiting bodies commonly known as [[Truffle|truffles]]. They are modified [[apothecia]], also known as stereothecia<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Weber |first=John |title=Introduction to Fungi |last2=Webster |first2=Roland W. S. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-511-27783-2 |edition=3rd |pages=423-424}}</ref>, and produce ellipsoid spores with a variety of ornamentation<ref name=":2" />. The species is genetically diverse and has a lot of morphological variation<ref name=":1" />. |
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== Habitat and Ecology == |
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Like other ''Tuber'' species, they produce an aroma that attracts animals, leading to the dispersal of their spores through feces<ref name=":4" />. The spores are thick-walled, allowing them to remain intact through the digestive system. |
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It is a hypogean fungus, with the fruiting bodies growing underground and maturing in winter. |
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It forms an [[Ectomycorrhiza|ectomycorrhizal]] relationship with various trees such as pines (for example, ''[[Pinus armandii]]'')<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Geng |first=Li-Ying |last2=Wang |first2=Xiang-Hua |last3=Yu |first3=Fu-Qiang |last4=Deng |first4=Xiao-Juan |last5=Tian |first5=Xiao-Fei |last6=Shi |first6=Xiao-Fei |last7=Xie |first7=Xue-Dan |last8=Liu |first8=Pei-Gui |last9=Shen |first9=Yu-Ying |date=2009-09-01 |title=Mycorrhizal synthesis of Tuber indicum with two indigenous hosts, Castanea mollissima and Pinus armandii |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-009-0247-0 |journal=Mycorrhiza |language=en |volume=19 |issue=7 |pages=461–467 |doi=10.1007/s00572-009-0247-0 |issn=1432-1890}}</ref>, oaks (''[[Quercus pubescens]]'')<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García-Montero |first=Luis G. |last2=Di Massimo |first2=Gabriella |last3=Manjón |first3=José L. |last4=García-Abril |first4=Antonio |date=2008-12 |title=New data on ectomycorrhizae and soils of the Chinese truffles Tuber pseudoexcavatum and Tuber indicum, and their impact on truffle cultivation |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00572-008-0198-x |journal=Mycorrhiza |language=en |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=7–14 |doi=10.1007/s00572-008-0198-x |issn=0940-6360}}</ref>, and chestnuts (''[[Castanea mollissima]]'')<ref name=":5" />. It is known to successfully form a symbiosis with a wide range of hosts, increasing its invasibility<ref name=":3" />. |
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It is also known to have an effect on the surrounding microbial community. For example, a certain study shows the effects of the species when growing in symbiosis with ''[[Quercus aliena]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Qiang |last2=Yan |first2=Lijuan |last3=Ye |first3=Lei |last4=Zhou |first4=Jie |last5=Zhang |first5=Bo |last6=Peng |first6=Weihong |last7=Zhang |first7=Xiaoping |last8=Li |first8=Xiaolin |date=2018 |title=Chinese Black Truffle (Tuber indicum) Alters the Ectomycorrhizosphere and Endoectomycosphere Microbiome and Metabolic Profiles of the Host Tree Quercus aliena |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02202 |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2018.02202 |issn=1664-302X |pmc=PMC6156548 |pmid=30283422}}</ref>. They noted an increase in richness and diversity of prokaryotes, such as ''[[Proteobacteria]], [[Actinobacteria]], [[Bacteroidetes]], and [[Chloroflexi (phylum)|Chloroflexi]]'' in the surrounding soil. At the same time, there was a decrease in richness and diversity of fungal species. |
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The species can be found natively in Himalayan India and parts of China, as well as invasively in the United States and Italy on trees inoculated with ''T. melanosporus''. |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 17:31, 5 May 2023
Tuber indicum, commonly known as the Chinese Black Truffle or the Asian Black Truffle,[1] is an edible fungus known for its hypogean fruiting bodies, characteristic of the Tuber genus. It is found natively in Himalayan India and parts of China[1], but has also been found invasively in the United States[2] and Italy.[3] It is sold commercially and often confused with Tuber melanosporum.
Taxonomy
The species was originally described in the Himalayas by Cooke and Massee (1892). It is named “indicum,” from the Latin word for “India,” due to the location of discovery. There are multiple species known as the “Asian Black Truffle,” (T. sinense, T. himalayense, T. formosanum and T. pseudohimalayense) which are often confused with T. indicum. Studies[4] suggest that T. sinense is very likely to be the same species, but this is still up for debate. There is also some discussion that some of the other species listed here are the same, but the evidence is not conclusive.
Description
Known for its dark brown, lumpy or round fruiting bodies commonly known as truffles. They are modified apothecia, also known as stereothecia[5], and produce ellipsoid spores with a variety of ornamentation[4]. The species is genetically diverse and has a lot of morphological variation[3].
Habitat and Ecology
Like other Tuber species, they produce an aroma that attracts animals, leading to the dispersal of their spores through feces[5]. The spores are thick-walled, allowing them to remain intact through the digestive system.
It is a hypogean fungus, with the fruiting bodies growing underground and maturing in winter.
It forms an ectomycorrhizal relationship with various trees such as pines (for example, Pinus armandii)[6], oaks (Quercus pubescens)[7], and chestnuts (Castanea mollissima)[6]. It is known to successfully form a symbiosis with a wide range of hosts, increasing its invasibility[2].
It is also known to have an effect on the surrounding microbial community. For example, a certain study shows the effects of the species when growing in symbiosis with Quercus aliena[8]. They noted an increase in richness and diversity of prokaryotes, such as Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Chloroflexi in the surrounding soil. At the same time, there was a decrease in richness and diversity of fungal species.
The species can be found natively in Himalayan India and parts of China, as well as invasively in the United States and Italy on trees inoculated with T. melanosporus.
References
- ^ a b "Tuber indicum". iucn.ekoo.se. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
- ^ a b Bonito, Gregory; Trappe, James M.; Donovan, Sylvia; Vilgalys, Rytas (2011-02-01). "The Asian black truffle Tuber indicum can form ectomycorrhizas with North American host plants and complete its life cycle in non-native soils". Fungal Ecology. 4 (1): 83–93. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2010.08.003. ISSN 1754-5048.
- ^ a b Murat, Claude; Zampieri, Elisa; Vizzini, Alfredo; Bonfante, Paola (2008). "Is the Perigord black truffle threatened by an invasive species? We dreaded it and it has happened!". New Phytologist. 178 (4): 699–702. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02449.x. ISSN 0028-646X.
- ^ a b Chen, Juan; Guo, Shun-Xing; Liu, Pei-Gui (2011-01-28). "Species Recognition and Cryptic Species in the Tuber indicum Complex". PLOS ONE. 6 (1): e14625. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014625. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3030557. PMID 21297969.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b Weber, John; Webster, Roland W. S. (2007). Introduction to Fungi (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 423–424. ISBN 978-0-511-27783-2.
- ^ a b Geng, Li-Ying; Wang, Xiang-Hua; Yu, Fu-Qiang; Deng, Xiao-Juan; Tian, Xiao-Fei; Shi, Xiao-Fei; Xie, Xue-Dan; Liu, Pei-Gui; Shen, Yu-Ying (2009-09-01). "Mycorrhizal synthesis of Tuber indicum with two indigenous hosts, Castanea mollissima and Pinus armandii". Mycorrhiza. 19 (7): 461–467. doi:10.1007/s00572-009-0247-0. ISSN 1432-1890.
- ^ García-Montero, Luis G.; Di Massimo, Gabriella; Manjón, José L.; García-Abril, Antonio (2008-12). "New data on ectomycorrhizae and soils of the Chinese truffles Tuber pseudoexcavatum and Tuber indicum, and their impact on truffle cultivation". Mycorrhiza. 19 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1007/s00572-008-0198-x. ISSN 0940-6360.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Li, Qiang; Yan, Lijuan; Ye, Lei; Zhou, Jie; Zhang, Bo; Peng, Weihong; Zhang, Xiaoping; Li, Xiaolin (2018). "Chinese Black Truffle (Tuber indicum) Alters the Ectomycorrhizosphere and Endoectomycosphere Microbiome and Metabolic Profiles of the Host Tree Quercus aliena". Frontiers in Microbiology. 9. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.02202. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 6156548. PMID 30283422.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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