Sudanese tuberculosis outbreak (2023−present): Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 21:19, 8 May 2023

2023 Sudanese tuberculosis outbreak (during the 2023 Sudan conflict)
DiseaseTuberculosis
LocationSudan
First outbreakKhartoum (most likely)
DateMay 2023 – present
Confirmed casesSeveral thousand as of 8 May 2023, numbers could be higher than 10,000
Deaths
Hundreds of people dead, according to the UN

An ongoing outbreak of tuberculosis a infectious disease commonly known as "TB", was confirmed in May 2023.[1] In Sudan, along with over 34,000 cases in Ukraine, Sudan reported a huge surge in tuberculosis cases which had decreased significantly for the past few years. [2][3]

Tuberculosis is spread from one person to the next through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough, spit, speak, or sneeze.[4][5] People with Latent TB do not spread the disease.[4] Active infection occurs more often in people with HIV/AIDS and in those who smoke.[4] Diagnosis of active TB is based on chest X-rays, as well as microscopic examination and culture of body fluids.[6] Diagnosis of Latent TB relies on the tuberculin skin test (TST) or blood tests.[6]

Prevention of TB involves screening those at high risk, early detection and treatment of cases, and vaccination with the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine.[7][8][9] Those at high risk include household, workplace, and social contacts of people with active TB.[8] Treatment requires the use of multiple antibiotics over a long period of time.[4] Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem, with increasing rates of multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB).[4]

Background

War

In the early hours of the morning of 15 April 2023, Pro-Raid insurgents started a series of assaults on key buildings in Khartoum, primarily the Khartoum International Airport. During their attack on the airport, the RSF reportedly attacked a Saudi plane which was arriving at the airport, but no casualties have been reported among the passengers and crew. The armed forces and the insurgents were engaged in fierce fighting.[10][11] The RSF also captured the presidential palace, the residence of the former Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir, and attacked a military base.[12][13] Users on Facebook Live and Twitter documented the Sudanese Air Force flying above the city, and striking the RSF targets. [14]

Disease

Tuberculosis, commonly known as TB is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria.[15] Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body.[15] Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis.[15] Around 10% of latent infections progress to active disease which, if left untreated, kill about half of those affected.[15] Typical symptoms of active TB are chronic cough with blood-containing mucus, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.[15] It was historically referred to as consumption due to the weight loss associated with the disease.[16] Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms.[17]

Emergency

On 8 May 2023, the UN announced a significant outbreak of tuberculosis within Sudan and Ukraine, it announced that the disease was killing an estimated 4,400 people per day including 700 children. It confirmed atleast 34,000 cases in Ukraine and huge amount in Sudan, which it didn't announce as of 8 May 2023. [18]

References

  1. ^ "Ukraine, Sudan conflicts fuel alarming surge in tuberculosis". CTVNews. 8 May 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  2. ^ Hassanain, Sara A.; Edwards, Jeffrey K.; Venables, Emilie; Ali, Engy; Adam, Khadiga; Hussien, Hafiz; Elsony, Asma (16 May 2018). "Conflict and tuberculosis in Sudan: a 10-year review of the National Tuberculosis Programme, 2004-2014". Conflict and Health. 12 (1): 18. doi:10.1186/s13031-018-0154-0. ISSN 1752-1505. PMC 5954449. PMID 29785203.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  3. ^ Press, EDITH M. LEDERER Associated (8 May 2023). "Ukraine, Sudan conflicts fuel alarming surge in tuberculosis". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  4. ^ a b c d e "Tuberculosis (TB)". who.int. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  5. ^ "Basic TB Facts". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 13 March 2012. Archived from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  6. ^ a b Konstantinos A (2010). "Testing for tuberculosis". Australian Prescriber. 33 (1): 12–18. doi:10.18773/austprescr.2010.005.
  7. ^ Hawn TR, Day TA, Scriba TJ, Hatherill M, Hanekom WA, Evans TG, et al. (December 2014). "Tuberculosis vaccines and prevention of infection". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 78 (4): 650–71. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00021-14. PMC 4248657. PMID 25428938.
  8. ^ a b Implementing the WHO Stop TB Strategy: a handbook for national TB control programmes. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO). 2008. p. 179. ISBN 978-92-4-154667-6. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
  9. ^ Harris RE (2013). "Epidemiology of Tuberculosis". Epidemiology of chronic disease: global perspectives. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 682. ISBN 978-0-7637-8047-0.
  10. ^ "Sudan unrest: RSF captures presidential palace as violence rages". www.geo.tv. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
  11. ^ "Saudi airline says plane came under fire at Khartoum International Airport". Reuters. 15 April 2023. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  12. ^ "Sudan: Paramilitary group says it controls palace, Khartoum airport". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  13. ^ "Sudan's RSF say it seized presidential palace, Khartoum airport in apparent coup bid". Al Arabiya English. 15 April 2023. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  14. ^ "Fighting between Sudan military rivals enters a second day, with dozens dead". CNN. 15 April 2023. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  15. ^ a b c d e "Tuberculosis (TB)". who.int. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  16. ^ The Chambers Dictionary. New Delhi: Allied Chambers India Ltd. 1998. p. 352. ISBN 978-81-86062-25-8. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015.
  17. ^ Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p. Chapter 250. ISBN 978-0-443-06839-3.
  18. ^ Press, EDITH M. LEDERER Associated (8 May 2023). "Ukraine, Sudan conflicts fuel alarming surge in tuberculosis". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
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