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'''Clymeniida''' is an [[order (biology)|order]] of [[Ammonoidea|ammonoid]] cephalopods from the [[Upper Devonian]] characterized by having an unusual dorsal [[siphuncle]]. They measured about {{convert|4|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter and are restricted to [[Europe]], [[North Africa]], and possibly [[Australia]].
'''Clymeniida''' is an [[order (biology)|order]] of [[Ammonoidea|ammonoid]] cephalopods from the [[Upper Devonian]] characterized by having an unusual dorsal [[siphuncle]]. They measured about {{convert|4|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter and are most common in [[Europe]], [[North Africa]], and [[South China]] but are known from [[North America]] ([[New York (state)|New York]], [[Ohio]], [[Oklahoma]], and [[Utah]]) and [[Australia]] ([[New South Wales]]) as well<ref>{{Citation |last=Dieter |first=Korn |title=Biogeography of Paleozoic Ammonoids |date=2015 |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-017-9633-0_6 |work=Ammonoid Paleobiology: From macroevolution to paleogeography |volume=44 |pages=145–161 |editor-last=Klug |editor-first=Christian |access-date=2023-07-10 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-94-017-9633-0_6 |isbn=978-94-017-9632-3 |last2=Kenneth |first2=De Baets |editor2-last=Korn |editor2-first=Dieter |editor3-last=De Baets |editor3-first=Kenneth |editor4-last=Kruta |editor4-first=Isabelle}}</ref>.


== Morphologic characteristics ==
== Morphologic characteristics ==
Clymeniids produced a variety of shells ranging from smooth to ribbed and spinose and from evolute with all whorls exposed to strongly involute with the last whorl covering the previous. Some were even triangular as viewed from the side (along the axis of coiling). With the exception of the first few chambers, all have a siphuncle that runs along the dorsal margin, along the inside of the coils, opposite that of most [[Ammonoidea|ammonoids]].
Clymeniids produced a variety of shells ranging from smooth to ribbed and spinose, from evolute with all whorls exposed to strongly involute with the last whorl covering the previous. Some were even triangular in lateral view. With the exception of the first few chambers, all have a siphuncle that runs along the dorsal margin, i.e., along the inner edge of each whorl, rather than the outer edge as in most [[Ammonoidea|ammonoids]].


The siphuncle starts off ventrally, like that in other ammonoids, but after the first few septa migrates to a definite and stable dorsal position. Septal necks are retrosiphonate, characteristic of their nautiloid ancestors, and are commonly very long, forming an almost continuous siphuncular tube. Septa, characteristic of ammonoids, are convex toward the front.
Developmentally, the siphuncle in clymeniids starts off ventrally, like that in other ammonoids, but after the first few septa it migrates to a dorsal position indefinitely. Septal necks are retrosiphonate, characteristic of their nautiloid ancestors, and are commonly very long, forming an almost continuous siphuncular tube. The septa, unusually simplified in shape, are convex toward the front as is characteristic of ammonoids.


== Classification ==
== Classification ==
Miller, Furnish, and Schindewolf, 1957, in Part L of the [[Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology]]<ref>Miller, Furnish, and Schindewolf, 1957; Paleozoic Ammonoidea; Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part-L, Ammonoidea, Geological Society of America & Univ of Kansas.</ref> included three superfamilies in the Clymeniida, the Gonioclymeniaceae, Clymeniaceae, and Parawocklumeriaceae. The Gonoclymeniaceae unites five families, the Clymeniaceae three. The Parawocklumeraceae was established for a single family, the Parawocklumeriidae.
Miller, Furnish, and Schindewolf, 1957, in Part L of the [[Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology]]<ref>Miller, Furnish, and Schindewolf, 1957; Paleozoic Ammonoidea; Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part-L, Ammonoidea, Geological Society of America & Univ of Kansas.</ref> included three superfamilies in Clymeniida: Gonioclymeniaceae, Clymeniaceae, and Parawocklumeriaceae. Gonoclymeniaceae unites five families, Clymeniaceae three. Parawocklumeraceae was established for the single family Parawocklumeriidae.


Saunders, Work, and Nikoleava, 1999,<ref>Evolution of Complexity in Paleozoic Ammonoid Sutures; Supplementary Materia [http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/1043099.dtl]</ref> divided the Clymeniida into two suborders, the Gonioclymeniina and the Clymeniina. The Gonioclymeniina includes the Sellaclymeniaceae with 7 families and 20 genera, the Gonioclyemniacea, containing a single family with six genera, and the Parawocklumeraceae, also containing a single family, but with only three genera. The Clymeniina combines five families with a total of 36 genera into a single superfamily, the Clymeniaceae.
In 1999, Saunders, Work, and Nikolaeva <ref>Evolution of Complexity in Paleozoic Ammonoid Sutures; Supplementary Materia [http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/1043099.dtl]</ref> divided Clymeniida into two suborders, Gonioclymeniina and Clymeniina. Gonioclymeniina includes Sellaclymeniaceae, with 7 families and 20 genera; Gonioclyemniaceae, containing a single family with six genera; and Parawocklumeraceae, also containing a single family but with only three genera. Clymeniina contains a single superfamily, Clymeniaceae, which unites five families with a total of 36 genera.


GONIAT Website <ref>[http://www.goniat.org/index.html GONIAT]</ref> gives two suborders which fall into the Clymeniida. They are the Clymeniina with four superfamilies and Gonioclymeniina, established for a single superfamily. In contrast, [[Dieter Korn]], 2006 divided the Clymeniida into the Clymeniina with superfamilies and families, and Cyrtoclymenia, named by him in 2002. with superfamilies and families.<ref>[http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=displayReference&reference_no=18963 D. Korn. 2006. Paleozoic ammonoid classification]</ref> Shevyrev, 2006 on the other hand divided the Clymeniida into the Clymeniina and Gonioclymeniina, as with GONIAT and Saunders, Work, and Nikolaeva <ref>[http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=startProcessPrintHierarchy&reference_no=19857&maximum_levels=100 Classification of A. A. Shevyrev 2006]</ref>
Per the GONIAT website,<ref>[http://www.goniat.org/index.html GONIAT]</ref> two suborders fall into Clymeniida. They are Clymeniina with four superfamilies and Gonioclymeniina, established for a single superfamily. In contrast, [[Dieter Korn]] in 2006 divided Clymeniida into Clymeniina and Cyrtoclymeniina, named by him in 2002.<ref>[http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=displayReference&reference_no=18963 D. Korn. 2006. Paleozoic ammonoid classification]</ref> Shevyrev, on the other hand, in 2006 divided Clymeniida into Clymeniina and Gonioclymeniina, in line with GONIAT and with the work of Saunders, Work, and Nikolaeva.<ref>[http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=startProcessPrintHierarchy&reference_no=19857&maximum_levels=100 Classification of A. A. Shevyrev 2006]</ref>


== Taxonomy ==
== Taxonomy ==

Revision as of 20:35, 10 July 2023

Clymeniida
Temporal range: Upper Devonian
Clymenia laevigata
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda
Subclass: †Ammonoidea
Order: †Clymeniida
Hyatt, 1884
Suborders

Clymeniida is an order of ammonoid cephalopods from the Upper Devonian characterized by having an unusual dorsal siphuncle. They measured about 4 cm (1.6 in) in diameter and are most common in Europe, North Africa, and South China but are known from North America (New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, and Utah) and Australia (New South Wales) as well[1].

Morphologic characteristics

Clymeniids produced a variety of shells ranging from smooth to ribbed and spinose, from evolute with all whorls exposed to strongly involute with the last whorl covering the previous. Some were even triangular in lateral view. With the exception of the first few chambers, all have a siphuncle that runs along the dorsal margin, i.e., along the inner edge of each whorl, rather than the outer edge as in most ammonoids.

Developmentally, the siphuncle in clymeniids starts off ventrally, like that in other ammonoids, but after the first few septa it migrates to a dorsal position indefinitely. Septal necks are retrosiphonate, characteristic of their nautiloid ancestors, and are commonly very long, forming an almost continuous siphuncular tube. The septa, unusually simplified in shape, are convex toward the front as is characteristic of ammonoids.

Classification

Miller, Furnish, and Schindewolf, 1957, in Part L of the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology[2] included three superfamilies in Clymeniida: Gonioclymeniaceae, Clymeniaceae, and Parawocklumeriaceae. Gonoclymeniaceae unites five families, Clymeniaceae three. Parawocklumeraceae was established for the single family Parawocklumeriidae.

In 1999, Saunders, Work, and Nikolaeva [3] divided Clymeniida into two suborders, Gonioclymeniina and Clymeniina. Gonioclymeniina includes Sellaclymeniaceae, with 7 families and 20 genera; Gonioclyemniaceae, containing a single family with six genera; and Parawocklumeraceae, also containing a single family but with only three genera. Clymeniina contains a single superfamily, Clymeniaceae, which unites five families with a total of 36 genera.

Per the GONIAT website,[4] two suborders fall into Clymeniida. They are Clymeniina with four superfamilies and Gonioclymeniina, established for a single superfamily. In contrast, Dieter Korn in 2006 divided Clymeniida into Clymeniina and Cyrtoclymeniina, named by him in 2002.[5] Shevyrev, on the other hand, in 2006 divided Clymeniida into Clymeniina and Gonioclymeniina, in line with GONIAT and with the work of Saunders, Work, and Nikolaeva.[6]

Taxonomy

Clymeniida

References

  1. ^ Dieter, Korn; Kenneth, De Baets (2015), Klug, Christian; Korn, Dieter; De Baets, Kenneth; Kruta, Isabelle (eds.), "Biogeography of Paleozoic Ammonoids", Ammonoid Paleobiology: From macroevolution to paleogeography, vol. 44, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 145–161, doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9633-0_6, ISBN 978-94-017-9632-3, retrieved 2023-07-10
  2. ^ Miller, Furnish, and Schindewolf, 1957; Paleozoic Ammonoidea; Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part-L, Ammonoidea, Geological Society of America & Univ of Kansas.
  3. ^ Evolution of Complexity in Paleozoic Ammonoid Sutures; Supplementary Materia [1]
  4. ^ GONIAT
  5. ^ D. Korn. 2006. Paleozoic ammonoid classification
  6. ^ Classification of A. A. Shevyrev 2006
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