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Remove equivalence to cannel coal, and explain difference with citation.
Equivalence of Torbanite to historical boghead coal and historical Kerosene shale, with citations
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{{distinguish|Torbernite}}
{{distinguish|Torbernite}}
[[File:Torbanite pm.jpg|thumb|Photomicrograph of Torbanite, from Bathgate, Scotland]]
[[File:Torbanite pm.jpg|thumb|Photomicrograph of Torbanite, from Bathgate, Scotland]]
'''Torbanite''', also known as '''boghead coal''' is a variety of fine-grained black [[oil shale]]. It usually occurs as [[Lens (geology)|lenticular masses]], often associated with deposits of [[Permian]] [[coal]]s.<ref name=tehfuyen/><ref name=lee>
'''Torbanite''', also known historically as '''boghead coal''' or '''kerosene shale''', is a variety of fine-grained black [[oil shale]]. It usually occurs as [[Lens (geology)|lenticular masses]], often associated with deposits of [[Permian]] [[coal]]s.<ref name=tehfuyen/><ref name=lee>
{{Cite book
{{Cite book
| last = Lee | first = Sunggyu
| last = Lee | first = Sunggyu
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</ref> A similar mineral, [[cannel coal]], is classified as being a terrestrial form of oil shale, not a lacustrine type.<ref name="hutton" />
</ref> A similar mineral, [[cannel coal]], is classified as being a terrestrial form of oil shale, not a lacustrine type.<ref name="hutton" />


Torbanite is named after Torbane Hill near [[Bathgate]] in [[Scotland]], its main location of occurrence.<ref name=dyni>
Torbanite is named after Torbane Hill near [[Bathgate]] in [[West Lothian]], Scotland, a major location of occurrence.<ref name=dyni>
{{Cite journal
{{Cite journal
| last =Dyni | first =John R.
| last =Dyni | first =John R.
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| issn = 0208-189X
| issn = 0208-189X
| accessdate =2007-06-17}}
| accessdate =2007-06-17}}
</ref> Torbanite found in Bathgate may have formations of [[bathvillite]] found within it.<ref>{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Bathvillite|volume=3|page=521}}</ref>
</ref> Torbanite found in Bathgate may have formations of [[bathvillite]] found within it.<ref>{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Bathvillite|volume=3|page=521}}</ref> Historically, two other names have been used for Torbanite. Boghead coal is named after Boghead estate, also near Bathgate in Scotland. In Australia, the historical name for Torbanite was kerosene shale.<ref>{{Cite report |url=http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp132I |title=Origin of the boghead coals |last=Thiessen |first=Reinhardt |date=1925 |issue=132-I |pages=121-137}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1909-11-13 |title=SCIENTIFIC. |pages=54 |work=Australasian |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article139215492 |access-date=2023-07-21}}</ref>


Other major deposits of torbanite are found in [[Geology of Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]] and [[Geology of Illinois|Illinois]], USA, in [[Mpumalanga Province]] in South Africa, in the [[Sydney Basin]] of [[New South Wales]], Australia,<ref name="aus">{{cite web|url=http://web.aanet.com.au/bayling/airly.html|title=Shale mining relics at Airly, Genowlan Creek and Torbane, NSW|author=Brian Ayling|accessdate=2010-01-30}}</ref> the largest deposit of which is located at [[Glen Davis, New South Wales|Glen Davis]], and in [[Nova Scotia]], Canada.<ref name="tehfuyen">{{Cite book
Other major deposits of torbanite are found in [[Geology of Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]] and [[Geology of Illinois|Illinois]], USA, in [[Mpumalanga Province]] in South Africa, in the [[Sydney Basin]] of [[New South Wales]], Australia,<ref name="aus">{{cite web|url=http://web.aanet.com.au/bayling/airly.html|title=Shale mining relics at Airly, Genowlan Creek and Torbane, NSW|author=Brian Ayling|accessdate=2010-01-30}}</ref> the largest deposit of which is located at [[Glen Davis, New South Wales|Glen Davis]], and in [[Nova Scotia]], Canada.<ref name="tehfuyen">{{Cite book

Revision as of 02:35, 21 July 2023

Not to be confused with Torbernite.
Photomicrograph of Torbanite, from Bathgate, Scotland

Torbanite, also known historically as boghead coal or kerosene shale, is a variety of fine-grained black oil shale. It usually occurs as lenticular masses, often associated with deposits of Permian coals.[1][2] Torbanite is classified as lacustrine type oil shale.[3] A similar mineral, cannel coal, is classified as being a terrestrial form of oil shale, not a lacustrine type.[3]

Torbanite is named after Torbane Hill near Bathgate in West Lothian, Scotland, a major location of occurrence.[4] Torbanite found in Bathgate may have formations of bathvillite found within it.[5] Historically, two other names have been used for Torbanite. Boghead coal is named after Boghead estate, also near Bathgate in Scotland. In Australia, the historical name for Torbanite was kerosene shale.[6][7]

Other major deposits of torbanite are found in Pennsylvania and Illinois, USA, in Mpumalanga Province in South Africa, in the Sydney Basin of New South Wales, Australia,[8] the largest deposit of which is located at Glen Davis, and in Nova Scotia, Canada.[1][4]

Organic matter (telalginite) in torbanite is derived from lipid-rich microscopic plant remains similar in appearance to the fresh-water colonial green alga Botryococcus braunii.[1][2][4] This evidence and extracellular hydrocarbons produced by the alga have led scientists to examine the alga as a source of Permian torbanites[9] and a possible producer of biofuels.[10] Torbanite consists of subordinate amounts of vitrinite and inertinite; however, their occurrence varies depending on deposits.[4]

Torbanite typically comprises 88% carbon and 11% hydrogen.[1] Paraffin oil can be distilled from some forms of torbanite, a process discovered and patented by James Young in 1851.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Yen, Teh Fu; Chilingar, George V. (1976). Oil Shale. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 4–5, 28. ISBN 978-0-444-41408-3. Retrieved 2009-07-06.
  2. ^ a b Lee, Sunggyu (1990). Oil Shale Technology. CRC Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8493-4615-6. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
  3. ^ a b Hutton, A.C. (1987). "Petrographic classification of oil shales". International Journal of Coal Geology. 8 (3). Amsterdam: Elsevier: 203–231. Bibcode:1987IJCG....8..203H. doi:10.1016/0166-5162(87)90032-2. ISSN 0166-5162.
  4. ^ a b c d Dyni, John R. (2003). "Geology and resources of some world oil-shale deposits (Presented at Symposium on Oil Shale in Tallinn, Estonia, November 18-21, 2002)" (PDF). Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal. 20 (3). Estonian Academy Publishers: 193–252. doi:10.3176/oil.2003.3.02. ISSN 0208-189X. Retrieved 2007-06-17.
  5. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bathvillite". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 521.
  6. ^ Thiessen, Reinhardt (1925). Origin of the boghead coals (Report). pp. 121–137.
  7. ^ "SCIENTIFIC". Australasian. 1909-11-13. p. 54. Retrieved 2023-07-21.
  8. ^ Brian Ayling. "Shale mining relics at Airly, Genowlan Creek and Torbane, NSW". Retrieved 2010-01-30.
  9. ^ Meuzelaar, Henk L. C.; Windig, Willem; Futrell, Jean H.; Harper, Alice M.; Larter, Steve R. (1986). "Pyrolysis mass spectrometry and multivariate analysis of several key world oil shale kerogens and some recent alginites". In Aczel, Thomas (ed.). Mass spectrometric characterization of shale oils: a symposium. Philadelphia: ASTM International. pp. 81–105. ISBN 978-0-8031-0467-9. Retrieved 2009-07-06.
  10. ^ Lee, Robert E. (1999). Phycology (3 ed.). Cambridge, [England]: Cambridge University Press. pp. 246–247. ISBN 978-0-521-63883-8.
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