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==Human impacts ==
==Human impacts ==
Several researches have shown a tremendous human activities going on around the Akure forest reserve. These activities range from agriculture to lumbering, urbanization, etc. which are negatively affecting the reserve. Lumbering has significantly affected insect population in the forest as it leaves the soil bare and dry displacing them from their natural ecosystem. The worst, is that there is little or no awareness to the rural communities about preservation of the forest. For instance, these scholars<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Adekugbe |first=O. A. |last2=Oyerinde |first2=O. V. |last3=Oluwajuwon |first3=T. V. |last4=Abisoye |first4=T. R. |last5=Atanda |first5=T. A. |date=Jan 7, 2021 |title=Socio-Economic Characteristics and Level of Awareness and Perception on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Programme (REDD+) by Rural Communities in Akure Forest Reserve, Nigeria |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jasem/article/view/202565 |journal=Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management |volume=24 |issue= 11}}</ref> observed that rural communities living around the forest reserve depend heavily on the forest for their livelihood. As a result of this, it has resulted in high level of deforestation. More so, very few members of the rural communities are aware of the program on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation.<ref name=":1" /> Other scholars who have studied on various aspects and extents of deforestation in this forest reserve include; Adetula<ref>Adekunle, V.A.J., Olagoke, A.O., Ogundare, L.F. 2013. Logging impacts in tropical lowland humid forest on tree species diversity and environmental conservation. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research11(3), 491–511. DOI: 10.15666/aeer/1103_491511</ref> who estimated that 11.73% (8.2 km2) of the area had been cleared for cocoa farming and other food crops; Fuwape et al.<ref>Fuwape, J.A., Onyekwelu, J.C.,Adekunle, V.A.J. 2001. Biomass equations and estimation for Gmelina arborea and Nauclea diderrichii stands in Akure forest reserve. Biomass and Bioenergy21 (6) 401–405. DOI: 10.1016/s0961-9534(01)00036-8</ref> documented the [[Gmelina]] [[Arboreal salamander|arborea]] covered (721.40 m3) and [[Nauclea orientalis|Nauclea]] [[diderrichii]] spp. (265.18 m3), respectively; Oke<ref>Oke,D.O 2012. Effects of shortrotation natural fallow on diversity of plant species and population of soil microbesin Aponmu, Ondo state, Nigeria. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 24(1),18–26.<nowiki>https://www.jstor.org/stable/23616948</nowiki></ref> worked on the family [[Sterculiaceae]] including the species counted for 53% of the total tree canopies in Akure forest reserve. Owusu's (2018)<ref>Owusu, A. B.2018. An assessment of urban vegetation abundance in Accra metropolitan area, Ghana: a geospatial approach. Journal of Environmental Geography 11 (1–2), 37–44. DOI: 10.2478/jengeo-2018-0005</ref> research, submits that the disappearance of vegetation in the city is raising livability issues with regard to ecosystem function, temperature rise, and air quality. As a result, he advised policymakers to address the three crucial issues of resilience, sustainability, and livability. In the southern section of the relief pattern.   The forest was owned by the Aponmu and Owena Yoruba speaking groups, although it was also surrounded by small towns. These include Elemo [[Igbara-oke|Igbara]] Oke Camp, [[Ipogun]], [[Kajola]]/[[Apomu|Aponmu]], [[Kajola]], Ago Petesi, Akika Camp, Owena Town, Ibutitan/Ilaro Camp, and [[Kajola]]/Aponmu.
Several researches have shown a tremendous human activities going on around the Akure forest reserve. These activities range from agriculture to lumbering, urbanization, etc. which are negatively affecting the reserve. Lumbering has significantly affected insect population in the forest as it leaves the soil bare and dry displacing them from their natural ecosystem. The worst, is that there is little or no awareness to the rural communities about preservation of the forest. For instance, these scholars<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Adekugbe |first=O. A. |last2=Oyerinde |first2=O. V. |last3=Oluwajuwon |first3=T. V. |last4=Abisoye |first4=T. R. |last5=Atanda |first5=T. A. |date=Jan 7, 2021 |title=Socio-Economic Characteristics and Level of Awareness and Perception on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Programme (REDD+) by Rural Communities in Akure Forest Reserve, Nigeria |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jasem/article/view/202565 |journal=Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management |volume=24 |issue= 11}}</ref> observed that rural communities living around the forest reserve depend heavily on the forest for their livelihood. As a result of this, it has resulted in high level of deforestation. More so, very few members of the rural communities are aware of the program on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation.<ref name=":1" /> Other scholars who have studied on various aspects and extents of deforestation in this forest reserve include; Adetula<ref>Adekunle, V.A.J., Olagoke, A.O., Ogundare, L.F. 2013. Logging impacts in tropical lowland humid forest on tree species diversity and environmental conservation. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research11(3), 491–511. DOI: 10.15666/aeer/1103_491511</ref> who estimated that 11.73% (8.2 km2) of the area had been cleared for cocoa farming and other food crops; Fuwape et al.<ref>Fuwape, J.A., Onyekwelu, J.C.,Adekunle, V.A.J. 2001. Biomass equations and estimation for Gmelina arborea and Nauclea diderrichii stands in Akure forest reserve. Biomass and Bioenergy21 (6) 401–405. DOI: 10.1016/s0961-9534(01)00036-8</ref> documented the [[Gmelina]] [[Arboreal salamander|arborea]] covered (721.40 m3) and [[Nauclea orientalis|Nauclea]] [[diderrichii]] spp. (265.18 m3), respectively; Oke<ref>Oke,D.O 2012. Effects of shortrotation natural fallow on diversity of plant species and population of soil microbesin Aponmu, Ondo state, Nigeria. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 24(1),18–26.<nowiki>https://www.jstor.org/stable/23616948</nowiki></ref> worked on the family [[Sterculiaceae]] including the species counted for 53% of the total tree canopies in Akure forest reserve. Owusu's (2018)<ref>Owusu, A. B.2018. An assessment of urban vegetation abundance in Accra metropolitan area, Ghana: a geospatial approach. Journal of Environmental Geography 11 (1–2), 37–44. DOI: 10.2478/jengeo-2018-0005</ref> research, submits that the disappearance of vegetation in the city is raising livability issues with regard to ecosystem function, temperature rise, and air quality. As a result, he advised policymakers to address the three crucial issues of resilience, sustainability, and livability. In the southern section of the relief pattern.   The forest was owned by the Aponmu and Owena Yoruba speaking groups, although it was also surrounded by small towns. These include Elemo [[Igbara-oke|Igbara]] Oke Camp, [[Ipogun]], [[Kajola]]/[[Apomu|Aponmu]], [[Kajola]], Ago Petesi, Akika Camp, Owena Town, Ibutitan/Ilaro Camp, and [[Kajola]]/Aponmu.

== Economic and social importance of the Akure Forest Reserve ==
Economic and social importance of the Akure Forest Reserve in relation to non-timber forest products, tourism and recreation, and its cultural and religious significance:

# '''Non-wooden Forest merchandise (NTFPs):'''

* Range of merchandise: The A woodland reserve is rich in non-wood woodland merchandise, In addition to timber, the encompassing area includes a wide range of valuable resources. Those are medicinal plants, nuts, herbs, mushrooms, honey, and diverse other vegetation and fauna whicthat be harvested for food, medicinal drug, ansd different purposes<ref>{{Cite journal |last=MM |first=Solomon |date=2016 |title=Importance of Non Timber Forest Production in Sustainable Forest Management and Its Implication on Carbon Storage and Biodiversity Conservation in Case of Ethiopia |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2332-2543.1000160 |journal=Journal of Biodiversity &amp; Endangered Species |volume=4 |issue=1 |doi=10.4172/2332-2543.1000160 |issn=2332-2543}}</ref>.
* Supply of livelihood: NTFPs play a essential prolewn the livelihoods of local groups. People living in and around the woodland often rely upon these sources for sustenance, eincomegeneration, and traditional medicine<ref>{{Cite journal |last=MM |first=Solomon |date=2016 |title=Importance of Non Timber Forest Production in Sustainable Forest Management and Its Implication on Carbon Storage and Biodiversity Conservation in Case of Ethiopia |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2332-2543.1000160 |journal=Journal of Biodiversity &amp; Endangered Species |volume=4 |issue=1 |doi=10.4172/2332-2543.1000160 |issn=2332-2543}}</ref>.
* Commercial possibilities: some non-wooded area products have a business fee and are traded in neighborhood, national, and even global markets. This has a to the local financial system<ref>{{Cite journal |last=MM |first=Solomon |date=2016 |title=Importance of Non Timber Forest Production in Sustainable Forest Management and Its Implication on Carbon Storage and Biodiversity Conservation in Case of Ethiopia |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2332-2543.1000160 |journal=Journal of Biodiversity &amp; Endangered Species |volume=4 |issue=1 |doi=10.4172/2332-2543.1000160 |issn=2332-2543}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Shackleton |first=Sheona |title=From Subsistence to Safety Nets and Cash Income: Exploring the Diverse Values of Non-timber Forest Products for Livelihoods and Poverty Alleviation |date=2011 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17983-9_3 |work=Tropical Forestry |pages=55–81 |access-date=2023-10-06 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-642-17982-2 |last2=Delang |first2=Claudio O. |last3=Angelsen |first3=Arild}}</ref>.

'''2. Tourism and exercise:'''

* Biodiversity and Ecotourism: The Akure forest Reserve's rich biodiversity, The presence of unique and diverse animal species makes it an exceptional platform for ecotourism, which includes nature enthusiasts and researchers, are interested in the reserve to have a look at, have a look at, and admire the numerous surroundings.
* Recreational sports: The forest gives possibilities for recreational sports like hiking, birdwatching, picnicking, and camping. these sports now not handiest provide leisure site visitors but also make a contribution to local economies via the guide and lodge services.

'''3. Cultural and non secular significance:'''

* Cultural Practices and Traditions: The Akure forest Reserve holds cultural significance for neighborhood groups. it could be associated with conventional beliefs, ceremonies, or practices that are deeply embedded inside the cultural heritage of the human beings.
* Non secular significance: some areas within the wooded area may additionally hold unique religious or religious significance of positive groups. Sacred groves, for instance, are not unusual capabilities in lots of forests and are Respected as sacred places of worship or as a spiritual tribute to the magnificence of nature.
* Historical Relevance: The forest may also have historical ties to the community, serving as a place of ancient events, settlements, or ancient practices. these connections can be of splendid significance to the cultural identification of the neighborhood populace.


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 01:12, 6 October 2023

Akure Forest Reserve is a protected area in southwest Nigeria, covering 66 km2 (25 sq mi).[1][2]

In recent decades, there has been a large deforestation in this area, which has a huge impact on the environment.[3] Akure Forest reserve is a forested area set aside for preservation or controlled use and located at Ile Oluji/Okeigbo, Ondo State, Nigeria, with a Latitude of 7° 17′ 39″ N and Longitude of 5° 2′ 3″ E.[4]

Geographical area

The Akure Forest Reserve is situated in the Ondo State, Nigeria, a region in Akure South Local Government Area.  It falls within longitudes 5o9′ and 5o11′ east of the Greenwich Meridian and latitudes 7o16′ and 7o18′ north of the equator.[5] It was established as a reserve in 1936. It covers a land area of about 69.93km2. Politically, it is located in Ondo State in southwest Nigeria and shares a border with Osun State in the northeast. The Akure forest reserve share border with the five LGAs, in Ondo State namely : Ile Oluji, Oke-Igbo, Ifedore, Akure South, Idanre and Ondo East.[5]

Climatic condition

Akure has a tropical humid climate with a minimum and maximum daily temperature range of 27°C - 38°C respectively, in the wet season and 23°C - 39°C respectively in the dry season.[6] However, according to Adejoba et al.,[7] the average daily temperature ranges between 21°C and 29°C for nearly the entire year. The wet season in this area lasts about 9.6 months with a monthly rainfall of about 0.5inches, with 9.0 inches in September as the wettest month[8] The average annual rainfall varies from 2000mm in the south to 1500mm in the north. The yearly relative humidity in the south-west range from 80-85% (NiMET, 2016). The wet season begins in April and ends in October, with the heaviest rainfall records occurring in July and August, while the dry season lasts from November to March (Akinseye).[9]

Topography

The southern portion of the terrain is low lying, gently undulating, and has an elevation range of 216 to 504 meters, while the northern portion has hilly rock outcrops that are spaced closely together. Gneiss and crystalline rocks make up the ground beneath. It has a pH range of 6.7 to 7.3 and is sandy-loam in composition.[10]

Flora and fauna

Picture of white throated Monkey
Picture of white throated Monkey

Akure forest reserve is home to diverse species of plants and animals. It has a high diversity, richness, and abundance of plant species, with Nine hundred and fifty-six (956) unique trees counted in total; It contains 42 different tree species, which were dispersed among 20 different families. The most prevalent families were Sterculiaceae, Apocynaceae, and Baraginaceae, demonstrating the abundance of plant species in the area (Amonum et al., 2019).[11] The vast forest is also home to some primates, including the mona monkey, white-throated monkey, putty-nosed monkey and red-capped mangabey.[12] Akure forest reserve is also home to diverse number of insect species with about 13,578 insects distributed among 30 families belonging to 15 orders.[13] In the forest ecosystem, insect diversification is categorized into three distinct land use types. Within the fallow land, a total of 5,182 insects were observed, representing 46 different families and spanning 8 orders. In the cocoa agroforest, 5,884 insects were documented, encompassing 50 families and 10 orders. The unlogged forest, on the other hand, contained 2,490 insects, spanning 10 orders and 56 families. Notably, the most abundant families and orders were Lepidoptera, with 4,000 individuals, and Orthoptera, with 1,260 individuals. These insects primarily act as defoliators within the ecosystem.[14]

Human impacts

Several researches have shown a tremendous human activities going on around the Akure forest reserve. These activities range from agriculture to lumbering, urbanization, etc. which are negatively affecting the reserve. Lumbering has significantly affected insect population in the forest as it leaves the soil bare and dry displacing them from their natural ecosystem. The worst, is that there is little or no awareness to the rural communities about preservation of the forest. For instance, these scholars[15] observed that rural communities living around the forest reserve depend heavily on the forest for their livelihood. As a result of this, it has resulted in high level of deforestation. More so, very few members of the rural communities are aware of the program on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation.[15] Other scholars who have studied on various aspects and extents of deforestation in this forest reserve include; Adetula[16] who estimated that 11.73% (8.2 km2) of the area had been cleared for cocoa farming and other food crops; Fuwape et al.[17] documented the Gmelina arborea covered (721.40 m3) and Nauclea diderrichii spp. (265.18 m3), respectively; Oke[18] worked on the family Sterculiaceae including the species counted for 53% of the total tree canopies in Akure forest reserve. Owusu's (2018)[19] research, submits that the disappearance of vegetation in the city is raising livability issues with regard to ecosystem function, temperature rise, and air quality. As a result, he advised policymakers to address the three crucial issues of resilience, sustainability, and livability. In the southern section of the relief pattern.   The forest was owned by the Aponmu and Owena Yoruba speaking groups, although it was also surrounded by small towns. These include Elemo Igbara Oke Camp, Ipogun, Kajola/Aponmu, Kajola, Ago Petesi, Akika Camp, Owena Town, Ibutitan/Ilaro Camp, and Kajola/Aponmu.

Economic and social importance of the Akure Forest Reserve

Economic and social importance of the Akure Forest Reserve in relation to non-timber forest products, tourism and recreation, and its cultural and religious significance:

  1. Non-wooden Forest merchandise (NTFPs):
  • Range of merchandise: The A woodland reserve is rich in non-wood woodland merchandise, In addition to timber, the encompassing area includes a wide range of valuable resources. Those are medicinal plants, nuts, herbs, mushrooms, honey, and diverse other vegetation and fauna whicthat be harvested for food, medicinal drug, ansd different purposes[20].
  • Supply of livelihood: NTFPs play a essential prolewn the livelihoods of local groups. People living in and around the woodland often rely upon these sources for sustenance, eincomegeneration, and traditional medicine[21].
  • Commercial possibilities: some non-wooded area products have a business fee and are traded in neighborhood, national, and even global markets. This has a to the local financial system[22][23].

2. Tourism and exercise:

  • Biodiversity and Ecotourism: The Akure forest Reserve's rich biodiversity, The presence of unique and diverse animal species makes it an exceptional platform for ecotourism, which includes nature enthusiasts and researchers, are interested in the reserve to have a look at, have a look at, and admire the numerous surroundings.
  • Recreational sports: The forest gives possibilities for recreational sports like hiking, birdwatching, picnicking, and camping. these sports now not handiest provide leisure site visitors but also make a contribution to local economies via the guide and lodge services.

3. Cultural and non secular significance:

  • Cultural Practices and Traditions: The Akure forest Reserve holds cultural significance for neighborhood groups. it could be associated with conventional beliefs, ceremonies, or practices that are deeply embedded inside the cultural heritage of the human beings.
  • Non secular significance: some areas within the wooded area may additionally hold unique religious or religious significance of positive groups. Sacred groves, for instance, are not unusual capabilities in lots of forests and are Respected as sacred places of worship or as a spiritual tribute to the magnificence of nature.
  • Historical Relevance: The forest may also have historical ties to the community, serving as a place of ancient events, settlements, or ancient practices. these connections can be of splendid significance to the cultural identification of the neighborhood populace.

References

  1. ^ World Database on Protected Areas[permanent dead link]
  2. ^ Adekugbe, O. A.; Oluwajuwon, T. V.; Abisoye, T. R.; . Atanda, T. A. (Jan 7, 2021). https://www.ajol.info/index.p:/ "Socio-Economic Characteristics and Level of Awareness and Perception on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Programme (REDD+) by Rural Communities in Akure Forest Reserve, Nigeria :". Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 24 (11). {{cite journal}}: Check |url= value (help)
  3. ^ "Analysis of Pattern and Extent of Deforestation in Akure Forest Reserve, Ondo State, Nigeria".
  4. ^ "Monitoring Akure Forest Reserve Change Over Time – Sambus Geospatial". Retrieved 2022-09-09.
  5. ^ a b Komolafe, Olufemi Odunayo; Akintunde-Alo, Daniel Abiodun (14–20 August 2022). "Geospatial Modelling of Akure Forest Reserve in Ondo State, Nigeria" (PDF). Proceedings of the 8th Biennial Conference of the Forests and Forest Products Society. pp. 346–357.
  6. ^ Daniel, Olabode (2015-09-30). "Urban Extreme Weather: A Challenge for a Healthy Living Environment in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria". Climate. 3 (4): 775–791. doi:10.3390/cli3040775. ISSN 2225-1154.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. ^ Adejoba, O., Kleine M., Taboada T. 2014. Reducing deforestation and forest degradation and enhancing environmental services from Forests (REDDES), with support from the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO), IUFRO-SPDC and FORNESSA, Akure, Ondo, Nigeria. Online available at: https://www.iufro.org/download/file/18240/5656/FORNESSA_Factsheet_Nigeria_final_pdf/
  8. ^ "Akure Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 2023-09-10.
  9. ^ Akinseye, 2010. Climate variability and effects of weather elements on cocoa and cashew crops in Nigeria. Master Thesis, Department of Agriculture, Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo state, Nigeria.
  10. ^ Gbiri, Isaac A.; Idoko, Isaac A.; Okegbola, Michael O.; Oyelakin, Latifat O. (June 2019). "Analysis of Forest Vegetal Characteristics of Akure Forest Reserve from Optical Imageries and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Data". EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science (European Open Science). 4 (6).
  11. ^ "Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management". www.ajol.info. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  12. ^ "African Journals Online (AJOL)". African Studies Companion Online. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  13. ^ "International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences". www.ajol.info. Retrieved 2023-09-19.
  14. ^ "International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences". www.ajol.info. Retrieved 2023-09-19.
  15. ^ a b Adekugbe, O. A.; Oyerinde, O. V.; Oluwajuwon, T. V.; Abisoye, T. R.; Atanda, T. A. (Jan 7, 2021). "Socio-Economic Characteristics and Level of Awareness and Perception on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Programme (REDD+) by Rural Communities in Akure Forest Reserve, Nigeria". Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 24 (11).
  16. ^ Adekunle, V.A.J., Olagoke, A.O., Ogundare, L.F. 2013. Logging impacts in tropical lowland humid forest on tree species diversity and environmental conservation. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research11(3), 491–511. DOI: 10.15666/aeer/1103_491511
  17. ^ Fuwape, J.A., Onyekwelu, J.C.,Adekunle, V.A.J. 2001. Biomass equations and estimation for Gmelina arborea and Nauclea diderrichii stands in Akure forest reserve. Biomass and Bioenergy21 (6) 401–405. DOI: 10.1016/s0961-9534(01)00036-8
  18. ^ Oke,D.O 2012. Effects of shortrotation natural fallow on diversity of plant species and population of soil microbesin Aponmu, Ondo state, Nigeria. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 24(1),18–26.https://www.jstor.org/stable/23616948
  19. ^ Owusu, A. B.2018. An assessment of urban vegetation abundance in Accra metropolitan area, Ghana: a geospatial approach. Journal of Environmental Geography 11 (1–2), 37–44. DOI: 10.2478/jengeo-2018-0005
  20. ^ MM, Solomon (2016). "Importance of Non Timber Forest Production in Sustainable Forest Management and Its Implication on Carbon Storage and Biodiversity Conservation in Case of Ethiopia". Journal of Biodiversity & Endangered Species. 4 (1). doi:10.4172/2332-2543.1000160. ISSN 2332-2543.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  21. ^ MM, Solomon (2016). "Importance of Non Timber Forest Production in Sustainable Forest Management and Its Implication on Carbon Storage and Biodiversity Conservation in Case of Ethiopia". Journal of Biodiversity & Endangered Species. 4 (1). doi:10.4172/2332-2543.1000160. ISSN 2332-2543.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  22. ^ MM, Solomon (2016). "Importance of Non Timber Forest Production in Sustainable Forest Management and Its Implication on Carbon Storage and Biodiversity Conservation in Case of Ethiopia". Journal of Biodiversity & Endangered Species. 4 (1). doi:10.4172/2332-2543.1000160. ISSN 2332-2543.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  23. ^ Shackleton, Sheona; Delang, Claudio O.; Angelsen, Arild (2011), "From Subsistence to Safety Nets and Cash Income: Exploring the Diverse Values of Non-timber Forest Products for Livelihoods and Poverty Alleviation", Tropical Forestry, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 55–81, ISBN 978-3-642-17982-2, retrieved 2023-10-06
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