Ukaz 493: Difference between revisions
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=== Works cited === |
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* {{Cite book |last=Allworth |first=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hAFpAAAAMAAJ |title=Tatars of the Crimea: Their Struggle for Survival : Original Studies from North America, Unofficial and Official Documents from Czarist and Soviet Sources |date=1988 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-0758-7 |language=en |author-link=Edward Allworth}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Aydın |first=Filiz Tutku |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wwc0EAAAQBAJ |title=Émigré, Exile, Diaspora, and Transnational Movements of the Crimean Tatars: Preserving the Eternal Flame of Crimea |date=2021 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-74124-2 |language=en}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Bekirova |first=Gulnara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D9cjAQAAIAAJ |title=Крымскотатарская проблема в СССР: 1944-1991 |date=2004 |publisher=Odzhak Publishing House |isbn=978-966-8535-06-2 |location=Simferopol |language=ru |author-link=Gulnara Bekirova}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Dagdzhi |first=Timur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNgjAQAAIAAJ |title=Сталинский геноцид и этноцид крымскотатарского народа: документы, факты, комментарии |date=2008 |publisher=Simferopol city printing house |language=ru |trans-title=Stalin's genocide and ethnocide of the Crimean Tatar people: documents, facts, comments}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Fisher |first=Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ScPuCwAAQBAJ |title=The Crimean Tatars |date=2014 |publisher=Hoover Press |isbn=978-0-8179-6663-8 |language=en}} |
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* {{Cite book |last1=Guboglo |first1=Mikhail |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_JoAAAAMAAJ |title=Крымскотатарское национальное движение: Документы, материалы, хроника |last2=Chervonnaya |first2=Svetlana |date=1992 |publisher=Russian Academy of Sciences |language=ru}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Brian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oBlREAAAQBAJ |title=The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation |date=2021 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-49128-1 |language=en}} |
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{{Crimean Tatar Surgun era}} |
{{Crimean Tatar Surgun era}} |
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Revision as of 19:46, 4 December 2023
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Decree No. 493 "On citizens of Tatar nationality, formerly living in the Crimea" (Russian: Указ № 493 «О гражданах татарской национальности, проживавших в Крыму») was issued by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet on 5 September 1967 to placate and confuse the Crimean Tatar civil rights movement. Issued shortly after Crimean Tatar rights activists met with senior government officials to outline their grievances and demands for full rehabilitation, right of return, reparations, and restoration of the Crimean ASSR, the decree conceded to none of those demands but did normalize the government's euphemism "citizen of Tatar nationality formerly living in the Crimea" in lieu of the proper ethnonym of Crimean Tatar as per the policy of not acknowledging Crimean Tatars to be a distinct ethnic group as well as give the government a way of claiming that the issue was "solved". While other deported peoples such as the Chechens, Ingush, Kalmyks, Karachays, and Balkars had long since been permitted to return to their native lands and their republics were restored in addition to other forms of political rehabilitation as recognized peoples, the very same decree that rehabilitated those peoples in 1956 took on a genocidal tone towards internally deported Crimean Tatars, urging "national reunification" in the Tatar ASSR belonging to the distinct but similarly named Volga Tatars in lieu of restoration of the Crimean ASSR for Crimean Tatars who sought a national republic. While the 1956 decree and other internal government documents had long been using euphemisms in lieu of the term "Crimean Tatar", few Crimean Tatars were aware of the practice until seeing the decree proclaiming they were "rehabilitated" yet "firmly rooted" in current places of residence and bound to the then-current passport regime published in newspapers in September 1967. Nevertheless, several thousand Crimean Tatars attempted to return to Crimea upon seeing the decree and getting the mistaken impression that it meant they would be allowed to register in Crimea unhindered, much to their shock upon arrival that the propiska offices in Crimea continued to blatantly discriminate against Crimean Tatars, resulting in their redeportation.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] [excessive citations]
Hero of the Soviet Union Abdraim Reshidov was among the first Crimean Tatars who tried to return to Crimea upon seeing the decree published in the central newspapers, but unlike many others he was able to get a residence permit, albeit only after resorting to threatening self-immolation.[9]
The decree was widely rebuked by people in the Crimean Tatar civil rights movement as being a "fraud", "Another step towards the elimination of the Crimean Tatar people as a nation", and was ridiculed by the Tashkent Ten defendants as a pseudo-rehabilitation.[2][7][8]
References
- ^ В постановлении ЦК КПСС от 24 ноября 1956 года «О восстановлении национальной автономии калмыцкого, карачаевского, балкарского, чеченского и ингушского народов
- ^ a b "Началась формальная амнистия крымских татар". Gazeta.ua (in Russian). 2020-09-05. Retrieved 2021-10-03.
- ^ ""Это был самый лживый, самый лицемерный указ..."". Крым.Реалии (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-10-03.
- ^ Guboglo, Mikhail (1992). Крымскотатарское национальное движение: Документы, материалы, хроника (in Russian). Russian Academy of Sciences.
- ^ Нева: орган Союза советских писателей СССР (in Russian). Gos. izd-vo khudozh. lit-ry. 1993.
- ^ Bekirova, Gulnara (2004). Крымскотатарская проблема в СССР: 1944-1991 (in Russian). Оджак. ISBN 978-966-8535-06-2.
- ^ a b Bekirova, Gulnara; Gromenko, Sergey (16 September 2018). "Псевдореабилитация крымских татар". Крым.Реалии (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-10-03.
- ^ a b Ташкентский процесс: Суд над десятью представителями крымскотатарского народа (1 июля – 5 августа 1969 г.): Сборник документов с иллюстрациями. – Амстердам: Фонд имени Герцена, 1976. – 854 с., [4] л. ил.: портр., факс. – (Серия «Библиотека Самиздата»; № 7)
- ^ Ablyazov, Emir (13 March 2015). "Герой добился права жить и умереть на Родине". goloskrimanew.ru. Retrieved 2019-10-09.
Works cited
- Allworth, Edward (1988). Tatars of the Crimea: Their Struggle for Survival : Original Studies from North America, Unofficial and Official Documents from Czarist and Soviet Sources. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-0758-7.
- Aydın, Filiz Tutku (2021). Émigré, Exile, Diaspora, and Transnational Movements of the Crimean Tatars: Preserving the Eternal Flame of Crimea. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-74124-2.
- Bekirova, Gulnara (2004). Крымскотатарская проблема в СССР: 1944-1991 (in Russian). Simferopol: Odzhak Publishing House. ISBN 978-966-8535-06-2.
- Dagdzhi, Timur (2008). Сталинский геноцид и этноцид крымскотатарского народа: документы, факты, комментарии [Stalin's genocide and ethnocide of the Crimean Tatar people: documents, facts, comments] (in Russian). Simferopol city printing house.
- Fisher, Alan (2014). The Crimean Tatars. Hoover Press. ISBN 978-0-8179-6663-8.
- Guboglo, Mikhail; Chervonnaya, Svetlana (1992). Крымскотатарское национальное движение: Документы, материалы, хроника (in Russian). Russian Academy of Sciences.
- Williams, Brian (2021). The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-49128-1.