Synechodontiformes: Difference between revisions

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Their placement in the group is uncertain, some authors have considered them to be members of the modern shark group [[Galeomorphii]], while others have considered them to represent a [[stem-group]] to modern sharks,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bazzi |first1=Mohamad |last2=Campione |first2=Nicolás E. |last3=Ahlberg |first3=Per E. |last4=Blom |first4=Henning |last5=Kear |first5=Benjamin P. |date=2021-08-10 |editor-last=Quental |editor-first=Tiago Bosisio |title=Tooth morphology elucidates shark evolution across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction |journal=PLOS Biology |language=en |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=e3001108 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001108 |issn=1545-7885 |pmc=8354442 |pmid=34375335 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Klug |first=Stefanie |date=2010 |title=Monophyly, phylogeny and systematic position of the †Synechodontiformes (Chondrichthyes, Neoselachii) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2009.00399.x |journal=Zoologica Scripta |language=en |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=37–49 |doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2009.00399.x |issn=1463-6409 |s2cid=85265779}}</ref> with some suggesting that they are [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] to the last common ancestor of modern sharks and rays.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Maisey |first=J. G. |date=April 2012 |title=What is an ‘elasmobranch’? The impact of palaeontology in understanding elasmobranch phylogeny and evolution |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03245.x |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |language=en |volume=80 |issue=5 |pages=918–951 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03245.x |issn=0022-1112}}</ref> There is also disagreement about the relationships between [[Triassic]] and earlier members of the group, only known from isolated teeth, and those from the [[Jurassic]] onwards, with the similarity between the two groups possibly being superficial.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Rees |first1=Jan |last2=Campbell |first2=Hamish J. |last3=Simes |first3=John E. |date=2023-05-21 |title=The first Triassic elasmobranch teeth from the Southern Hemisphere (Canterbury, New Zealand) |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00288306.2023.2214369 |journal=New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics |language=en |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1080/00288306.2023.2214369 |s2cid=258840273 |issn=0028-8306}}</ref>
Their placement in the group is uncertain, some authors have considered them to be members of the modern shark group [[Galeomorphii]], while others have considered them to represent a [[stem-group]] to modern sharks,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bazzi |first1=Mohamad |last2=Campione |first2=Nicolás E. |last3=Ahlberg |first3=Per E. |last4=Blom |first4=Henning |last5=Kear |first5=Benjamin P. |date=2021-08-10 |editor-last=Quental |editor-first=Tiago Bosisio |title=Tooth morphology elucidates shark evolution across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction |journal=PLOS Biology |language=en |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=e3001108 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001108 |issn=1545-7885 |pmc=8354442 |pmid=34375335 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Klug |first=Stefanie |date=2010 |title=Monophyly, phylogeny and systematic position of the †Synechodontiformes (Chondrichthyes, Neoselachii) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2009.00399.x |journal=Zoologica Scripta |language=en |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=37–49 |doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2009.00399.x |issn=1463-6409 |s2cid=85265779}}</ref> with some suggesting that they are [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] to the last common ancestor of modern sharks and rays.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Maisey |first=J. G. |date=April 2012 |title=What is an ‘elasmobranch’? The impact of palaeontology in understanding elasmobranch phylogeny and evolution |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03245.x |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |language=en |volume=80 |issue=5 |pages=918–951 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03245.x |issn=0022-1112}}</ref> There is also disagreement about the relationships between [[Triassic]] and earlier members of the group, only known from isolated teeth, and those from the [[Jurassic]] onwards, with the similarity between the two groups possibly being superficial.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Rees |first1=Jan |last2=Campbell |first2=Hamish J. |last3=Simes |first3=John E. |date=2023-05-21 |title=The first Triassic elasmobranch teeth from the Southern Hemisphere (Canterbury, New Zealand) |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00288306.2023.2214369 |journal=New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics |language=en |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1080/00288306.2023.2214369 |s2cid=258840273 |issn=0028-8306}}</ref>


While Klug (2010) recovered the group as [[monophyletic]],<ref name=":0" /> the monophyly of the group has been doubted by other authors, who suggest that they represent a [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]] group.<ref name=":4" /> The families Orthacodontidae and Paraorthacodontidae have been alternatively considered as members of modern shark order [[Hexanchiformes]] rather than as members of Synechodontiformes.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Bibliography Database {{!}} Shark-References |url=https://shark-references.com/ |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=shark-references.com}}</ref>
While Klug (2010) recovered the group as [[monophyletic]],<ref name=":0" /> the monophyly of the group has been doubted by other authors, who suggest that they represent a [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]] group.<ref name=":4" /> The families Orthacodontidae, Paraorthacodontidae and Pseudonotidanidae have been alternatively considered as members of modern shark order [[Hexanchiformes]] rather than as members of Synechodontiformes.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Bibliography Database {{!}} Shark-References |url=https://shark-references.com/ |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=shark-references.com}}</ref>


The oldest known synechodontiform remains are teeth of ''Synechodus antiquus'' from the early Permian ([[Cisuralian]]) of the Ural Mountains.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ivanov|first=Alexander|date=2005-08-30|title=Early Permian chondrichthyans of the Middle and South Urals|url=http://www.sbpbrasil.org/revista/edicoes/8_2/8(2)ivanov.pdf|journal=Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia|volume=8|issue=2|pages=127–138|doi=10.4072/rbp.2005.2.05}}</ref> However, other authors have considered the attribution to the teeth to ''[[Synechodus]]'' to be questionable.<ref name=":3" />
The oldest known synechodontiform remains are teeth of ''Synechodus antiquus'' from the early Permian ([[Cisuralian]]) of the Ural Mountains.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ivanov|first=Alexander|date=2005-08-30|title=Early Permian chondrichthyans of the Middle and South Urals|url=http://www.sbpbrasil.org/revista/edicoes/8_2/8(2)ivanov.pdf|journal=Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia|volume=8|issue=2|pages=127–138|doi=10.4072/rbp.2005.2.05}}</ref> However, other authors have considered the attribution to the teeth to ''[[Synechodus]]'' to be questionable.<ref name=":3" />
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**†''[[Macrourogaleus]]'' (Fowler, 1947). Southeastern Germany, Late Jurassic ([[Tithonian]], 152-145 Ma).
**†''[[Macrourogaleus]]'' (Fowler, 1947). Southeastern Germany, Late Jurassic ([[Tithonian]], 152-145 Ma).
**†''[[Paraorthacodus]]'' (Glikman, 1957) Worldwide, Early Jurassic-Eocene
**†''[[Paraorthacodus]]'' (Glikman, 1957) Worldwide, Early Jurassic-Eocene
*†[[Pseudonotidanidae]] Underwood and Ward 2004
** †''[[Welcommia]]'' Cappetta 1990 Early Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, Europe<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Klug |first=Stefanie |last2=Kriwet |first2=Jürgen |date=2010-09 |title=A new Late Jurassic species of the rare synechodontiform shark, Welcommia (Chondrichthyes, Neoselachii) |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12542-010-0058-9 |journal=Paläontologische Zeitschrift |language=en |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=413–419 |doi=10.1007/s12542-010-0058-9 |issn=0031-0220}}</ref>
** <abbr>†</abbr>''[[Pseudonotidanus]]'' (Underwood & Ward, 2004) Early-Middle Jurassic<ref name=":5" />
* ''Incertae sedis''
* ''Incertae sedis''
** †''[[Rhomphaiodon]]'' (Duffin, 1993a). Britain, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Germany, Late Triassic to Early Jurassic ([[Norian]] to [[Toarcian]], 215-175 Ma).
** †''[[Rhomphaiodon]]'' (Duffin, 1993a). Britain, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Germany, Late Triassic to Early Jurassic ([[Norian]] to [[Toarcian]], 215-175 Ma).

Revision as of 15:52, 1 February 2024

Synechodontiformes
Temporal range: Early Permian-Paleogene 290.1–37.2 Ma[1]
Fossil of Synechodus ungeri from the Late Jurassic of Germany
Fossil teeth of Palidiplospinax occultidens (top) and P. enniskilleni
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Clade: Neoselachii
Order: †Synechodontiformes
Duffin & Ward, 1993[2]
Families

See text

Synechodontiformes is an extinct order of prehistoric shark-like cartilaginous fish, known from the Permian to the Paleogene. They are considered to be members of Neoselachii, the group that contains modern sharks and rays.

Their placement in the group is uncertain, some authors have considered them to be members of the modern shark group Galeomorphii, while others have considered them to represent a stem-group to modern sharks,[3][4] with some suggesting that they are basal to the last common ancestor of modern sharks and rays.[5] There is also disagreement about the relationships between Triassic and earlier members of the group, only known from isolated teeth, and those from the Jurassic onwards, with the similarity between the two groups possibly being superficial.[6]

While Klug (2010) recovered the group as monophyletic,[4] the monophyly of the group has been doubted by other authors, who suggest that they represent a paraphyletic group.[5] The families Orthacodontidae, Paraorthacodontidae and Pseudonotidanidae have been alternatively considered as members of modern shark order Hexanchiformes rather than as members of Synechodontiformes.[7]

The oldest known synechodontiform remains are teeth of Synechodus antiquus from the early Permian (Cisuralian) of the Ural Mountains.[8] However, other authors have considered the attribution to the teeth to Synechodus to be questionable.[6]

Taxonomy

Based on the Shark-References database:[7]

Disputed members

Both families here were classified in the Synechodontiformes by Klug (2010), but are classified other authors as Hexanchiformes:[7][14]

References

  1. ^ "†order Synechodontiformes Duffin and Ward 1993 (elasmobranch)". Fossilworks.
  2. ^ C. J. Duffin and D. J. Ward. 1993. The Early Jurassic Palaeospinacid sharks of Lyme Regis, southern England. Belgian Geological Survey, Professional Papers, Elasmobranches et Stratigraphie 264:53-102
  3. ^ Bazzi, Mohamad; Campione, Nicolás E.; Ahlberg, Per E.; Blom, Henning; Kear, Benjamin P. (2021-08-10). Quental, Tiago Bosisio (ed.). "Tooth morphology elucidates shark evolution across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction". PLOS Biology. 19 (8): e3001108. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001108. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 8354442. PMID 34375335.
  4. ^ a b Klug, Stefanie (2010). "Monophyly, phylogeny and systematic position of the †Synechodontiformes (Chondrichthyes, Neoselachii)". Zoologica Scripta. 39 (1): 37–49. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2009.00399.x. ISSN 1463-6409. S2CID 85265779.
  5. ^ a b Maisey, J. G. (April 2012). "What is an 'elasmobranch'? The impact of palaeontology in understanding elasmobranch phylogeny and evolution". Journal of Fish Biology. 80 (5): 918–951. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03245.x. ISSN 0022-1112.
  6. ^ a b Rees, Jan; Campbell, Hamish J.; Simes, John E. (2023-05-21). "The first Triassic elasmobranch teeth from the Southern Hemisphere (Canterbury, New Zealand)". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics: 1–8. doi:10.1080/00288306.2023.2214369. ISSN 0028-8306. S2CID 258840273.
  7. ^ a b c d "Bibliography Database | Shark-References". shark-references.com. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
  8. ^ Ivanov, Alexander (2005-08-30). "Early Permian chondrichthyans of the Middle and South Urals" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia. 8 (2): 127–138. doi:10.4072/rbp.2005.2.05.
  9. ^ a b Guinot, Guillaume; Cappetta, Henri; Adnet, Sylvain (March 2014). "A rare elasmobranch assemblage from the Valanginian (Lower Cretaceous) of southern France". Cretaceous Research. 48: 54–84. Bibcode:2014CrRes..48...54G. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2013.11.014.
  10. ^ Klug, Stefanie; Kriwet, Jürgen (May 2008). "A new basal galeomorph shark (Synechodontiformes, Neoselachii) from the Early Jurassic of Europe". Naturwissenschaften. 95 (5): 443–448. doi:10.1007/s00114-007-0341-0. ISSN 0028-1042.
  11. ^ Batchelor, Trevor J.; Duffin, Christopher J. (August 2020). "First description of sharks' teeth from the Ferruginous Sands Formation (Aptian, Early Cretaceous) of the Isle of Wight". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 131 (3–4): 353–359. Bibcode:2020PrGA..131..353B. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2019.06.004. S2CID 199107658.
  12. ^ https://www.mindat.org/taxon-P162123.html
  13. ^ Koot, Martha B.; Cuny, Gilles; Orchard, Michael J.; Richoz, Sylvain; Hart, Malcolm B.; Twitchett, Richard J. (2015-10-03). "New hybodontiform and neoselachian sharks from the Lower Triassic of Oman". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 13 (10): 891–917. Bibcode:2015JSPal..13..891K. doi:10.1080/14772019.2014.963179. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 129741739.
  14. ^ Klug, Stefanie (January 2010). "Monophyly, phylogeny and systematic position of the †Synechodontiformes (Chondrichthyes, Neoselachii)". Zoologica Scripta. 39 (1): 37–49. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2009.00399.x. ISSN 0300-3256. S2CID 85265779.
  15. ^ Kanno, Shiori; Nakajima, Yasuhisa; Hikida, Yoshinori; Sato, Tamaki (2017-04-01). "Sphenodus (Chondrichthyes, Neoselachii) from the Upper Cretaceous in Nakagawa Town, Hokkaido, Japan". Paleontological Research. 21 (2): 122. doi:10.2517/2016PR009. ISSN 1342-8144. S2CID 133054888.
  16. ^ a b Klug, Stefanie; Kriwet, Jürgen (2010-09). "A new Late Jurassic species of the rare synechodontiform shark, Welcommia (Chondrichthyes, Neoselachii)". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 84 (3): 413–419. doi:10.1007/s12542-010-0058-9. ISSN 0031-0220. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

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