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Revision as of 12:02, 29 February 2024

Humans are exposed to toxic chemicals and microplastics at all stages in the plastics life cycle

Microplastics effects on human health is a subject of growing concern and area of research. The tiny particles known as microplastics (MPs), have been found in various environmental and biological matrices, including air, water, food, and human tissues. Microplastics, defined as plastic fragments smaller than 5 mm, and even smaller particles such as nanoplastics (less than 100 nm in diameter), have raised questions about their impact on human health.[1]

Influence pathways

Possible routes of exposure include ingestion, inhalation, absorption via dermal contact, and translocation across biological barriers.[2]

Ingestion and inhalation

Microplastics can enter our bodies through contaminated soil, fresh water, surface water, groundwater, wastewater food, tap water, drinking water, water bottles and dermatological items.[2][3] These particles have been discovered in living humans, even deep within the lungs and blood in approximately 80% of people tested in one study.[4][5]

Airborne microplastics, a relatively recent focus of concern, can penetrate inside the body via translocaton in lungs and infiltrate cells at a higher rate, especially during periods of inflammation when endothelial and epithelial permeability is higher.[6][7]

Potential health risks

The potential health impacts of microplastics vary based on factors, such as their particle sizes, shape, exposure time, chemical composition (enriched with heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), etc), surface properties, and associated contaminants.[8][9] Experimental and observational studies in mammals have suggested that microplastics exposure may have adverse effects on human health, such as:

Laboratory investigations demonstrate that microplastics can damage human cells, triggering allergic reactions and cell death.[22] MPs may also disrupt hormone function, potentially contributing to weight gain.[23][24]

Epidemiological studies

Despite growing concern and evidence, epidemiological studies directly linking microplastics to adverse health effects in humans remain yet limited and research is ongoing to determine the full extent of potential harm caused by microplastics and their long-term impact on human health.

See also

References

  1. ^ Amobonye, Ayodeji; Bhagwat, Prashant; Raveendran, Sindhu; Singh, Suren; Pillai, Santhosh (2021-12-15). "Environmental Impacts of Microplastics and Nanoplastics: A Current Overview". Frontiers in Microbiology. 12: 768297. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.768297. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 8714882. PMID 34975796.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  2. ^ a b c d e Zhao, Bosen; Rehati, Palizhati; Yang, Zhu; Cai, Zongwei; Guo, Caixia; Li, Yanbo (2024-02-20). "The potential toxicity of microplastics on human health". Science of The Total Environment. 912: 168946. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168946. ISSN 0048-9697.
  3. ^ a b c Hirt, Nell; Body-Malapel, Mathilde (2020-11-12). "Immunotoxicity and intestinal effects of nano- and microplastics: a review of the literature". Particle and Fibre Toxicology. 17 (1): 57. doi:10.1186/s12989-020-00387-7. ISSN 1743-8977. PMC 7661204. PMID 33183327.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  4. ^ Chen, Qiqing; Gao, Jiani; Yu, Hairui; Su, Hang; Yang, Yan; Cao, Yajuan; Zhang, Qun; Ren, Yijiu; Hollert, Henner; Shi, Huahong; Chen, Chang; Liu, Haipeng (2022-03-17). "An emerging role of microplastics in the etiology of lung ground glass nodules". Environmental Sciences Europe. 34 (1): 25. doi:10.1186/s12302-022-00605-3. ISSN 2190-4715.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  5. ^ Carrington, Damian; editor, Damian Carrington Environment (2022-03-24). "Microplastics found in human blood for first time". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-02-29. {{cite news}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
  6. ^ Chen, Guanglong; Li, Yizheng; Wang, Jun (2023-01-01), Wang, Jun (ed.), "Chapter Eight - Human health effects of airborne microplastics", Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, Airborne Microplastics: Analysis, Fate And Human Health Effects, vol. 100, Elsevier, pp. 185–223, retrieved 2024-02-29
  7. ^ Prata, Joana Correia (2018-03-01). "Airborne microplastics: Consequences to human health?". Environmental Pollution. 234: 115–126. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.043. ISSN 0269-7491.
  8. ^ Saeed, Mohammad Sadiq; Fahd, Faisal; Khan, Faisal; Chen, Bing; Sadiq, Rehan (2023-10-15). "Human health risk model for microplastic exposure in the Arctic region". Science of The Total Environment. 895: 165150. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165150. ISSN 0048-9697.
  9. ^ a b c Banerjee, Amrita; Shelver, Weilin L. (2021-02-10). "Micro- and nanoplastic induced cellular toxicity in mammals: A review". Science of The Total Environment. 755: 142518. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142518. ISSN 0048-9697.
  10. ^ Caputi, Sergio; Diomede, Francesca; Lanuti, Paola; Marconi, Guya Diletta; Di Carlo, Piero; Sinjari, Bruna; Trubiani, Oriana (2022-06-24). "Microplastics Affect the Inflammation Pathway in Human Gingival Fibroblasts: A Study in the Adriatic Sea". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (13): 7782. doi:10.3390/ijerph19137782. ISSN 1661-7827. PMC 9266176. PMID 35805437.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  11. ^ Gaspar, Lauren; Bartman, Sydney; Coppotelli, Giuseppe; Ross, Jaime M. (2023-08-01). "Acute Exposure to Microplastics Induced Changes in Behavior and Inflammation in Young and Old Mice". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 24 (15): 12308. doi:10.3390/ijms241512308. ISSN 1422-0067. PMID 37569681.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  12. ^ Hu, Moyan; Palić, Dušan (2020-10-01). "Micro- and nano-plastics activation of oxidative and inflammatory adverse outcome pathways". Redox Biology. 37: 101620. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2020.101620. ISSN 2213-2317.
  13. ^ a b c Danopoulos, Evangelos; Twiddy, Maureen; West, Robert; Rotchell, Jeanette M. (2022-04-05). "A rapid review and meta-regression analyses of the toxicological impacts of microplastic exposure in human cells". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 427: 127861. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127861. ISSN 0304-3894.
  14. ^ a b Tagorti, Ghada; Kaya, Bülent (2022-01-01). "Genotoxic effect of microplastics and COVID-19: The hidden threat". Chemosphere. 286: 131898. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131898. ISSN 0045-6535.
  15. ^ Roursgaard, Martin; Hezareh Rothmann, Monika; Schulte, Juliane; Karadimou, Ioanna; Marinelli, Elena; Møller, Peter (2022-07-06). "Genotoxicity of Particles From Grinded Plastic Items in Caco-2 and HepG2 Cells". Frontiers in Public Health. 10: 906430. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.906430. ISSN 2296-2565. PMC 9298925. PMID 35875006.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  16. ^ a b c d e f Ullah, Sana; Ahmad, Shahid; Guo, Xinle; Ullah, Saleem; Ullah, Sana; Nabi, Ghulam; Wanghe, Kunyuan (2023-01-16). "A review of the endocrine disrupting effects of micro and nano plastic and their associated chemicals in mammals". Frontiers in Endocrinology. 13: 1084236. doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1084236. ISSN 1664-2392. PMC 9885170. PMID 36726457.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  17. ^ Molina, Elena; Benedé, Sara (2022-06-28). "Is There Evidence of Health Risks From Exposure to Micro- and Nanoplastics in Foods?". Frontiers in Nutrition. 9: 910094. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.910094. ISSN 2296-861X. PMC 9274238. PMID 35836585.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  18. ^ Ullah, Sana; Ahmad, Shahid; Guo, Xinle; Ullah, Saleem; Ullah, Sana; Nabi, Ghulam; Wanghe, Kunyuan (2023-01-16). "A review of the endocrine disrupting effects of micro and nano plastic and their associated chemicals in mammals". Frontiers in Endocrinology. 13: 1084236. doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1084236. ISSN 1664-2392. PMC 9885170. PMID 36726457.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  19. ^ Cortés-Arriagada, Diego; Ortega, Daniela E.; Miranda-Rojas, Sebastián (2023-02-15). "Mechanistic insights into the adsorption of endocrine disruptors onto polystyrene microplastics in water". Environmental Pollution. 319: 121017. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121017. ISSN 0269-7491.
  20. ^ Keller, Maura (2023-04-10). "Tiny Particles, Huge Problems - The Impact of Microplastics". Cancer Wellness. Retrieved 2024-02-29.
  21. ^ "Two studies associate microplastic exposure with cancer | Food Packaging Forum". www.foodpackagingforum.org. 2023-10-16. Retrieved 2024-02-29.
  22. ^ Carrington, Damian; editor, Damian Carrington Environment (2021-12-08). "Microplastics cause damage to human cells, study shows". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-02-29. {{cite news}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
  23. ^ "Microplastics May Increase Risk for Obesity". Global Environmental Health Newsletter. Retrieved 2024-02-29.
  24. ^ Matei, Adrienne (2023-04-07). "Plastics touching our food may be making us gain weight". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-02-29.
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