Camp of Septfonds: Difference between revisions
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{{more citations needed|date=May 2019}} |
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'''Camp of Septfonds''' was a [[labor camp]] for men before and during [[World War II]], located in southern [[France]] near [[Septfonds]], established in 1939, and run by the [[French Third Republic]] and the [[Vichy government]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Septfonds internment camp {{!}} Chemins de mémoire |url=https://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/en/septfonds-internment-camp |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr |archive-date=2023-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204142956/https://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/en/septfonds-internment-camp |url-status=live }}</ref> |
'''Camp of Septfonds''' was a [[labor camp]] for men before and during [[World War II]], located in southern [[France]] near [[Septfonds]], established in 1939, and run by the [[French Third Republic]] and the [[Vichy government]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Septfonds internment camp {{!}} Chemins de mémoire |url=https://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/en/septfonds-internment-camp |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr |archive-date=2023-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204142956/https://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/en/septfonds-internment-camp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Volovitch-Tavares |first=Marie-Christine |date=2021-03-30 |title=Geneviève Dreyfus-Armand, Septfonds, 1939-1944. Dans l’archipel des camps français |url=https://journals.openedition.org/histoirepolitique/728 |journal=Histoire Politique. Revue du Centre d'histoire de Sciences Po |language=fr |doi=10.4000/histoirepolitique.728 |issn=1954-3670}}</ref> |
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The Moldovan-French photojournalist [[Isaac Kitrosser]] managed to continue as a photographer while interned at Septfonds. His photographs, including "Cérémonie juive dans le camp de Septfonds," were among the first published concentration camp photos after liberation in 1944. |
The Moldovan-French photojournalist [[Isaac Kitrosser]] managed to continue as a photographer while interned at Septfonds. His photographs, including "Cérémonie juive dans le camp de Septfonds," were among the first published concentration camp photos after liberation in 1944.<ref name="Musée1">{{cite web |title=Cérémonie juive dans le camp de Septfonds |url=http://www.museedelaphoto.fr/?p=2961 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124095926/http://www.museedelaphoto.fr/?p=2961 |archive-date=November 24, 2021 |access-date=September 22, 2019 |website=Histoires De Photographies |publisher=Musée français de la photographie}}</ref><ref name="Musée2">{{cite web |url=http://expositions.museedelaphoto.fr/regardeur/ficheprof.php?id_prof=52 |title=Le Camp de Septfonds par Kitrosser |last=Fuksa-Anselme |first=Elisa |website=Musée français de la photographie |access-date=September 22, 2019 |archive-date=October 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024070810/http://expositions.museedelaphoto.fr/regardeur/ficheprof.php?id_prof=52 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Musée1">{{cite web |url=http://www.museedelaphoto.fr/?p=2961 |title=Musée français de la photographie, Histoires De Photographies |access-date=September 22, 2019 |archive-date=November 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124095926/http://www.museedelaphoto.fr/?p=2961 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Musée2">{{cite web |url=http://expositions.museedelaphoto.fr/regardeur/ficheprof.php?id_prof=52 |title=Le Camp de Septfonds par Kitrosser |last=Fuksa-Anselme |first=Elisa |website=Musée français de la photographie |access-date=September 22, 2019 |archive-date=October 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024070810/http://expositions.museedelaphoto.fr/regardeur/ficheprof.php?id_prof=52 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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== History == |
== History == |
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=== Establishment and use against Spanish republicans === |
=== Establishment and use against Spanish republicans === |
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After the [[Catalonia Offensive|fall of Barcelona]] to the [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalist forces]] on January 26, 1939, at the end of the [[Spanish Civil War]], a large number of [[Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)|Spanish Republicans]], persecuted for political reasons, left Catalonia, crossed the Pyrenees and sought shelter in France. The refugees were treated with hostility by the French government due to their [[Socialism|socialist]] and [[Anarchism|anarchist]] political leanings. The decision to open the Septfonds camp was taken by General Ménard on February 26, 1939 and on March 5, the first prisoners of the labor camp arrived.<ref name=":0" /> |
After the [[Catalonia Offensive|fall of Barcelona]] to the [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalist forces]] on January 26, 1939, at the end of the [[Spanish Civil War]], a large number of [[Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)|Spanish Republicans]], persecuted for political reasons, left Catalonia, crossed the Pyrenees and sought shelter in France. The refugees were treated with hostility by the French government due to their [[Socialism|socialist]] and [[Anarchism|anarchist]] political leanings. The decision to open the Septfonds camp was taken by General Ménard on February 26, 1939 and on March 5, the first prisoners of the labor camp arrived.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Citation |last=MacMaster |first=Neil |title=The Concentration Camp of Septfonds — David |date=1990 |work=Spanish Fighters: An Oral History Of Civil War And Exile |pages=126–140 |editor-last=MacMaster |editor-first=Neil |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21009-1_12 |access-date=2024-03-16 |place=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-21009-1_12 |isbn=978-1-349-21009-1}}</ref> |
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The living conditions were very harsh due to shortage of food supplies and lack of sanitation, hygiene, running water, heating and electricity, resulting in several deaths. However, the interns of the camp organized social, cultural and political activities.<ref name=":0" /> |
The living conditions were very harsh due to shortage of food supplies and lack of sanitation, hygiene, running water, heating and electricity, resulting in several deaths. However, the interns of the camp organized social, cultural and political activities.<ref name=":0" /> |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* “Le Camp de Septfonds,” Musée français de la photographie, Histoires De Photographies [http://expositions.museedelaphoto.fr/regardeur/ficheprof.php?id_prof=52] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024070810/http://expositions.museedelaphoto.fr/regardeur/ficheprof.php?id_prof=52 |date=2021-10-24 }} |
* “Le Camp de Septfonds,” Musée français de la photographie, Histoires De Photographies [http://expositions.museedelaphoto.fr/regardeur/ficheprof.php?id_prof=52] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024070810/http://expositions.museedelaphoto.fr/regardeur/ficheprof.php?id_prof=52 |date=2021-10-24 }} |
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* “Cérémonie juive dans le camp de Septfonds,” Musée français de la photographie, Histoires De Photographies [http://www.museedelaphoto.fr/?p=2961] |
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{{Vichy France}} |
{{Vichy France}} |
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Revision as of 19:10, 16 March 2024
44°11′N 1°37′E / 44.18°N 1.62°E
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (May 2019) |
Camp of Septfonds was a labor camp for men before and during World War II, located in southern France near Septfonds, established in 1939, and run by the French Third Republic and the Vichy government.[1][2]
The Moldovan-French photojournalist Isaac Kitrosser managed to continue as a photographer while interned at Septfonds. His photographs, including "Cérémonie juive dans le camp de Septfonds," were among the first published concentration camp photos after liberation in 1944.[3][4]
History
Establishment and use against Spanish republicans
After the fall of Barcelona to the Nationalist forces on January 26, 1939, at the end of the Spanish Civil War, a large number of Spanish Republicans, persecuted for political reasons, left Catalonia, crossed the Pyrenees and sought shelter in France. The refugees were treated with hostility by the French government due to their socialist and anarchist political leanings. The decision to open the Septfonds camp was taken by General Ménard on February 26, 1939 and on March 5, the first prisoners of the labor camp arrived.[1][5]
The living conditions were very harsh due to shortage of food supplies and lack of sanitation, hygiene, running water, heating and electricity, resulting in several deaths. However, the interns of the camp organized social, cultural and political activities.[1]
During World War II
On 1 March 1940, the camp started being used for defense purposes, specifically for the training of foreigners who joined the French army.[1]
From autumn of 1940, the Vichy government started using the camp as a prison for undesirables including republican Spaniards, Jews, communists, officers of the Allied army, Poles and people lacking official documentation. The living conditions remained harsh and many people were deported to Auschwitz. The camp's prisoners were liberated in August 1944 by the French Resistance. Until May 1945 the camp was used as a detention center for suspected Nazi collaborators.[1]
References
- ^ a b c d e "Septfonds internment camp | Chemins de mémoire". www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr. Archived from the original on 2023-02-04. Retrieved 2023-03-19.
- ^ Volovitch-Tavares, Marie-Christine (2021-03-30). "Geneviève Dreyfus-Armand, Septfonds, 1939-1944. Dans l'archipel des camps français". Histoire Politique. Revue du Centre d'histoire de Sciences Po (in French). doi:10.4000/histoirepolitique.728. ISSN 1954-3670.
- ^ "Cérémonie juive dans le camp de Septfonds". Histoires De Photographies. Musée français de la photographie. Archived from the original on November 24, 2021. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
- ^ Fuksa-Anselme, Elisa. "Le Camp de Septfonds par Kitrosser". Musée français de la photographie. Archived from the original on October 24, 2021. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
- ^ MacMaster, Neil (1990), MacMaster, Neil (ed.), "The Concentration Camp of Septfonds — David", Spanish Fighters: An Oral History Of Civil War And Exile, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 126–140, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-21009-1_12, ISBN 978-1-349-21009-1, retrieved 2024-03-16
External links
- “Le Camp de Septfonds,” Musée français de la photographie, Histoires De Photographies [1] Archived 2021-10-24 at the Wayback Machine
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