Black drum: Difference between revisions
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==Taxonomy== |
==Taxonomy== |
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The black drum was first formally [[Species description|described]] as ''Labrus cromis'' by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1766 with one of its [[Type locality (biology)|type localities]] given as Carolina. In 1801 the [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède]] described a new species, ''Pogonias fasciatus'', without giving a type locality but it is thought to be [[Charleston, South Carolina]],<ref name = CofF/> and placed it a new [[monospecific genus]], ''[[Pogonias]]''. This taxon is a [[junior synonym]] of Linnaeus's ''Labrus cromis''.<ref name = CofF2>{{Cof family|family=Sciaenidae|access-date=27 June 2023}}</ref> This species was thought to have an [[antitropical distribution]] but in 2019 the South American population was recognized as a valid species ''[[Pogonias courbina]]'', originally described as ''Pogonathus courbina'' by Lacépède in 1803.<ref name=Azpelicueta>{{Cite journal|last1=Azpelicueta|first1=María de las Mercedes|last2=Delpiani|first2=Sergio Matías|last3=Cione|first3=Alberto Luis|last4=Oliveira|first4=Claudio|last5=Marceniuk|first5=Alexandre Pires|last6=Astarloa|first6=Juan Martín Díaz de|date=2019-06-19|title=Morphology and molecular evidence support the validity of Pogonias courbina (Lacepède, 1803) (Teleostei: Sciaenidae), with a redescription and neotype designation |journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=14|issue=6|pages=e0216280|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0216280 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203|pmc=6584015|pmid=31216281|bibcode=2019PLoSO..1416280A}}</ref> The genus ''Pogonias'' has been placed in the [[subfamily]] Sciaeninae by some workers,<ref name = Sasaki1989>{{cite journal | author = Kunio Sasaki | year = 1989 | title = Phylogeny of the family Sciaenidae, with notes on its Zoogeography (Teleostei, Peciformes) | journal = Memoirs of the Faculty of Fishes Hokkaido University | volume = 36 | issue = |
The black drum was first formally [[Species description|described]] as ''Labrus cromis'' by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1766 with one of its [[Type locality (biology)|type localities]] given as Carolina. In 1801 the [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède]] described a new species, ''Pogonias fasciatus'', without giving a type locality but it is thought to be [[Charleston, South Carolina]],<ref name = CofF/> and placed it a new [[monospecific genus]], ''[[Pogonias]]''. This taxon is a [[junior synonym]] of Linnaeus's ''Labrus cromis''.<ref name = CofF2>{{Cof family|family=Sciaenidae|access-date=27 June 2023}}</ref> This species was thought to have an [[antitropical distribution]] but in 2019 the South American population was recognized as a valid species ''[[Pogonias courbina]]'', originally described as ''Pogonathus courbina'' by Lacépède in 1803.<ref name=Azpelicueta>{{Cite journal|last1=Azpelicueta|first1=María de las Mercedes|last2=Delpiani|first2=Sergio Matías|last3=Cione|first3=Alberto Luis|last4=Oliveira|first4=Claudio|last5=Marceniuk|first5=Alexandre Pires|last6=Astarloa|first6=Juan Martín Díaz de|date=2019-06-19|title=Morphology and molecular evidence support the validity of Pogonias courbina (Lacepède, 1803) (Teleostei: Sciaenidae), with a redescription and neotype designation |journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=14|issue=6|pages=e0216280|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0216280 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203|pmc=6584015|pmid=31216281|bibcode=2019PLoSO..1416280A}}</ref> The genus ''Pogonias'' has been placed in the [[subfamily]] Sciaeninae by some workers,<ref name = Sasaki1989>{{cite journal | author = Kunio Sasaki | year = 1989 | title = Phylogeny of the family Sciaenidae, with notes on its Zoogeography (Teleostei, Peciformes) | journal = Memoirs of the Faculty of Fishes Hokkaido University | volume = 36 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 1–137 | url = https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/21886/1/36(1_2)_P1-137.pdf}}</ref> but the 5th edition of ''[[Fishes of the World]]'' does not recognise subfamilies within the Sciaenidae which it places in the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Acanthuriformes]].<ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |author1=J. S. Nelson |author2=T. C. Grande |author3=M. V. H. Wilson |year=2016 |pages=497–502 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-34233-6 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |archive-date=2019-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408194051/https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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==Habits, distribution, and characteristics== |
==Habits, distribution, and characteristics== |
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[[Image:Black Drum Weight vs. Length Calcasieu Estuary metric.png|300px|right | thumb | Weight vs. length for black drum based on data from the Calcasieu Estuary, Louisiana. (Fall female curve is obscured by the spring female curve. Data are from Jenkins, 2004)]] [[Image:Black Drum Length vs. Age.png|300px|left| thumb | Length vs. age for black drum from two Gulf Coast locations.]]Annual growth rate for ages 1–3 is 100–150 mm/year and then slows to 10–50 mm/year for ages 10–20.<ref name = George/> Studies have reported black drum weighing more than 60 kg on the Atlantic coast and they are believed to live up to 60 years. Other studies suggest that black drum in the Gulf of Mexico do not grow as large or live as long; in a sample of 1357 black drum from coastal Louisiana, the largest individual was 22.6 kg and the oldest was 44 years.<ref name = George/> |
[[Image:Black Drum Weight vs. Length Calcasieu Estuary metric.png|300px|right | thumb | Weight vs. length for black drum based on data from the Calcasieu Estuary, Louisiana. (Fall female curve is obscured by the spring female curve. Data are from Jenkins, 2004)]] [[Image:Black Drum Length vs. Age.png|300px|left| thumb | Length vs. age for black drum from two Gulf Coast locations.]]Annual growth rate for ages 1–3 is 100–150 mm/year and then slows to 10–50 mm/year for ages 10–20.<ref name = George/> Studies have reported black drum weighing more than 60 kg on the Atlantic coast and they are believed to live up to 60 years. Other studies suggest that black drum in the Gulf of Mexico do not grow as large or live as long; in a sample of 1357 black drum from coastal Louisiana, the largest individual was 22.6 kg and the oldest was 44 years.<ref name = George/> |
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The length vs. age graph shows how the typical length of black drum increases with age.<ref name = Massey>{{cite thesis | last = Massey | first = Julie Kay | title = Age and Growth of Black Drum (''Pogonias cromis'' Linnaeus) from Galveston Bay |type = Master's | publisher = Texas A&M University |year = 1984}}</ref><ref name = M&T>{{cite journal | author1 = M.D. Murphy | author2 = R. G. Taylor |name-list-style = and | title = Reproduction and growth of black drum, ''Pogonias cromis'', in Northeast Florida | journal = Northeast Gulf Science | volume = 10 | issue =2 | pages =127–137 | doi = 10.18785/negs.1002.06| doi-access = free }}</ref> The weight vs. length graph shows how the typical weight of black drum increases with length; small differences during different seasons have been measured as shown.<ref name = Jenkins>{{cite report | author = Jill A. Jenkins | title = Fish Bioindicators of Ecosystem Condition at the Calcasieu Estuary, Louisiana | work = USGS National Wetlands Research Center, Lafayette, LA, Open-File Report | year = 2004 | doi = 10.3133/ofr20041323}}</ref> This kind of information can be used to estimate weight based on length. More scientifically, it can be used to determine whether a given sample of black drum is above or below expected weight, which may be related to a number of environmental conditions.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}} |
The length vs. age graph shows how the typical length of black drum increases with age.<ref name = Massey>{{cite thesis | last = Massey | first = Julie Kay | title = Age and Growth of Black Drum (''Pogonias cromis'' Linnaeus) from Galveston Bay |type = Master's | publisher = Texas A&M University |year = 1984}}</ref><ref name = M&T>{{cite journal | author1 = M.D. Murphy | author2 = R. G. Taylor |name-list-style = and | title = Reproduction and growth of black drum, ''Pogonias cromis'', in Northeast Florida | journal = Northeast Gulf Science | date = 1989 | volume = 10 | issue =2 | pages =127–137 | doi = 10.18785/negs.1002.06| doi-access = free }}</ref> The weight vs. length graph shows how the typical weight of black drum increases with length; small differences during different seasons have been measured as shown.<ref name = Jenkins>{{cite report | author = Jill A. Jenkins | title = Fish Bioindicators of Ecosystem Condition at the Calcasieu Estuary, Louisiana | work = USGS National Wetlands Research Center, Lafayette, LA, Open-File Report | series = Open-File Report | year = 2004 | doi = 10.3133/ofr20041323}}</ref> This kind of information can be used to estimate weight based on length. More scientifically, it can be used to determine whether a given sample of black drum is above or below expected weight, which may be related to a number of environmental conditions.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}} |
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==Fishing== |
==Fishing== |
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==As food== |
==As food== |
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Black drum are edible, with a moderate flavor and are not oily. Some restaurants in the southern US serve smaller black drum. Big drum can be challenging to clean; removing the large scales is a challenge. Many fishermen prefer to fillet with an electric knife, first removing the fillet from along the backbone, and then using the electric knife to cut the fillet from the skin and scales. Fish over {{Convert|15|lb|kg}} can become tough and have a consistency comparable with chicken, rather than the flakey texture of many species of fish. Younger fish are often indistinguishable in flavor from [[red drum]].<ref>{{cite journal | title = A Comparison of Black Drum, Red Drum, and their Hybrid in Saltwater Pond Culture | author1 = Anne Henderson-Arzapalo | author2 = Robert L. Colura | author3 = Anthony F. Maciorowski | name-list-style = and | journal = Journal of the World Aquaculture Society | volume = 25 | issue = 2 | pages = 289–296 | url = https://www.academia.edu/23694818 |
Black drum are edible, with a moderate flavor and are not oily. Some restaurants in the southern US serve smaller black drum. Big drum can be challenging to clean; removing the large scales is a challenge. Many fishermen prefer to fillet with an electric knife, first removing the fillet from along the backbone, and then using the electric knife to cut the fillet from the skin and scales. Fish over {{Convert|15|lb|kg}} can become tough and have a consistency comparable with chicken, rather than the flakey texture of many species of fish. Younger fish are often indistinguishable in flavor from [[red drum]].<ref>{{cite journal | title = A Comparison of Black Drum, Red Drum, and their Hybrid in Saltwater Pond Culture | author1 = Anne Henderson-Arzapalo | author2 = Robert L. Colura | author3 = Anthony F. Maciorowski | name-list-style = and | journal = Journal of the World Aquaculture Society | date = 1994 | volume = 25 | issue = 2 | pages = 289–296 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1994.tb00193.x | bibcode = 1994JWAS...25..289H | url = https://www.academia.edu/23694818}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Latest revision as of 19:48, 15 July 2024
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2023) |
| Black drum | |
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Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Acanthuriformes |
| Family: | Sciaenidae |
| Genus: | Pogonias |
| Species: | P. cromis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Pogonias cromis (Linnaeus, 1766)
| |
| Synonyms[2] | |
The black drum (Pogonias cromis), also known as the drum or drummer, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sciaenidae, the drums and croakers. It is found in the western North Atlantic Ocean off the eastern coast of North America. Though most specimens are generally found in the 5-30 lb (2–14 kg) range, the largest black drum was just over 113 lb (51 kg). They are often black and/or gray in color with juvenile fish having distinctive dark stripes over a gray body. Their teeth are rounded and they have powerful jaws capable of crushing oysters and other shellfish. Black drum are capable of producing tones between 100 Hz and 500 Hz when performing mating calls.
It is recommended that angled black drum over 15 pounds (6.8 kg) should be released as their flesh is very coarse and tough.[3]
Taxonomy
[edit]The black drum was first formally described as Labrus cromis by Carl Linnaeus in 1766 with one of its type localities given as Carolina. In 1801 the Bernard Germain de Lacépède described a new species, Pogonias fasciatus, without giving a type locality but it is thought to be Charleston, South Carolina,[2] and placed it a new monospecific genus, Pogonias. This taxon is a junior synonym of Linnaeus's Labrus cromis.[4] This species was thought to have an antitropical distribution but in 2019 the South American population was recognized as a valid species Pogonias courbina, originally described as Pogonathus courbina by Lacépède in 1803.[5] The genus Pogonias has been placed in the subfamily Sciaeninae by some workers,[6] but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise subfamilies within the Sciaenidae which it places in the order Acanthuriformes.[7]
Habits, distribution, and characteristics
[edit]The black drum is usually found in or near brackish waters. Larger, older fish are more commonly found in the saltier areas of an estuary (closer to the ocean) near oyster beds or other plentiful food sources. Juvenile fish have four to five bold vertical black bars on a light background and can be mistaken for sheepshead at first glance, but are distinguished on closer inspection because sheepshead have teeth and black drum have chin barbels. These stripes usually fade to dull gray as the fish grow from 12 to 24 inches (30 to 61 cm) in length. Juvenile fish are more commonly found in less salty areas and relate more strongly to structure and cover. In the western Atlantic, black drum are found from Nova Scotia to Florida, the Gulf of Mexico, the Antilles (uncommon), and the southern Caribbean coast.[8] They are common between the Delaware Bay and Florida coasts, and most abundant along the Texas coast. After reaching maturity by the end of their second year, black drum spawn in and around estuarine waters. In Texas, most spawning takes place in February and March.[9]
Feeding
[edit]Black drum larvae eat mostly zooplankton, and young black drum (less than 20 cm long) eat worms and small fish. Black drum are mostly bottom feeders, with adults eating mostly mollusks and crabs. In shallow water, they have been reported to feed with their heads down so that their tails show above the water surface. Their sensitive chin barbels help locate food, and strong pharyngeal teeth crush the shells of these preferred foods. It has been reported that, in captivity, large drum were able to eat more than two commercial-sized oysters per kilogram of body weight each day.[9] This translates into the potential for a 20 kg drum (about 45 lb) to eat 40 oysters a day. Fishing advice for black drum along the east and southeast coasts of the United States often includes the suggestion to locate an oyster bed. However, this preference has also caused black drum to be a nuisance for those who raise oysters commercially.[10] A group of black drum can do great damage to an oyster bed in a single day.[citation needed]
| Black drum forage habits[9] | ||
|---|---|---|
| Age | Length | Forage |
| Larvae | feed largely on zooplankton | |
| Young | 80 – 200 mm | small fish (36%) polychaetes (32%) and other invertebrates such as copepods, annelids, and amphipods |
| Adult | 210 – 500 mm | mollusks (33% Mulinia transversa corbuloides) |
| Adult | longer than 500 mm | mostly mollusks (74%) and crabs, shrimp, and aquatic vegetation depending on location |
Growth
[edit]
Annual growth rate for ages 1–3 is 100–150 mm/year and then slows to 10–50 mm/year for ages 10–20.[10] Studies have reported black drum weighing more than 60 kg on the Atlantic coast and they are believed to live up to 60 years. Other studies suggest that black drum in the Gulf of Mexico do not grow as large or live as long; in a sample of 1357 black drum from coastal Louisiana, the largest individual was 22.6 kg and the oldest was 44 years.[10]
The length vs. age graph shows how the typical length of black drum increases with age.[11][12] The weight vs. length graph shows how the typical weight of black drum increases with length; small differences during different seasons have been measured as shown.[13] This kind of information can be used to estimate weight based on length. More scientifically, it can be used to determine whether a given sample of black drum is above or below expected weight, which may be related to a number of environmental conditions.[citation needed]
Fishing
[edit]
Black drum are bottom feeders, so they are most commonly caught with bait either on the bottom or suspended within a couple feet of the bottom. Bottom fishing methods are used both in surf fishing and inshore fishing.[14] Shrimp is a typical bait that works well; squid can also be used and is less subject to bait stealing by hardhead catfish and Atlantic croakers which often frequent the same waters. There are times when the older, larger fish are more readily caught on a half or a quarter of a blue crab with the top shell removed and cut or broken to fit on a 4/0 to 9/0 hook. This type of fishing is often combined with chumming, a baiting practice that involves scattering bits of fish parts and blood into the water as an attractant.[14] Sometimes black drum are caught on spoons and jigs.[citation needed]
Black drum are reported to mouth a natural bait, so anglers need to wait a few seconds before setting the hook.[14] Once a big adult drum grabs the bait, it takes off with gusto, and can put up quite a fight. An unsecured rod can easily be pulled into the water. Landing these big fish on light tackle can be challenging, and since drum are primarily scent-based feeders, there is little disadvantage in using heavier line and tackle. A 40-lb braided line with a comparable weight fluorocarbon leader is a good compromise between castability and strength. However, big drum are frequently caught with everything from 8-lb monofilament to 100-lb braided lines with heavy steel leaders.[citation needed]
An effective strategy for fishing from a boat is to select a spot with a sandy bottom or oyster bed where food is plentiful at a time of day with some tidal movement. Pier or bank fishing should target jetties, structure, or a boat channel near a rapid increase in depth and some tidal movement. With stout tackle, black drum above 10 pounds (4.5 kg) are relatively easy for children to catch because they are not particularly skittish and do not easily come off once they are hooked. Because bigger drum can make a long, strong run right after taking the bait, preventing broken line often requires a relatively light drag setting early in the fight.[citation needed]
One researcher reported good success with trotline fishing techniques, which he used to catch a large sample of black drum for tagging and scientific study.[10]
Some states, such as Texas (as of summer 2017), allow spearfishing for black drum which often frequent jetties and other near shore structures.[citation needed]
As food
[edit]Black drum are edible, with a moderate flavor and are not oily. Some restaurants in the southern US serve smaller black drum. Big drum can be challenging to clean; removing the large scales is a challenge. Many fishermen prefer to fillet with an electric knife, first removing the fillet from along the backbone, and then using the electric knife to cut the fillet from the skin and scales. Fish over 15 pounds (6.8 kg) can become tough and have a consistency comparable with chicken, rather than the flakey texture of many species of fish. Younger fish are often indistinguishable in flavor from red drum.[15]
References
[edit]- ^ Chao, L.; Vieira, J.P.; Brick Peres, M. & Haimovici, M. (2020). "Pogonias cromis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T162912433A82667283. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T162912433A82667283.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ a b Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Pogonias". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
- ^ "Black Drum Fishing". Retrieved 3 February 2024.
- ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Sciaenidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
- ^ Azpelicueta, María de las Mercedes; Delpiani, Sergio Matías; Cione, Alberto Luis; Oliveira, Claudio; Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires; Astarloa, Juan Martín Díaz de (2019-06-19). "Morphology and molecular evidence support the validity of Pogonias courbina (Lacepède, 1803) (Teleostei: Sciaenidae), with a redescription and neotype designation". PLOS ONE. 14 (6): e0216280. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1416280A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216280. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6584015. PMID 31216281.
- ^ Kunio Sasaki (1989). "Phylogeny of the family Sciaenidae, with notes on its Zoogeography (Teleostei, Peciformes)" (PDF). Memoirs of the Faculty of Fishes Hokkaido University. 36 (1–2): 1–137.
- ^ J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 497–502. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. Archived from the original on 2019-04-08. Retrieved 2023-06-27.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Pogonias cromis". FishBase. February 2023 version.
- ^ a b c Frederick C. Sutter; Richard S. Waller; Thomas D. McIlwain (1986). "Black Drum. Species Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates (Gulf of Mexico)" (PDF). US Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service and US Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Ecology Group Biological Report. 82 (11.51).
- ^ a b c d George, Gerald (2007). Acoustic Tagging of Black Drum on Louisiana Oyster Reefs: Movements, Site Fidelity, and Habitat Use (Master's). Louisiana State University.
- ^ Massey, Julie Kay (1984). Age and Growth of Black Drum (Pogonias cromis Linnaeus) from Galveston Bay (Master's). Texas A&M University.
- ^ M.D. Murphy and R. G. Taylor (1989). "Reproduction and growth of black drum, Pogonias cromis, in Northeast Florida". Northeast Gulf Science. 10 (2): 127–137. doi:10.18785/negs.1002.06.
- ^ Jill A. Jenkins (2004). Fish Bioindicators of Ecosystem Condition at the Calcasieu Estuary, Louisiana. USGS National Wetlands Research Center, Lafayette, LA, Open-File Report (Report). Open-File Report. doi:10.3133/ofr20041323.
- ^ a b c Ken Schultz (2010). Ken Schultz's Essentials of Fishing. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 70–71. ISBN 9780470444313.
- ^ Anne Henderson-Arzapalo; Robert L. Colura; and Anthony F. Maciorowski (1994). "A Comparison of Black Drum, Red Drum, and their Hybrid in Saltwater Pond Culture". Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 25 (2): 289–296. Bibcode:1994JWAS...25..289H. doi:10.1111/j.1749-7345.1994.tb00193.x.
External links
[edit]- Black Drum, Texas Parks and Wildlife, http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/huntwild/wild/species/blackdrum/
- Smithsonian Marine Station http://www.sms.si.edu/IRLSpec/Pogoni_cromis.htm