Paxillus involutus: Difference between revisions
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There is no antidote for poisoning, treatment consists of monitoring [[complete blood count]], renal function, blood pressure, and fluid and electrolyte balance<ref>{{cite journal |author=Köppel C |title=Clinical symptomatology and management of mushroom poisoning |journal=Toxicon |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=1513–40 |year=1993 |pmid=8146866 |doi=}}</ref> and correcting any abnormalities. The use of [[corticosteroid]]s may be a useful adjunct in treatment.<ref>Olesen LL. (1991) Poisoning with the brown roll-rim mushroom, ''Paxillus involutus'' (Translated from Danish) ''Ugeskr Laeger.'' '''153'''(6):445</ref> [[Plasmapheresis]] may also be of use, and [[dialysis]] may be needed to manage kidney failure.<ref name="Winkelmann">{{cite journal |author=Winkelmann M, Stangel W, Schedel I, Grabensee B |title=Severe hemolysis caused by antibodies against the mushroom Paxillus involutus and its therapy by plasma exchange |journal=Klin. Wochenschr. |volume=64 |issue=19 |pages=935–8 |year=1986 |pmid=3784443 |doi=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Musselius SG, Ryk AA, Lebedev AG, Pakhomova GV, Golikov PP, Davydov BV, Donova LV, Zimina LN, Platonova GA, Selina IE, Skvortsova AV |title=[Toxicity of mushrooms Paxillus involutus and Paxillus atrotomentosus] |language=Russian |journal=Anesteziol Reanimatol |volume= |issue=2 |pages=30–5 |year=2002 |pmid=12226995 |doi=}}</ref> |
There is no antidote for poisoning, treatment consists of monitoring [[complete blood count]], renal function, blood pressure, and fluid and electrolyte balance<ref>{{cite journal |author=Köppel C |title=Clinical symptomatology and management of mushroom poisoning |journal=Toxicon |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=1513–40 |year=1993 |pmid=8146866 |doi=}}</ref> and correcting any abnormalities. The use of [[corticosteroid]]s may be a useful adjunct in treatment.<ref>Olesen LL. (1991) Poisoning with the brown roll-rim mushroom, ''Paxillus involutus'' (Translated from Danish) ''Ugeskr Laeger.'' '''153'''(6):445</ref> [[Plasmapheresis]] may also be of use, and [[dialysis]] may be needed to manage kidney failure.<ref name="Winkelmann">{{cite journal |author=Winkelmann M, Stangel W, Schedel I, Grabensee B |title=Severe hemolysis caused by antibodies against the mushroom Paxillus involutus and its therapy by plasma exchange |journal=Klin. Wochenschr. |volume=64 |issue=19 |pages=935–8 |year=1986 |pmid=3784443 |doi=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Musselius SG, Ryk AA, Lebedev AG, Pakhomova GV, Golikov PP, Davydov BV, Donova LV, Zimina LN, Platonova GA, Selina IE, Skvortsova AV |title=[Toxicity of mushrooms Paxillus involutus and Paxillus atrotomentosus] |language=Russian |journal=Anesteziol Reanimatol |volume= |issue=2 |pages=30–5 |year=2002 |pmid=12226995 |doi=}}</ref> |
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''Paxillus involutus'' also contains agents which damage chromosomes; it is unclear whether these have [[carcinogen]]ic or [[mutagen]]ic potential. |
''Paxillus involutus'' also contains agents which appear to damage chromosomes; it is unclear whether these have [[carcinogen]]ic or [[mutagen]]ic potential.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gilot-Delhalle J, Moutschen J, Moutschen-Dahmen M |year=1991|title=Chromosome-breaking activity of extracts of the mushroom ''Paxillus involutus'' Fries ex Batsch |journal= Experientia|volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=282-84 |doi=10.1007/BF01958161 }}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 12:12, 13 February 2008
| Paxillus involutus | |
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| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Phylum: | |
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| Genus: | |
| Species: | P. involutus
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| Binomial name | |
| Paxillus involutus | |
Paxillus involutus | |
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 | Gills on hymenium |
 | Cap is depressed |
 | Hymenium is decurrent |
 | Stipe is bare |
 | Spore print is brown |
 | Ecology is mycorrhizal |
 | Edibility is poisonous |
Paxillus involutus, commonly known as the common- or brown roll-rim, or poison pax, is a mushroom previously thought to be edible with some unusual recently-discovered poisonous properties. It can cause a hemolysis which can be fatal. It often grows near edible mushrooms as well which makes it harder to identify by amateur mushroomers. It is widely distributed across the Northern Hemisphere and has been introduced to Australia, New Zealand and South America. Various shades of brown in color, the fruiting body resembles a brown wooden top and may be found in deciduous and coniferous woods, and grassy areas in later summer and autumn.
Taxonomy
The brown roll-rim was described by French mycologist Pierre Bulliard in 1785 as Agricus contiquus, though the 1786 combination Agaricus involutus of August Batsch is taken as the first valid description. Fries then erected the genus Paxillus in 1838 and it gained its current binomial name. The generic name is derived from the Latin for 'peg' or 'plug' and the specific epithet involutus meaning 'inrolled' refers to the inrolled cap.[1]
Although it has gills rather than pores, it is has long been recognized as belonging to the pored mushrooms of the Boletales; [1]French mycologist René Maire had erected the family Paxillaceae in 1902, placing it between the agarics and boletes and recognizing the groups' similarities with the latter group.[2]
Description
Resembling a brown wooden top, the epigeous (aboveground) fruiting body (basidiocarp) may be up to 6 cm (2½ in) high.[1] The cap, initially convex then more funnel-shaped (infundibuliform) with a depressed centre and rolled rim (hence the common name), may be reddish-, yellowish- or olive-brown in colour and 4-12 cm (1½-4½ in) wide. The cap surface is initially downy and later smooth, and is sticky when wet. The narrow brownish yellow gills are decurrent and forked and can be peeled easily from the flesh (as is the case with the pores of boletes). Gills further down toward the stem become more irregular and anastomose and can even resemble the pores of bolete-type fungi. The fungus darkens when bruised and older specimens may have darkish patches. The juicy yellowish flesh has a mild or faintly sour or sharp odour and taste,and has been described as well-flavoured upon cooking.[3] The spore print is brown, while the dimensions of the ellisoid spores are 8 x 5 μm. Of similar colour to the cap, the short stipe can be crooked and tapers toward the base.[4]
Its brownish colour and funnel-like shape could lead to its confusion with several species of Lactarius, though many of these have issues with edibility themselves.[5]
Distribution and habitat
The brown roll-rim is found across the Northern Hemisphere, across Europe and Asia, with records from Japan, and eastern Anatolia in Turkey.[6] It is widely distributed across northern North America.[7]
Paxillus involutus forms ectomycorrhizal relationships with a number of coniferous and deciduous tree species, with fruiting bodies appearing in late summer and autumn. It is more common in coniferous woods in Europe, where it may be locally abundant in some areas. Within woodland, it prefers wet places or boggy ground, and avoids chalky soils. It appears to grow in similar places to Boletus badius.[3] It is found in both deciduous and coniferous woodland in North America, and is common under plantings of white birch (Betula papyrifera) in urban areas in the Pacific Northwest.[7] It can be found growing on lawns and old meadows throughout its distribution. Fruiting bodies are generally terrestrial, though may be found on woody material around tree stumps.[7]
Australian mycologist John Burton Cleland noted it occurring under larch (Larix), oak, pine, birch and other introduced trees in South Australia in 1934,[8] and it has subsequently been recorded under introduced birch (Betula) and hazel (Corylus) in New Zealand.[9] Singer reported a similar situation in South America, with the species recorded under introduced trees in Chile.
Toxicity
Paxillus involutus was previously widely eaten in Central- and Eastern Europe, though English guidebooks did not recommend it. It was often eaten after pickling or salting in Poland.[10] It was known to be a gastrointestinal irritant when eaten raw but had been presumed edible after cooking.[11] Flammer in 1980 discovered an antigen within the mushroom which stimulates an autoimmune reaction causing the body's immune cells to consider its own red blood cells as foreign and attack them. This immunohemolytic syndrome occurs following the repeated ingestion of Paxillus mushrooms and can occur after years of consumption without problems.[11] It results in dangerous hemolysis, which has been fatal.[12] The onset of symptoms is rapid; vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal pain, with associated hypovolemia, develop within two hours of ingestion.[13] Anemia quickly develops, with increasing bilirubin and free hemoglobin and falling haptoglobins. Haemoglobin in the urine (Hemoglobinuria) can lead to numerous complications including acute renal failure, acute respiratory failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation, which is a serious and potentially fatal sequela.[12][14]
There is no antidote for poisoning, treatment consists of monitoring complete blood count, renal function, blood pressure, and fluid and electrolyte balance[15] and correcting any abnormalities. The use of corticosteroids may be a useful adjunct in treatment.[16] Plasmapheresis may also be of use, and dialysis may be needed to manage kidney failure.[13][17]
Paxillus involutus also contains agents which appear to damage chromosomes; it is unclear whether these have carcinogenic or mutagenic potential.[18]
References
- ^ a b c Nilson S & Persson O (1977). Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill-Fungi). Penguin. pp. p. 121. ISBN 0-14-063005-8.
{{cite book}}:|pages=has extra text (help) - ^ Template:Fr iconMaire, R (1902). "Recherches cytologiques et taxonomiques sur les Basidiomycetes". Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 18 (supplement): 1–212.
- ^ a b Haas, Hans (1969). The Young Specialist looks at Fungi. Burke. pp. p. 54. ISBN 0-222-79409-7.
{{cite book}}:|pages=has extra text (help) - ^ Breitenbach J & Kränzlin F (1991). Fungi of Switzerland 3: Boletes & Agarics, 1st Part. ISBN 3-85604-230-X.
- ^ Ammirati. et. al p. 78
- ^ Demirel K, Uzun Y, Kaya A (2004). "Some Poisonous Fungi of East Anatolia" (PDF). Turk J Bot. 28: 215–19. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Ammirati, Joseph F. (1985). Poisonous mushrooms of the northern United States and Canada. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 293–95. ISBN 0-8166-1407-5.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Cleland JB (1976). Toadstools and mushrooms and other larger fungi of South Australia. South Australian Government Printer. pp. p. 177.
{{cite book}}:|pages=has extra text (help) - ^ McNabb (1969). "The Paxillaceae of New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 7 (4): 349–62.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Benjamin, Denis R. (1995). Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas — a handbook for naturalists, mycologists and physicians. New York: WH Freeman and Company. pp. pp. 382-84. ISBN 0-7167-2600-9.
{{cite book}}:|pages=has extra text (help) - ^ a b Bresinsky A, Besl H. (1990). A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Fungi. Wolfe Publishing. pp. 126–9. ISBN 0-7234-1576-5.
- ^ a b Winkelmann M, Borchard F, Stangel W & Grabensee B. (1982)Fatal immunohaemolytic anaemia after eating the mushroom Paxillus involutus (author's translation from German)Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 107(31-32):1190-4 online abstract
- ^ a b Winkelmann M, Stangel W, Schedel I, Grabensee B (1986). "Severe hemolysis caused by antibodies against the mushroom Paxillus involutus and its therapy by plasma exchange". Klin. Wochenschr. 64 (19): 935–8. PMID 3784443.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Schmidt J, Hartmann W, Würstlin A, Deicher H (1971). "[Acute kidney failure due to immunohemolytic anemia following consumption of the mushroom Paxillus involutus]". Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. (in German). 96 (28): 1188–91. PMID 5105189.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Köppel C (1993). "Clinical symptomatology and management of mushroom poisoning". Toxicon. 31 (12): 1513–40. PMID 8146866.
- ^ Olesen LL. (1991) Poisoning with the brown roll-rim mushroom, Paxillus involutus (Translated from Danish) Ugeskr Laeger. 153(6):445
- ^ Musselius SG, Ryk AA, Lebedev AG, Pakhomova GV, Golikov PP, Davydov BV, Donova LV, Zimina LN, Platonova GA, Selina IE, Skvortsova AV (2002). "[Toxicity of mushrooms Paxillus involutus and Paxillus atrotomentosus]". Anesteziol Reanimatol (in Russian) (2): 30–5. PMID 12226995.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Gilot-Delhalle J, Moutschen J, Moutschen-Dahmen M (1991). "Chromosome-breaking activity of extracts of the mushroom Paxillus involutus Fries ex Batsch". Experientia. 47 (3): 282–84. doi:10.1007/BF01958161.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)