Roystonea: Difference between revisions

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|ordo = [[Arecales]]
|ordo = [[Arecales]]
|familia = [[Arecaceae]]
|familia = [[Arecaceae]]
|subfamilia = [[Arecoideae]]
|tribus = [[Roystoneae]]
|genus = '''''Roystonea'''''
|genus = '''''Roystonea'''''
|genus_authority = [[Orator F. Cook|O.F.Cook]]<ref name=miffle>O.F. Cook, Science, ser. 2, 12:479. 1900. Type:''R. regia'' (Kunth)</ref>
|genus_authority = [[Orator F. Cook|O.F.Cook]]<ref name=miffle>O.F. Cook, Science, ser. 2, 12:479. 1900. Type:''R. regia'' (Kunth)</ref>
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''Roystonea'' species are single-stemmed [[tree]]s, 10-30 m tall. Trunks are grey to white, often bulging either at the base or the central portion, depending on the species. The [[leaf|leaves]] are pinnate, 3-7 m long with numerous (about 100) pinnae up to 1 m long and 2-4&nbsp;cm broad; the leaves also have a distinctive green basal sheath ([[crownshaft]]) extending 2-5 m down the trunk. These plants have the ability to easily release their leaves in strong winds, a supposed adaption serving to prevent toppling during [[hurricanes]]. [[Inflorescences]] occur beneath the crownshaft, emerging from a narrow, horn-shaped [[bract]]. The [[flowers]] on the branched [[panicles]] are usually white, [[unisexual]], and contain both sexes. The [[fruit]] is an oblong or globose [[drupe]] 1-2&nbsp;cm long and deep purple when ripe.<ref name=riffle>Riffle, Robert L. and Craft, Paul (2003) ''An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms''. Portland: Timber Press. (Page 441) ISBN-10: 0881925586 / ISBN-13: 978-0881925586</ref>
''Roystonea'' species are single-stemmed [[tree]]s, 10-30 m tall. Trunks are grey to white, often bulging either at the base or the central portion, depending on the species. The [[leaf|leaves]] are pinnate, 3-7 m long with numerous (about 100) pinnae up to 1 m long and 2-4&nbsp;cm broad; the leaves also have a distinctive green basal sheath ([[crownshaft]]) extending 2-5 m down the trunk. These plants have the ability to easily release their leaves in strong winds, a supposed adaption serving to prevent toppling during [[hurricanes]]. [[Inflorescences]] occur beneath the crownshaft, emerging from a narrow, horn-shaped [[bract]]. The [[flowers]] on the branched [[panicles]] are usually white, [[unisexual]], and contain both sexes. The [[fruit]] is an oblong or globose [[drupe]] 1-2&nbsp;cm long and deep purple when ripe.<ref name=riffle>Riffle, Robert L. and Craft, Paul (2003) ''An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms''. Portland: Timber Press. (Page 441) ISBN-10: 0881925586 / ISBN-13: 978-0881925586</ref>
Some species so closely resemble one another that scientific differentiation is by inflorescence detail; flower size, color, etc.
Some species so closely resemble one another that scientific differentiation is by inflorescence detail; flower size, color, etc.

==Taxonomy==
''Roystonea'' is placed in the [[subfamily]] Arecoideae and the [[tribe_(biology)|tribe]] Roystoneae.<ref name = Roncal2008>{{cite journal| quotes = no| last = Roncal| first = Julissa| coauthors = Scott Zona; Carl E. Lewis| year = 2008| title = Molecular Phylogenetic Studies of Caribbean Palms (Arecaceae) and Their Relationships to Biogeography and Conservation | journal = The Botanical Review| volume = 74| issue = 1| pages = 78–102| doi = 10.1007/s12229-008-9005-9}}</ref> The placement ''Roystonea'' within the Arecoideae is uncertain; a [[phylogeny]] based on [[plastid]] DNA failed to resolve the position of the genus within the Arecoideae.<ref name = Asmussen>{{cite journal| quotes = no| last = Asmussen| first = Conny B.| coauthors = John Dransfield; Vinnie Deickmann; Anders S. Barfod; Jean-Christophe Pintaud; William J. Baker| year = 2006| title = A new subfamily classification of the palm family (Arecaceae): evidence from plastid DNA phylogeny| journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society| volume = 151| issue = 1| pages = 15–38| doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00521.x}}</ref> As of 2008, there appear to be no molecular phylogenetic studies of ''Roystonea''<ref name = Roncal2008/>


;Species
;Species
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*''[[Roystonea violacea]]'' León
*''[[Roystonea violacea]]'' León


==Distribution==
===Cultivation and uses===
''Roystonea'' has a circum-Caribbean distribution which ranges from [[Florida]] in the north, to southern [[Mexico]], [[Honduras]] and [[Nicaragua]] in the east and [[Venezuela]] and [[Colombia]] in the south. Species are found throughout the Caribbean, although only [[Jamaica]] (with two native species) and Cuba (with five native species) have more than one native species.<ref name = Zona>{{cite journal | quotes = no | last = Zona | first = Scott | year = 1996 | month = December | title = Roystonea (Arecaceae: Arecoideae) | journal = Flora Neotropica | volume = 71 |pages = 1–35 }}</ref>

==Uses==
Royal palms are widely planted for decorative purposes throughout their native region, and elsewhere in the [[tropics]] and [[subtropics]]. They are considered by many to be the most beautiful palm in the world. Royal palms are very fond of water and thrive on supplemental [[irrigation]]. They also do better in a soil with lots of [[humus]].
Royal palms are widely planted for decorative purposes throughout their native region, and elsewhere in the [[tropics]] and [[subtropics]]. They are considered by many to be the most beautiful palm in the world. Royal palms are very fond of water and thrive on supplemental [[irrigation]]. They also do better in a soil with lots of [[humus]].


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[[Category:Roystonea]]
[[Category:Roystonea]]
[[Category:Flora of the Caribbean]]
[[Category:Flora of the Caribbean]]
[[Category:Flora of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Arecales genera]]
[[Category:Arecales genera]]


Revision as of 15:12, 18 April 2009

Template:Otheruses2

Roystonea
Roystonea regia at Collier-Seminole State Park, Florida
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Monocots
(unranked):
Commelinids
Order:
Arecales
Family:
Arecaceae
Subfamily:
Arecoideae
Tribe:
Roystoneae
Genus:
Roystonea

Species

See text

Roystonea is a genus of 10 species of monoecious palms, native to the Caribbean Islands, and the adjacent coasts of Florida, Central and South America. Commonly known as the royal palms, the genus was named for Roy Stone, a U.S. Army engineer. It contains some of the most recognizable and commonly cultivated palms (R. regia) in tropical and subtropical regions.

Description

Roystonea species are single-stemmed trees, 10-30 m tall. Trunks are grey to white, often bulging either at the base or the central portion, depending on the species. The leaves are pinnate, 3-7 m long with numerous (about 100) pinnae up to 1 m long and 2-4 cm broad; the leaves also have a distinctive green basal sheath (crownshaft) extending 2-5 m down the trunk. These plants have the ability to easily release their leaves in strong winds, a supposed adaption serving to prevent toppling during hurricanes. Inflorescences occur beneath the crownshaft, emerging from a narrow, horn-shaped bract. The flowers on the branched panicles are usually white, unisexual, and contain both sexes. The fruit is an oblong or globose drupe 1-2 cm long and deep purple when ripe.[2] Some species so closely resemble one another that scientific differentiation is by inflorescence detail; flower size, color, etc.

Taxonomy

Roystonea is placed in the subfamily Arecoideae and the tribe Roystoneae.[3] The placement Roystonea within the Arecoideae is uncertain; a phylogeny based on plastid DNA failed to resolve the position of the genus within the Arecoideae.[4] As of 2008, there appear to be no molecular phylogenetic studies of Roystonea[3]

Species

Distribution

Roystonea has a circum-Caribbean distribution which ranges from Florida in the north, to southern Mexico, Honduras and Nicaragua in the east and Venezuela and Colombia in the south. Species are found throughout the Caribbean, although only Jamaica (with two native species) and Cuba (with five native species) have more than one native species.[5]

Uses

Royal palms are widely planted for decorative purposes throughout their native region, and elsewhere in the tropics and subtropics. They are considered by many to be the most beautiful palm in the world. Royal palms are very fond of water and thrive on supplemental irrigation. They also do better in a soil with lots of humus.

Though mainly a decorative plant, royal palms do have some minor agricultural uses. The heart of the palm is used to make salad in some parts of the Caribbean, and its seeds can be used as substitutes for coffee beans.[6]

Cultivation in the United States of America

While royal palms are considered a "tropical" palm, they do grow in favored microclimates in central Florida, e.g. some areas around Tampa Bay and Cape Canaveral. They also will grow - albeit slowly - in favored microclimates in southern California, southern Arizona and the extreme southern Texas barrier islands near the Gulf of Mexico. Royals are being increasingly planted on Galveston Island where they do very well and as far north as Houston where individual Royals have grown 20-30 feet tall south of Interstate 10.

References

  1. ^ O.F. Cook, Science, ser. 2, 12:479. 1900. Type:R. regia (Kunth)
  2. ^ Riffle, Robert L. and Craft, Paul (2003) An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Portland: Timber Press. (Page 441) ISBN-10: 0881925586 / ISBN-13: 978-0881925586
  3. ^ a b Roncal, Julissa (2008). "Molecular Phylogenetic Studies of Caribbean Palms (Arecaceae) and Their Relationships to Biogeography and Conservation". The Botanical Review. 74 (1): 78–102. doi:10.1007/s12229-008-9005-9. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)
  4. ^ Asmussen, Conny B. (2006). "A new subfamily classification of the palm family (Arecaceae): evidence from plastid DNA phylogeny". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 151 (1): 15–38. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00521.x. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)
  5. ^ Zona, Scott (1996). "Roystonea (Arecaceae: Arecoideae)". Flora Neotropica. 71: 1–35. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)
  6. ^ Thomas, Hugh (1971). Cuba; the pursuit of freedom. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, p. 18.
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