Skeletal eroding band: Difference between revisions
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'''Skeletal Eroding Band''' ('''SEB''') is characterized by the destruction of the surface layer of [[coral]] skeleton by [[ciliates]] which settle as larvae into the skeleton and slowly break it into splinters as the [[ciliates]] grow their [[Lorica (biology)|loricae]].<ref>Antonius, A.; Lipscomb, D. 2001. "First protozoan coral-killer identified in the Indo-Pacific. Atoll Res. Bull. Vol. 481:1-21.</ref> To date it has been observed only in the Indo-Pacific from studies in [[Papua New Guinea]] from Motupore Island, [[Australia]] at [[Lizard Island]], [[Mauritius]], [[Sinai]],<ref>Antonius, A. 1999. "Halofolliculina corallasia, a new coral killing ciliate on Indo-Pacific reefs. Coral Reefs. Vol. 18:300</ref> and most recently was discovered in the [[Red_sea|Red Sea's]] [[Gulf of Aqaba]].<ref>Winkler, R.; Antonius, A.; Renegar, A. 2004. "The Skeletal Eroding Band disease on coral reefs of Aqaba, Red Sea." Marine Ecology. Vol. 25(2):129-144.</ref> |
'''Skeletal Eroding Band''' ('''SEB''') is characterized by the destruction of the surface layer of [[coral]] skeleton by [[ciliates]] which settle as larvae into the skeleton and slowly break it into splinters as the [[ciliates]] grow their [[Lorica (biology)|loricae]].<ref>Antonius, A.; Lipscomb, D. 2001. "First protozoan coral-killer identified in the Indo-Pacific. Atoll Res. Bull. Vol. 481:1-21.</ref> To date it has been observed only in the Indo-Pacific from studies in [[Papua New Guinea]] from Motupore Island, [[Australia]] at [[Lizard Island]], [[Mauritius]], [[Sinai]],<ref>Antonius, A. 1999. "Halofolliculina corallasia, a new coral killing ciliate on Indo-Pacific reefs. Coral Reefs. Vol. 18:300</ref> and most recently was discovered in the [[Red_sea|Red Sea's]] [[Gulf of Aqaba]].<ref>Winkler, R.; Antonius, A.; Renegar, A. 2004. "The Skeletal Eroding Band disease on coral reefs of Aqaba, Red Sea." Marine Ecology. Vol. 25(2):129-144.</ref> |
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Since coral diseases are relatively new within coral pathology research, the use of standardized coral disease terminology has not yet been fixed.<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.bo.usb.ve/profesores/cbastida/rodriguez_et_al_in_press.pdf |
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|title=A mechanism of transmission and factors affecting coral susceptibility to Halofolliculina sp. infection |
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|date=2008 |
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|publisher= Springer-Verlag |
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|accessdate=2009-08-16 |
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|last=Rodríguez |
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|first= S. et al. |
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|doi= 10.1007/s00338-008-0419-y}}</ref> |
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==Appearance== |
==Appearance== |
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Revision as of 23:53, 16 August 2009
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Skeletal Eroding Band (SEB) is characterized by the destruction of the surface layer of coral skeleton by ciliates which settle as larvae into the skeleton and slowly break it into splinters as the ciliates grow their loricae.[1] To date it has been observed only in the Indo-Pacific from studies in Papua New Guinea from Motupore Island, Australia at Lizard Island, Mauritius, Sinai,[2] and most recently was discovered in the Red Sea's Gulf of Aqaba.[3]
Since coral diseases are relatively new within coral pathology research, the use of standardized coral disease terminology has not yet been fixed.[4]
Appearance
It appears as a black-grey band of the aggregating ciliates. In the field it can easily be mistaken for Black Band Disease (BBD), but unlike BBD and other coral diseases that typically harm only the coral tissue, SEB destroys the coral's trabecular limestone skeleton.[5] While BBD will migrate along the coral and leave a clean white skeleton,[6] SEB will leave a skeleton dotted with the empty loricae of ciliates to give it a "dirty" appearance.[7]
Agent identified
So far one specific Folliculinid ciliate has been associated with the disease in the India-Pacific Ocean: Halofolliculina corallasia of the family Folliculinidae.[8] This ciliate is a sessile protist that secretes a bottle-like housing called a lorica,[9] the neck of which usually only rises above the surface of the coral. The ciliates embed themselves into the skeleton of the coral and aggregate in densities as 417 individuals per mm². The ciliates produce new individuals through cell division as a migratory larval stage, which usually settle close to SE-band on living coral and secrete loricae.[10] The unhardened loricae have organic acid associated with them, and in addition to the rapid spinning behavior of the larvae is responsible for the destruction of the coral skeleton's surface layer.[11] The band of individuals can migrate at rates from 1 mm per week to 1 mm per day, similar to that of Black Band Disease.[12]
References
- ^ Antonius, A.; Lipscomb, D. 2001. "First protozoan coral-killer identified in the Indo-Pacific. Atoll Res. Bull. Vol. 481:1-21.
- ^ Antonius, A. 1999. "Halofolliculina corallasia, a new coral killing ciliate on Indo-Pacific reefs. Coral Reefs. Vol. 18:300
- ^ Winkler, R.; Antonius, A.; Renegar, A. 2004. "The Skeletal Eroding Band disease on coral reefs of Aqaba, Red Sea." Marine Ecology. Vol. 25(2):129-144.
- ^ Rodríguez, S.; et al. (2008). "A mechanism of transmission and factors affecting coral susceptibility to Halofolliculina sp. infection" (PDF). Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/s00338-008-0419-y. Retrieved 2009-08-16.
{{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|first=(help) - ^ Antonius, A.; Lipscomb, D. 2001. "First protozoan coral-killer identified in the Indo-Pacific. Atoll Res. Bull. Vol. 481:1-21.
- ^ Antonius, A. 1976. "Kranke Korallen:Riffzerstörung. Umsch. Wiss. Tech. Vol. 76:493-494.
- ^ Antonius, A. 1999. "Halofolliculina corallasia, a new coral killing ciliate on Indo-Pacific reefs. Coral Reefs. Vol. 18:300.
- ^ Antonius, A.; Lipscomb, D. 2001. "First protozoan coral-killer identified in the Indo-Pacific. Atoll Res. Bull. Vol. 481:1-21.
- ^ Dons, C. 1912. Folliculina-Studien IV. Tromsø Museums Aarshefter, 35 & 36: 59-92.
- ^ Winkler, R.; Antonius, A.; Renegar, A. 2004. "The Skeletal Eroding Band disease on coral reefs of Aqaba, Red Sea." Marine Ecology. Vol. 25(2):129-144.
- ^ Antonius, A.; Lipscomb, D. 2001. "First protozoan coral-killer identified in the Indo-Pacific. Atoll Res. Bull. Vol. 481:1-21.
- ^ Antonius, A. 1999. "Halofolliculina corallasia, a new coral killing ciliate on Indo-Pacific reefs. Coral Reefs. Vol. 18:300.
External links
- "AIMS Longterm Monitoring - Coral Diseases on the Great Barrier Reef - Skeletal Eroding Band". www.aims.gov.au. Retrieved 2009-08-16.
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