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| image_caption = [[Capybara]]
| image_caption = [[Capybara]]
| taxon = Hystricomorpha
| taxon = Hystricomorpha
| authority = Brandt, 1855
| authority = {{Harvnb|Brandt|1855}}
| subdivision_ranks = Superfamilies
| subdivision_ranks = Superfamilies
| subdivision =
| subdivision =
*See text
*See text
}}
}}
The term '''Hystricomorpha''' has had many definitions throughout its history. In the broadest sense it refers to any rodent (except [[Dipodoidea|dipodoids]]) with a [[hystricomorphous]] [[zygomasseteric system]]. This includes the [[Hystricognathi]], [[Ctenodactylidae]], [[Anomaluridae]], and [[Pedetidae]]. Molecular and morphological results suggest that the inclusion of the Anomaluridae and Pedetidae in Hystricomorpha may be suspect. Based on {{harvnb|Carleton|Musser|2005}}, these two families are treated here as representing a distinct suborder [[Anomaluromorpha]].
[[Image:Wasserschwein Schaedelskelett-drawing.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Skull of a [[capybara]] showing the enlarged [[infraorbital canal]] present in most members of the Hystricomorpha. This condition is termed [[hystricomorphy]].]]
The term '''Hystricomorpha''' has had many definitions throughout its history. In the broadest sense it refers to any rodent (except dipodoids) with a [[hystricomorphous]] [[zygomasseteric system]]. This includes the [[Hystricognathi]], [[Ctenodactylidae]], [[Anomaluridae]], and [[Pedetidae]]. Molecular and morphological results suggest that the inclusion of the Anomaluridae and Pedetidae in Hystricomorpha may be suspect. Based on Carleton and Musser (2005), these two families are treated here as representing a distinct suborder [[Anomaluromorpha]].


==Classification==
The modern definition of Hystricomorpha also known as '''Entodacrya''' or '''Ctenohystrica''' is a taxonomic hypothesis uniting the [[gundi]]s with the [[hystricognath rodents]] (Carleton and Musser, 2005). There is considerable [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] support for this relationship and strong [[molecular phylogeny|molecular]] support. If true, this hypothesis renders the traditional view of [[Sciurognathi]] invalid as it becomes a [[paraphyletic]] group.
[[Image:Wasserschwein Schaedelskelett-drawing.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Skull of a [[capybara]] showing the enlarged [[infraorbital canal]] present in most members of the Hystricomorpha. This condition is termed [[hystricomorphy]].]]
The modern definition of Hystricomorpha also known as '''Entodacrya''' or '''Ctenohystrica''' is a taxonomic hypothesis uniting the [[gundi]]s with the [[hystricognath rodents]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Carleton|Musser|2005}}</ref> There is considerable [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] support for this relationship and strong [[molecular phylogeny|molecular]] support. If true, this hypothesis renders the traditional view of [[Sciurognathi]] invalid as it becomes a [[paraphyletic]] group.


The hystricomorph rodents, or at least members of [[Caviomorpha]], are sometimes regarded as non-rodents (Graur et al., 1991; D'Erchia et al., 1996; Reyes et al., 2000). Most molecular and genetic research however confirms the [[monophyly]] of rodents (Cao et al., 1994; Kuma and Miyata, 1994; Sullivan and Swofford, 1997; Robinson-Rechavi et al., 2000; Lin et al., 2002; Reyes et al., 2004). Support for rodent [[polyphyly]] appears to be a product of [[long branch attraction]] (Bergsten, 2005).
The hystricomorph rodents, or at least members of [[Caviomorpha]], are sometimes regarded as non-rodents.<ref>{{Harvnb|Graur|Hide|Li|1991}}; {{Harvnb|D'Erchia|Gissi|Pesole|Saccone|1996}}; {{Harvnb|Reyes|Pesole|Saccone|2000}}</ref> Most molecular and genetic research however confirms the [[monophyly]] of rodents.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cao|Adachi|Yano|Hasegawa|1994}}; {{Harvnb|Kuma|Miyata|1994}}; {{Harvnb|Sullivan|Swofford|1997}}; {{Harvnb|Robinson-Rechavi|Ponger|Mouchiroud|2000}}; {{Harvnb|Lin|McLenachan|Gore|Phillips|2002}}; {{Harvnb|Reyes|Gissi|Catzeflis|Nevo|2004}}</ref> Support for rodent [[polyphyly]] appears to be a product of [[long branch attraction]].<ref name="Bergsten-2005">{{Harvnb|Bergsten|2005}}</ref>


Hystricomorph rodents appeared in [[South America]] in the early Oligocene (Flynn et al., 2003), a continent which previously had [[metatheria]]ns, [[xenarthra]]ns, and [[Meridiungulata|meridiungulates]] as the only resident non-flying mammals. They apparently arrived by [[rafting event|rafting]] across the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] from [[Africa]]. The same type of migration may have occurred with [[primates]], which also appeared in South America before the [[Great American Interchange]]. All of this is still controversial, and new scientific discoveries on this subject are published regularly.
Hystricomorph rodents appeared in [[South America]] in the early Oligocene,<ref>{{Harvnb|Flynn|Wyss|Croft|Charrier|2003}}</ref> a continent which previously had [[metatheria]]ns, [[xenarthra]]ns, and [[Meridiungulata|meridiungulates]] as the only resident non-flying mammals. They apparently arrived by [[rafting event|rafting]] across the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] from [[Africa]]. The same type of migration may have occurred with [[primates]], which also appeared in South America before the [[Great American Interchange]]. All of this is still controversial, and new scientific discoveries on this subject are published regularly.


==Families==
==Families==
The following list of families is based on the [[taxonomy]] of Marivaux et al. (2002; 2004) who subjected a number of early fossil rodents to [[cladistics|parsimony]] analysis and recovered support for the Hystricomorpha or Entodacrya hypothesis. Their results rendered the suborder [[Sciuravida]] as defined by McKenna and Bell (1997) to be [[polyphyletic]] and invalid. The symbol "†" is used to indicate [[extinct]] groups.
The following list of families is based on the [[taxonomy]] of {{Harvnb|Marivaux|Welcomme|Vianey-Liaud|Jaeger|2002}} and {{Harvnb|Marivaux|Vianey-Liaud|Jaeger|2004}} who subjected a number of early fossil rodents to [[cladistics|parsimony]] analysis and recovered support for the Hystricomorpha or Entodacrya hypothesis. Their results rendered the suborder [[Sciuravida]] as defined by {{Harvnb|McKenna|Bell|1997}} to be [[polyphyletic]] and invalid. The symbol "†" is used to indicate [[extinct]] groups.
*'''Suborder Hystricomorpha'''
*'''Suborder Hystricomorpha'''
** Superfamily [[Ctenodactyloidea]]
** Superfamily [[Ctenodactyloidea]]
Line 62: Line 63:
******†[[Neoepiblemidae]]
******†[[Neoepiblemidae]]
******[[Abrocomidae]] - chinchilla rats
******[[Abrocomidae]] - chinchilla rats

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}


==References==
==References==
{{Ref begin|30em}}
*Bergsten, J. 2005. A review of long-branch attraction. Cladistics, 21:163-193.
* {{Cite journal | ref = harv
*Cao, Y., Adachi, J., Yano, T. and Hasegawa, M. 1994. Phylogenetic place of guinea pigs: No support of the rodent-polyphyly hypothesis from maximum-likelihood analyses of multiple protein sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 11: 593-604.
| last = Bergsten | first = J.
*Carleton, M. D. and G. G. Musser. 2005. Order Rodentia. Pp745–752 in Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds.). Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press.
| title = A review of long-branch attraction
*D'Erchia, A., Gissi, C., Pesole, G., Saccone, C. and Arnason, U. 1996. The guinea-pig is not a rodent. Nature, 381 (6583): 597-600.
| journal = Cladistics | year = 2005 | volume = 21 | issue = 2 | pages = 163-193
*Flynn, J. J., Wyss, A. R., Croft, D. A., and Charrier, R. 2003. The Tinguiririca Fauna, Chile: biochronology, paleoecology, biogeography, and a new earliest Oligocene South American Land Mammal ‘Age’. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 195:229-259.
| doi = 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2005.00059.x
*Graur, D., Hide, W. and Li, W. 1991. Is the guinea-pig a rodent? Nature, 351: 649-652.
}}
*Huchon, D. E. J. P. Douzery. 2001. From the Old World to the New World: A molecular chronicle of the phylogeny and biogeography of hystricognath rodents. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 20:238-251.
* {{Cite book | ref = harv
*Kuma, K. and Miyata, T. 1994. Mammalian phylogeny inferred from multiple protein data. Japanese Journal of Genetics, 69 (5): 555-66.
| last = Brandt | first = J. F.
*Landry, S. O. J. 1999. A proposal for a new classification and nomenclature for the glires. Mitt. Mus. Nat. Kd. Berl. Zool. Reihe, 75:283-316.
| title = Beitrage zur nahern Kenntniss der Saugethiere Russlands
*Lin, Y-H, et al. 2002. Four new mitochondrial genomes and the increased stability of evolutionary trees of mammals from improved taxon sampling. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 19: 2060-2070.
| language = German | year = 1855
*Marivaux, L., M. Vianey-Liaud, and J.-J. Jaeger. 2004. High-level phylogeny of early Tertiary rodents: dental evidence. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 142:105-134.
}}
*Marivaux, L. J. L. Welcomme, M. Vianey-Liaud, and J.J. Jaeger. 2002. The role of Asia in the origin and diversification of hystricognathous rodents. Zoologica Scripta, 31:225-239.
* {{Cite journal | ref = harv
*McKenna, Malcolm C., and Bell, Susan K. 1997. ''Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level.'' Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp.&nbsp;ISBN 0-231-11013-8
| last1 = Cao | first1 = Y.
*Reyes, A., Pesole, G. and Saccone, C. 2000. Long-branch attraction phenomenon and the impact of among-site rate variation on rodent phylogeny. Gene, 259 (1-2): 177-87.
| last2 = Adachi | first2 = J.
*Reyes, A., Gissi, C., Catzeflis, F., Nevo, E. Pesole, G. and Saccone, C. 2004. Congruent mammalian trees from mitochondrial and nuclear genes using Bayesian methods. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 21 (2): 397-403.
| last3 = Yano | first3 = T.
*Robinson-Rechavi, M., Ponger, L. and Mouchiroud, D. 2000. Nuclear gene LCAT supports rodent monophyly. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17: 1410-1412.
| last4 = Hasegawa | first4 = M.
*Sullivan, J. and Swofford, D.L. 1997. Are guinea pigs rodents? the importance of adequate models in molecular phylogenetics. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 4: 77-86.
| title = Phylogenetic place of guinea pigs: No support of the rodent-polyphyly hypothesis from maximum-likelihood analyses of multiple protein sequences
| journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | year = 1994 | volume = 11 | issue = 4 | pages = 593-604
| url = http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/11/4/593.full.pdf
}}
* {{Cite book | ref = harv
| last1 = Carleton | first1 = M. D.
| last2 = Musser | first2 = G. G.
| chapter = Order Rodentia
| title = Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
| editor1-last = Wilson | editor1-first = D. E.
| editor2-last = Reeder | editor2-first = D. M.
| location = Baltimore | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press
| year = 2005 | pages = 745–752 | isbn = 978-0801882210
}}
* {{Cite journal | ref = harv
| last1 = D'Erchia | first1 = A.
| last2 = Gissi | first2 = C.
| last3 = Pesole | first3 = G.
| last4 = Saccone | first4 = C.
| coauthors = Arnason, U.
| title = The guinea-pig is not a rodent
| journal = Nature | year = 1996 | volume = 381 | issue = 6583 | pages = 597-600
| doi = 10.1038/381597a0
}}
* {{Cite journal | ref = harv
| last1 = Flynn | first1 = J. J.
| last2 = Wyss | first2 = A. R.
| last3 = Croft | first3 = D. A.
| last4 = Charrier | first4 = R.
| year = 2003
| title = The Tinguiririca Fauna, Chile: biochronology, paleoecology, biogeography, and a new earliest Oligocene South American Land Mammal ‘Age’
| journal = [[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]]
| volume = 195 | issue = 3-4 | publisher = Elsevier | pages = 229-259
| issn = 00310182 | doi = 10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00360-2
}}
* {{Cite journal | ref = harv
| last1 = Graur | first1 = D.
| last2 = Hide | first2 = W.
| last3 = Li | first3 = W.
| title = Is the guinea-pig a rodent?
| journal = Nature | year = 1991 | volume = 351 | issue = 6328 | pages = 649-652
| pmid = 2052090
}}
*<!-- not mentioned in article --> {{Cite journal | ref = harv
| last1 = Huchon | first1 = D.
| last2 = Douzery | first2 = E. . P.
| title = From the Old World to the New World: A molecular chronicle of the phylogeny and biogeography of hystricognath rodents
| journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | year = 2001 | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 238-251
| pmid = 11476632 | doi = 10.1006/mpev.2001.0961 | url = http://www.tau.ac.il/~huchond/MPE2001.pdf
}}
* {{Cite journal | ref = harv
| last1 = Kuma | first1 = K.
| last2 = Miyata | first2 = T.
| title = Mammalian phylogeny inferred from multiple protein data
| journal = Japanese Journal of Genetics | year = 1994 | volume = 69 | issue = 5 | pages = 555-66
| pmid = 7999372 | url = http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjg/69/5/555/_pdf | format = PDF
}}
*<!-- not mentioned in article --> {{Cite journal | ref = harv
| last = Landry Jr | first = S. O.
| title = A proposal for a new classification and nomenclature for the glires
| journal = Zoosystematics and Evolution | year = 1999 | volume = 75 | issue = 2 | pages = 283–316
<!-- Mitt. Mus. Nat. Kd. Berl. Zool. Reihe -->
| doi = 10.1002/mmnz.19990750209
}}
* {{Cite journal | ref = harv
| last1 = Lin | first1 = Y.-H.
| last2 = McLenachan | first2 = P. A.
| last3 = Gore | first3 = A. R.
| last4 = Phillips | first4 = M. J.
| coauthors = Ota, R.; Hendy, M. D.; Penny, D.
| title = Four new mitochondrial genomes and the increased stability of evolutionary trees of mammals from improved taxon sampling
| journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | year = 2002 | volume = 19 | issue = 12 | pages = 2060-2070
| url = http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/12/2060.full.pdf
| pmid = 12446798
}}
* {{Cite journal | ref = harv
| last1 = Marivaux | first1 = L.
| last2 = Vianey-Liaud | first2 = M.
| last3 = Jaeger | first3 = J.-J.
| title = High-level phylogeny of early Tertiary rodents: dental evidence
| journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | year = 2004 | volume = 142 | issue = 1 | pages = 105-134
| doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00131.x
}}
* {{Cite journal | ref = harv
| last1 = Marivaux | first1 = L.
| last2 = Welcomme | first2 = J.-L.
| last3 = Vianey-Liaud | first3 = M.
| last4 = Jaeger | first4 = J.-J.
| title = The role of Asia in the origin and diversification of hystricognathous rodents
| journal = Zoologica Scripta | year = 2002 | volume = 31 | issue = 3 | pages = 225-239
| doi = 10.1046/j.1463-6409.2002.00074.x
}}
* {{Cite journal | ref = harv
| last1 = McKenna | first1 = M. C.
| last2 = Bell | first2 = S. K.
| title = Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level | year = 1997
| publisher = Columbia University Press | location = New York
| isbn = 0-231-11013-8
}}
* {{Cite journal | ref = harv
| last1 = Reyes | first1 = A.
| last2 = Pesole | first2 = G.
| last3 = Saccone | first3 = C.
| title = Long-branch attraction phenomenon and the impact of among-site rate variation on rodent phylogeny
| journal = Gene | year = 2000 | volume = 259 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 177-187
| doi = 10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00438-8 | pmid = 11163975
}}
* {{Cite journal | ref = harv
| last1 = Reyes | first1 = A.
| last2 = Gissi | first2 = C.
| last3 = Catzeflis | first3 = F.
| last4 = Nevo | first4 = E.
| coauthors = Pesole, G., Saccone, C.
| title = Congruent mammalian trees from mitochondrial and nuclear genes using Bayesian methods
| journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | year = 2004 | volume = 21 | issue = 2 | pages = 397-403
| doi = 10.1093/molbev/msh033 | url = http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/2/397.full.pdf
}}
* {{Cite journal | ref = harv
| last1 = Robinson-Rechavi | first1 = M.
| last2 = Ponger | first2 = L.
| last3 = Mouchiroud | first3 = D.
| title = Nuclear gene LCAT supports rodent monophyly
| journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution| year = 2000 | volume = 17 | issue = 9 | pages = 1410-1412
| issn = 0737-4038 | url = http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/17/9/1410.full.pdf
}}
* {{Cite journal | ref = harv
| last1 = Sullivan | first1 = J.
| last2 = Swofford | first2 = D. L.
| title = Are Guinea Pigs Rodents? The Importance of Adequate Models in Molecular Phylogenetics
| journal = Journal of Mammalian Evolution | year = 1997 | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 77-86
| issn = 10647554 | doi = 10.1023/A:1027314112438
| url = http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~jacks/GuineaPig.pdf
}}
{{Ref end}}


{{Rodents}}
{{Rodents}}

Revision as of 11:39, 12 November 2011

Hystricomorpha
Temporal range: Eocene–Recent
Capybara
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Suborder: Hystricomorpha
Brandt 1855
Superfamilies
  • See text

The term Hystricomorpha has had many definitions throughout its history. In the broadest sense it refers to any rodent (except dipodoids) with a hystricomorphous zygomasseteric system. This includes the Hystricognathi, Ctenodactylidae, Anomaluridae, and Pedetidae. Molecular and morphological results suggest that the inclusion of the Anomaluridae and Pedetidae in Hystricomorpha may be suspect. Based on Carleton & Musser 2005, these two families are treated here as representing a distinct suborder Anomaluromorpha.

Classification

Skull of a capybara showing the enlarged infraorbital canal present in most members of the Hystricomorpha. This condition is termed hystricomorphy.

The modern definition of Hystricomorpha also known as Entodacrya or Ctenohystrica is a taxonomic hypothesis uniting the gundis with the hystricognath rodents.[1] There is considerable morphological support for this relationship and strong molecular support. If true, this hypothesis renders the traditional view of Sciurognathi invalid as it becomes a paraphyletic group.

The hystricomorph rodents, or at least members of Caviomorpha, are sometimes regarded as non-rodents.[2] Most molecular and genetic research however confirms the monophyly of rodents.[3] Support for rodent polyphyly appears to be a product of long branch attraction.[4]

Hystricomorph rodents appeared in South America in the early Oligocene,[5] a continent which previously had metatherians, xenarthrans, and meridiungulates as the only resident non-flying mammals. They apparently arrived by rafting across the Atlantic from Africa. The same type of migration may have occurred with primates, which also appeared in South America before the Great American Interchange. All of this is still controversial, and new scientific discoveries on this subject are published regularly.

Families

The following list of families is based on the taxonomy of Marivaux et al. 2002 and Marivaux, Vianey-Liaud & Jaeger 2004 who subjected a number of early fossil rodents to parsimony analysis and recovered support for the Hystricomorpha or Entodacrya hypothesis. Their results rendered the suborder Sciuravida as defined by McKenna & Bell 1997 to be polyphyletic and invalid. The symbol "†" is used to indicate extinct groups.

Notes

  1. ^ Carleton & Musser 2005
  2. ^ Graur, Hide & Li 1991; D'Erchia et al. 1996; Reyes, Pesole & Saccone 2000
  3. ^ Cao et al. 1994; Kuma & Miyata 1994; Sullivan & Swofford 1997; Robinson-Rechavi, Ponger & Mouchiroud 2000; Lin et al. 2002; Reyes et al. 2004
  4. ^ Bergsten 2005
  5. ^ Flynn et al. 2003

References

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