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==Longevity==
==Longevity==
The naked mole rat is also of interest because it is extraordinarily long-lived for a rodent of its size (up to 28&nbsp;years<ref name="stability"/>) and holds the record for the longest living rodent.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Buffenstein R, Jarvis JU |title=The naked mole rat—a new record for the oldest living rodent |journal=Sci Aging Knowledge Environ |volume=2002 |issue=21 |pages=pe7 |year=2002 |month=May |pmid=14602989 |doi=10.1126/sageke.2002.21.pe7 |url=http://sageke.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14602989}}</ref> Naked mole rats are highly resistant to [[cancer]]<ref name="Buffenstein R. 2008 439–45">{{cite journal| author =Buffenstein R.| year =2008| title = Negligible senescence in the longest living rodent, the naked mole-rat: insights from a successfully aging species| journal =J Comp Physiol B. | volume =178| issue =4 | pages =439–45 | pmid = 18180931 | doi=10.1007/s00360-007-0237-5}}</ref> and maintain healthy [[Blood vessels|vascular]] function longer in their lifespan than shorter-living rats.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=17468332 |year=2007 |last1=Csiszar |first1=A |last2=Labinskyy |first2=N |last3=Orosz |first3=Z |last4=Xiangmin |first4=Z |last5=Buffenstein |first5=R |last6=Ungvari |first6=Z |title=Vascular aging in the longest-living rodent, the naked mole rat |volume=293 |issue=2 |pages=H919–27 |doi=10.1152/ajpheart.01287.2006 |journal=American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology}}</ref> The reason for their longevity is debated, but is thought to be related to their ability to substantially reduce their [[metabolism]] during hard times, and so prevent aging-induced damage from [[oxidative stress]]. This has been referred to as "living their life in pulses".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071015225336.htm |title=Ugly Duckling Mole Rats Might Hold Key To Longevity |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=2007-10-16 |accessdate=2009-03-11}}</ref> Their longevity has also been attributed to “protein stability.”<ref name="stability">Viviana Perez, Rochelle Buffenstein, Venkata Masamsetti, Shanique Leonard, Adam Salmon, James Mele, Blazej Andziak, Ting Yang, Yael Edrey, Bertrand Friguet, Walter Ward, Arlan Richardson, Asish Chaudhuri. "Protein stability and resistance to oxidative stress are determinants of longevity in the longest-living rodent, the naked mole rat". (March 3, 2009). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ''This reference requires further details''</ref> Because of their extraordinary longevity, an international effort was put into place to sequence the [[genome]] of the naked mole rat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://genomics.senescence.info/sequencing/heterocephalus.html |title=Proposal to Sequence an Organism of Unique Interest for Research on Aging: Heterocephalus glaber, the Naked Mole-Rat |publisher=Genomics.senescence.info |date= |accessdate=2009-04-30}}</ref> A draft genome was made available in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mr.genomics.org.cn |title=Naked Mole-Rat Database |author= |date= |work= |publisher=Naked Mole-Rat Database 2011 |accessdate=5 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://naked-mole-rat.org/ |title=Naked Mole-Rat Genome Resource |author= |date= |work= |publisher=Naked Mole-Rat Genome Resource 2011 |accessdate=5 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Kim |title=Genome sequencing reveals insights into physiology and longevity of the naked mole rat |journal=Nature |volume=2011 |issue=21 |pages=223–7 |year=2011 |month=Oct |pmid=21993625 |doi=10.1038/nature10533 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature10533.html |display-authors=1 |last2=Fang |first2=Xiaodong |last3=Fushan |first3=Alexey A. |last4=Huang |first4=Zhiyong |last5=Lobanov |first5=Alexei V. |last6=Han |first6=Lijuan |last7=Marino |first7=Stefano M. |last8=Sun |first8=Xiaoqing |last9=Turanov |first9=Anton A.}}</ref>
The naked mole rat is also of interest because it is extraordinarily long-lived for a rodent of its size (up to 31&nbsp;years<ref>{{cite web|url=http://genomics.senescence.info/species/entry.php?species=Heterocephalus_glaber |title=Naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber) longevity, ageing, and life history |date= |accessdate=2013-11-07}}</ref>) and holds the record for the longest living rodent.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Buffenstein R, Jarvis JU |title=The naked mole rat—a new record for the oldest living rodent |journal=Sci Aging Knowledge Environ |volume=2002 |issue=21 |pages=pe7 |year=2002 |month=May |pmid=14602989 |doi=10.1126/sageke.2002.21.pe7 |url=http://sageke.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14602989}}</ref> Naked mole rats are highly resistant to [[cancer]]<ref name="Buffenstein R. 2008 439–45">{{cite journal| author =Buffenstein R.| year =2008| title = Negligible senescence in the longest living rodent, the naked mole-rat: insights from a successfully aging species| journal =J Comp Physiol B. | volume =178| issue =4 | pages =439–45 | pmid = 18180931 | doi=10.1007/s00360-007-0237-5}}</ref> and maintain healthy [[Blood vessels|vascular]] function longer in their lifespan than shorter-living rats.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=17468332 |year=2007 |last1=Csiszar |first1=A |last2=Labinskyy |first2=N |last3=Orosz |first3=Z |last4=Xiangmin |first4=Z |last5=Buffenstein |first5=R |last6=Ungvari |first6=Z |title=Vascular aging in the longest-living rodent, the naked mole rat |volume=293 |issue=2 |pages=H919–27 |doi=10.1152/ajpheart.01287.2006 |journal=American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology}}</ref> The reason for their longevity is debated, but is thought to be related to their ability to substantially reduce their [[metabolism]] during hard times, and so prevent aging-induced damage from [[oxidative stress]]. This has been referred to as "living their life in pulses".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071015225336.htm |title=Ugly Duckling Mole Rats Might Hold Key To Longevity |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=2007-10-16 |accessdate=2009-03-11}}</ref> Their longevity has also been attributed to “protein stability.”<ref name="stability">Viviana Perez, Rochelle Buffenstein, Venkata Masamsetti, Shanique Leonard, Adam Salmon, James Mele, Blazej Andziak, Ting Yang, Yael Edrey, Bertrand Friguet, Walter Ward, Arlan Richardson, Asish Chaudhuri. "Protein stability and resistance to oxidative stress are determinants of longevity in the longest-living rodent, the naked mole rat". (March 3, 2009). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ''This reference requires further details''</ref> Because of their extraordinary longevity, an international effort was put into place to sequence the [[genome]] of the naked mole rat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://genomics.senescence.info/sequencing/heterocephalus.html |title=Proposal to Sequence an Organism of Unique Interest for Research on Aging: Heterocephalus glaber, the Naked Mole-Rat |publisher=Genomics.senescence.info |date= |accessdate=2009-04-30}}</ref> A draft genome was made available in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mr.genomics.org.cn |title=Naked Mole-Rat Database |author= |date= |work= |publisher=Naked Mole-Rat Database 2011 |accessdate=5 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://naked-mole-rat.org/ |title=Naked Mole-Rat Genome Resource |author= |date= |work= |publisher=Naked Mole-Rat Genome Resource 2011 |accessdate=5 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Kim |title=Genome sequencing reveals insights into physiology and longevity of the naked mole rat |journal=Nature |volume=2011 |issue=21 |pages=223–7 |year=2011 |month=Oct |pmid=21993625 |doi=10.1038/nature10533 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature10533.html |display-authors=1 |last2=Fang |first2=Xiaodong |last3=Fushan |first3=Alexey A. |last4=Huang |first4=Zhiyong |last5=Lobanov |first5=Alexei V. |last6=Han |first6=Lijuan |last7=Marino |first7=Stefano M. |last8=Sun |first8=Xiaoqing |last9=Turanov |first9=Anton A.}}</ref> Further transcriptome sequencing revealed genes related to mitochondria and oxidation reduction processes to have high levels in the naked mole-rat when compared to mice, which may contribute to the longevity of the naked mole-rat.<ref>{{cite journal| author =Yu C, Li Y, Holmes A, Szafranski K, Faulkes CG, Coen CW, Buffenstein R, Platzer M, de Magalhães JP, Church GM| year =2011| title = RNA sequencing reveals differential expression of mitochondrial and oxidation reduction genes in the long-lived naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber) when compared to mice| journal =PLoS ONE | volume =6| pages =e26729 | pmid = 22073188}}</ref>


==Resistance to cancer==
==Resistance to cancer==

Revision as of 11:27, 7 November 2013

Naked mole rat
Temporal range: Early Pliocene - Recent
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Missing taxonomy template (fix): Heterocephalus glaber
Binomial name
Heterocephalus glaber
Rüppell, 1842
Distribution of the Naked Mole Rat

The naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber) also known as the sand puppy or desert mole rat, is a burrowing rodent native to parts of East Africa and is the only species currently classified in the genus Heterocephalus.[2] The naked mole rat and the Damaraland mole rat are the only known eusocial mammals.[3] It has a highly unusual set of physical traits that enable it to thrive in an otherwise harsh underground environment; it is the only mammalian thermoconformer,[4] has a lack of pain sensation in its skin, and has very low metabolic and respiratory rates.

Description

Typical individuals are 8 to 10 cm (3 to 4 in) long and weigh 30 to 35 grams (1.1 to 1.2 oz). Queens are larger and may weigh well over 50 grams (1.8 oz), the largest reaching 80 grams (2.8 oz). They are well-adapted to their underground existence. Their eyes are quite small, and their visual acuity is poor. Their legs are thin and short; however, they are highly adept at moving underground and can move backward as fast as they can move forward. Their large, protruding teeth are used to dig, and their lips are sealed just behind the teeth to prevent soil from filling their mouths while digging. About a quarter of their musculature is used in the closing of their jaws whilst they dig - about the same proportion as found in the human leg.[5] They have little hair (hence the common name) and wrinkled pink or yellowish skin.They lack an insulating layer in the skin.

Its karyotype has 2n = 60.[2]

Physiology

The naked mole rat is well adapted for the limited availability of oxygen within the tunnels that are its habitat: its lungs are very small and its blood has a very strong affinity for oxygen, increasing the efficiency of oxygen uptake. It has a very low respiration and metabolic rate for an animal of its size, about 2/3 that of a similarly sized mouse, thus using oxygen minimally. In long periods of hunger, such as a drought, its metabolic rate can be reduced by up to 25 percent.

Captive naked mole rats huddling together

The naked mole rat does not regulate its body temperature in typical mammalian fashion, homeostasis. They are thermoconformers rather than thermoregulators in that, unlike other mammals, body temperature tracks ambient temperatures. The relationship between oxygen consumption and ambient temperature, however, switches from a typical poikilothermic pattern to a homeothermic mode at 28 °C.[6] At lower temperatures, they use behavioural thermoregulation, as when cold, naked mole rats huddle together or bask in the shallow, more sun-warmed parts of their burrow systems. Conversely, when they get too hot, they retreat to the deeper, cooler parts of their tunnel system.

The skin of naked mole rats lacks a key neurotransmitter called substance P that is responsible in mammals for sending pain signals to the central nervous system. The naked mole rats feel no pain when they are exposed to acid or capsaicin. When they are injected with substance P, however, the pain signaling works as it does in other mammals, but only with capsaicin and not with acids. This is proposed to be an adaptation to the animal living in high levels of carbon dioxide due to poorly ventilated living spaces, which would cause acid to build up in their body tissues.[7]

Naked mole rats' substance P deficiency has also been tied to their lack of the histamine-induced itching and scratching behavior typical of rodents.[8]

Ecology and behavior

Distribution and habitat

The naked mole rat is native to the drier parts of the tropical grasslands of East Africa, predominantly southern Ethiopia, Kenya, and Somalia.[9]

Clusters averaging 75 to 80 individuals live together in complex systems of burrows in arid African deserts. The tunnel systems built by naked mole rats can stretch up to three to five kilometres (2–3 mi) in cumulative length.[10]

Roles

The naked mole rat is the first mammal discovered to exhibit eusociality. This eusocial structure is similar to that found in ants, termites, and some bees and wasps.[11] Only one female (the queen) and one to three males reproduce, while the rest of the members of the colony function as workers. The queen and breeding males are able to breed at one year of age. Workers are sterile, with the smaller focusing on gathering food and maintaining the nest, while larger workers are more reactive in case of attack.

Arguably, the Damaraland mole rat (Cryptomys damarensis) is the only other eusocial mammal currently known.

Queen and gestation

The relationships between the queen and the breeding males may last for many years; other females are temporarily sterile. Queens live from 13 to 18 years, and are extremely hostile to other females behaving like queens, or producing hormones for becoming queens. When the queen dies, another female takes her place, sometimes after a violent struggle with her competitors. Once established, the new queen stretches the space between the vertebrae in her backbone to become longer and ready to bear pups.[12]

Gestation is about 70 days. A litter typically ranges from three to twelve pups, but may be as large as twenty-eight. The average litter size is eleven.[13] In the wild, naked mole-rats usually breed once a year, if the litter survives. In captivity, they breed all year long and can produce a litter every 80 days.[14] The young are born blind and weigh about 2 grams (0.07 oz). The queen nurses them for the first month; after which the other members of the colony feed them feces until they are old enough to eat solid food.

Workers

Smaller workers focus on acquiring food and maintaining tunnels, while the larger workers are more reactive in case of attacks.[15] As in certain bee species, the workers are divided along a continuum of different worker-caste behaviors instead of discrete groups.[10] Some function primarily as tunnellers, expanding the large network of tunnels within the burrow system, and some primarily as soldiers, protecting the group from outside predators. Workers are sterile when there is no new reproductive role to fill.

Colonies

Colonies range in size from 20 to 300 individuals, with an average of 75.[16]

Diet

A captive naked mole rat eating

Naked mole rats feed primarily on very large tubers (weighing as much as a thousand times the body weight of a typical mole rat) that they find deep underground through their mining operations, but also eat their own feces.[10] A single tuber can provide a colony with a long-term source of food—lasting for months, or even years,[10] as they eat the inside but leave the outside, allowing the tuber to regenerate. Symbiotic bacteria in their intestines ferment the fibres, allowing otherwise indigestible cellulose to be turned into volatile fatty acids.

Longevity

The naked mole rat is also of interest because it is extraordinarily long-lived for a rodent of its size (up to 31 years[17]) and holds the record for the longest living rodent.[18] Naked mole rats are highly resistant to cancer[19] and maintain healthy vascular function longer in their lifespan than shorter-living rats.[20] The reason for their longevity is debated, but is thought to be related to their ability to substantially reduce their metabolism during hard times, and so prevent aging-induced damage from oxidative stress. This has been referred to as "living their life in pulses".[21] Their longevity has also been attributed to “protein stability.”[22] Because of their extraordinary longevity, an international effort was put into place to sequence the genome of the naked mole rat.[23] A draft genome was made available in 2011.[24][25][26] Further transcriptome sequencing revealed genes related to mitochondria and oxidation reduction processes to have high levels in the naked mole-rat when compared to mice, which may contribute to the longevity of the naked mole-rat.[27]

Resistance to cancer

Naked mole rats appear to have a high resistance to tumours; cancer has never been observed in them.[19] A potential mechanism that averts cancer is an "over-crowding" gene, p16, which prevents cell division once individual cells come into contact (known as "contact inhibition"). The cells of most mammals, including naked mole rats, undergo contact inhibition via the gene p27 which prevents cellular reproduction at a much higher cell density than p16 does. The combination of p16 and p27 in naked mole rat cells is a double barrier to uncontrolled cell proliferation, one of the hallmarks of cancer.[28]

On June 19, 2013, scientists reported that the reason why "cancer proof" laboratory animals, such as naked mole rats, do not get cancer may be because they produce an "extremely high-molecular-mass hyaluronan" (HMW-HA) (a natural sugary substance), which is over "five times larger" than that in cancer-prone humans and cancer-susceptible laboratory animals.[29][30][31][32]

Blind mole rats Spalax golani and Spalax judaei also appear to be immune to cancer but by a different mechanism.[33]

Conservation status

Naked mole rats are not threatened. They are widespread and numerous in the drier regions of East Africa.[34]

Popular culture

One of the four subjects of Errol Morris' documentary Fast, Cheap & Out of Control is an expert on mole rats.

References

  1. ^ Template:IUCN2008
  2. ^ a b Woods, C.A.; Kilpatrick, C.W. (2005). "Infraorder Hystricognathi". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 1542. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ O'Riain, M.J.; Faulkes, C. G. (2008). "African mole rats: eusociality, relatedness and ecological constraints. In J. Korb and J. Heinze (eds.), Ecology of Social Evolution, 207-223".
  4. ^ "Naked Mole Rat Genome May Hold Key to Long Life | Human Health & Longevity | Cancer Resistance & Naked Mole Rat". LiveScience. 2011-10-12. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  5. ^ animals[dead link]
  6. ^ Daly T.J.M., Williams L.A., Buffenstein R.; et al. (1997). "Catecholaminergic innervation of interscapular brown adipose tissue in the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber)". Journal of Anatomy. 190: 321–326. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.1997.19030321.x. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Park, Thomas J. (2008). "Selective Inflammatory Pain Insensitivity in the African Naked Mole-Rat (Heterocephalus glaber)". PLoS Biology. 6 (1): e13. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060013. PMC 2214810. PMID 18232734. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  8. ^ St John Smith, E; Blass, GR; Lewin, GR; Park, TJ (2010). "Absence of histamine-induced itch in the African naked mole-rat and "rescue" by Substance P." Molecular pain. 6 (1): 29. doi:10.1186/1744-8069-6-29. PMC 2886013. PMID 20497578.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  9. ^ Sherman, Paul W. (1991). The Biology of the naked mole-rat. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691024480. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ a b c d Dawkins, Richard (2006) [1976]. The Selfish Gene (30th anniversary ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-286092-5.
  11. ^ Jarvis, Jennifer (1981). "Eusociality in a Mammal: Cooperative Breeding in Naked Mole-Rat Colonies". Science. 212 (4494): 571–573. JSTOR 1686202. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. ^ "San Diego's Animals. Mammals: Naked Mole-rat". Sandiegozoo.org. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  13. ^ Counting mole-rat mammaries and hungry pups, biologists explain why naked rodents break the rules, Roger Segelken, Cornell News, August 9, 1999
  14. ^ Ross Piper (2007). Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33922-8.
  15. ^ Rebecca Morelle (May 5, 2010). "Meet the 'sabre-toothed sausage'". BBC News.
  16. ^ The Naked Truth About Mole-Rats, Jill Locantore, Smithsonian Zoogoer, May/June 2002
  17. ^ "Naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber) longevity, ageing, and life history". Retrieved 2013-11-07.
  18. ^ Buffenstein R, Jarvis JU (2002). "The naked mole rat—a new record for the oldest living rodent". Sci Aging Knowledge Environ. 2002 (21): pe7. doi:10.1126/sageke.2002.21.pe7. PMID 14602989. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  19. ^ a b Buffenstein R. (2008). "Negligible senescence in the longest living rodent, the naked mole-rat: insights from a successfully aging species". J Comp Physiol B. 178 (4): 439–45. doi:10.1007/s00360-007-0237-5. PMID 18180931.
  20. ^ Csiszar, A; Labinskyy, N; Orosz, Z; Xiangmin, Z; Buffenstein, R; Ungvari, Z (2007). "Vascular aging in the longest-living rodent, the naked mole rat". American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology. 293 (2): H919–27. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01287.2006. PMID 17468332.
  21. ^ "Ugly Duckling Mole Rats Might Hold Key To Longevity". Sciencedaily.com. 2007-10-16. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  22. ^ Viviana Perez, Rochelle Buffenstein, Venkata Masamsetti, Shanique Leonard, Adam Salmon, James Mele, Blazej Andziak, Ting Yang, Yael Edrey, Bertrand Friguet, Walter Ward, Arlan Richardson, Asish Chaudhuri. "Protein stability and resistance to oxidative stress are determinants of longevity in the longest-living rodent, the naked mole rat". (March 3, 2009). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences This reference requires further details
  23. ^ "Proposal to Sequence an Organism of Unique Interest for Research on Aging: Heterocephalus glaber, the Naked Mole-Rat". Genomics.senescence.info. Retrieved 2009-04-30.
  24. ^ "Naked Mole-Rat Database". Naked Mole-Rat Database 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
  25. ^ "Naked Mole-Rat Genome Resource". Naked Mole-Rat Genome Resource 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
  26. ^ Kim; et al. (2011). "Genome sequencing reveals insights into physiology and longevity of the naked mole rat". Nature. 2011 (21): 223–7. doi:10.1038/nature10533. PMID 21993625. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  27. ^ Yu C, Li Y, Holmes A, Szafranski K, Faulkes CG, Coen CW, Buffenstein R, Platzer M, de Magalhães JP, Church GM (2011). "RNA sequencing reveals differential expression of mitochondrial and oxidation reduction genes in the long-lived naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber) when compared to mice". PLoS ONE. 6: e26729. PMID 22073188.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ Seluanov A, Hine C, Azpurua J, Feigenson M, Bozzella M, Mao Z, Catania KC, Gorbunova V (2009). "Hypersensitivity to contact inhibition provides a clue to cancer resistance of naked mole-rat". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106 (46): 19352–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.0905252106. PMC 2780760. PMID 19858485.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ Zimmer, Carl (19 June 2013). "A Homely Rodent May Hold Cancer-Fighting Clues". New York Times. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  30. ^ "High-molecular-mass hyaluronan mediates the cancer resistance of the naked mole rat". Nature. 19 June 2013. doi:10.1038/nature12234. Retrieved 20 June 2013. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  31. ^ Callaway, E. (19 June 2013). "Simple molecule prevents mole rats from getting cancer". Nature. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  32. ^ Briggs, H. (19 June 2013). "Naked mole-rat gives cancer clues". BBC News. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  33. ^ Cormier, Zoe (November 5, 2012). "Blind mole rats may hold key to cancer". Nature. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
  34. ^ International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List: Heterocephalus Glaber listed as "least concern".

External links

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