Pseudogymnoascus destructans: Difference between revisions
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==History== |
==History== |
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In 2008, Blehart et al. described the fungus associated with white-nose syndrome as a member of the genus ''Geomyces''.<ref name=Blehert>{{cite journal |author=Blehert DS, Hicks AC, Behr M, ''et al.'' |title=Bat White-Nose Syndrome: An Emerging Fungal Pathogen? |journal=Science |volume= 323|issue= 5911|pages= 227|date=October 2008 |pmid=18974316 |doi=10.1126/science.1163874 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/1163874 |accessdate=2010-12-30}}</ref> In 2009, Gargas et al. were the first to describe the fungus as a unique species.<ref name="Gargas"/> The fungus was definitively identified as the cause of the syndrome in bats, according to research published in 2011 by scientists at the [[United States Geological Survey]].<ref name=Lorch_2011>{{cite journal|last=Lorch|first=Jeffrey M.|coauthors=Meteyer, Behr, Boyles, Cryan, Hicks, Ballman, Coleman, Redell, Reeder, Blehert|title=Experimental infection of bats with Geomyces destructans causes white-nose syndrome|journal=Nature|date=2011-10-26|volume=advanced online publication|doi=10.1038/nature10590}}</ref> It was previously unknown whether |
In 2008, Blehart et al. described the fungus associated with white-nose syndrome as a member of the genus ''Geomyces''.<ref name=Blehert>{{cite journal |author=Blehert DS, Hicks AC, Behr M, ''et al.'' |title=Bat White-Nose Syndrome: An Emerging Fungal Pathogen? |journal=Science |volume= 323|issue= 5911|pages= 227|date=October 2008 |pmid=18974316 |doi=10.1126/science.1163874 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/1163874 |accessdate=2010-12-30}}</ref> In 2009, Gargas et al. were the first to describe the fungus as a unique species.<ref name="Gargas"/> The fungus was definitively identified as the cause of the syndrome in bats, according to research published in 2011 by scientists at the [[United States Geological Survey]].<ref name=Lorch_2011>{{cite journal|last=Lorch|first=Jeffrey M.|coauthors=Meteyer, Behr, Boyles, Cryan, Hicks, Ballman, Coleman, Redell, Reeder, Blehert|title=Experimental infection of bats with Geomyces destructans causes white-nose syndrome|journal=Nature|date=2011-10-26|volume=advanced online publication|doi=10.1038/nature10590}}</ref> It was previously unknown whether this fungus was the primary cause of WNS or was an [[Opportunistic infection|opportunistic pathogen]] associated with the disease, though strong evidence suggested that the fungus was the [[Etiology#Medicine|etiologic agent]].<ref name=Chaturvedi>{{cite journal |author= Chaturvedi V, Springer DJ, Behr MJ, Ramani R, Li X, Peck MK, Ren P, Bopp DJ, Wood B, Samsonoff WA, Butchkoski CM, Hicks AC, Stone WB, Rudd RJ, Chaturvedi S |title = Morphological and Molecular Characterizations of Psychrophilic Fungus ''Geomyces destructans'' from New York Bats with White Nose Syndrome (WNS) |journal= PLoS ONE |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages= e10783 |date=May 2010 |url= http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0010783 |accessdate=2010-12-30 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0010783}}</ref><ref name=Puechmaille>{{cite journal| last= Puechmaille| first= Sébastien J.| coauthors= Verdeyroux, Pascal; Fuller, Hubert; Ar Gouilh, Meriadeg; Bekaert, Michaël; Teeling, Emma C.|date=February 2010| title= White-nose syndrome fungus (''Geomyces destructans'') in bat, France| journal= Emerging Infectious Diseases| volume= 16| issue= 2| publisher= Centers for Disease Control and Prevention| location= Atlanta| issn= 1080-6059| doi= 10.3201/eid1602.091391| url= http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/16/2/pdfs/09-1391.pdf| format = PDF| accessdate= 2010-12-30}}</ref> In 2013, phylogenetic analysis indicated that this fungus was more closely related to the genus ''Pseudogymnoascus'' than to the genus ''Geomyces'' changing its [[Binomial nomenclature| latin binomial]] to ''Pseudogymnoascus destructans''.<ref name="Minnis"/> |
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==Distribution== |
==Distribution== |
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The North American geographic distribution of ''P. destructans'' continues to increase every year since its initial introduction to New York State in 2006. Its [[http://www.whitenosesyndrome.org/resources/map| current distribution]] includes 24 states in the U.S. and at least 5 Canadian provinces. |
The North American geographic distribution of ''P. destructans'' continues to increase every year since its initial introduction to New York State in 2006. Its [[http://www.whitenosesyndrome.org/resources/map| current distribution]] includes 24 states in the U.S. and at least 5 Canadian provinces. ''Pseudogymnoascus destructans'' is believed to originate from Europe.<ref name="Minnis"/><ref name="Puechmaille_2"/> The current ''P. destructans'' European distribution includes [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Denmark]], [[Estonia]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Hungary]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Poland]], [[Romania]], [[Slovakia]], [[Switzerland]], [[Turkey]], [[Ukraine]] and the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="Puechmaille"/><ref name=Puechmaille_2>{{cite journal| last=Puechmaille| first=SJ| coauthors=Wibbelt G, Korn V, Fuller H, Forget F. et al.|title=Pan-European distribution of white-nose syndrome fungus (''Geomyces destructans'') not associated with mass mortality|journal=Plos One|date=2011|volume=6|issue=4|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0019167|accessdate=21 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Martinkova|first=N|coauthors=Backer P, Bartonicka T, Blazkova P, Cerveny J, et al|title=Increasing incidence of ''Geomyces destructans'' fungus in bats from Czech Republic and Slovakia|journal=Plos One| date=2010| volume=5|issue=11| doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0013853}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Wibbelt|first=G|coauthors=Kurth A, Hellmann D, Weishaar M, Barlow, et al|title=White-nose syndrome fungus (''Geomyces destructans'') in bats, Europe|journal=Emergin Infectious Diseases|date=2010|issue=16|pages=1237-1242}}</ref> |
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==Bat species affected by ''P. destructans''== |
==Bat species affected by ''P. destructans''== |
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In North America, ''Pseudogymnoascus destructans'' has been found to infect at least six species of bats, including the [[Little brown bat|little brown (''Myotis lucifugus'')]], the [[Northern long-eared myotis|northern long-eared (''Myotis septentrionalis'')]], the [[Big brown bat|big brown (''Eptesicus fuscus'')]], the [[Eastern Pipistrelle|tricolored (''Perimyotis subflavus'')]], the [[Eastern Small-footed Myotis|eastern small-footed (''Myotis leibii'')]], and the [[Indiana bat|Indiana bat (''Myotis sodalis'')]].<ref name="Gargas"/><ref name=Blehart_DS>{{cite journal| last= Blehart| first= DS | coauthors= Hicks AC, Behr M, ''et al.''|date=October 2008| title= Bat white-nose syndrome: an emerging fungal Pathogen?| journal= Science| volume= 323| issue=5911| doi= 10.1126/science.1163874}}</ref> ''Pseudogymnoascus destructans'' has been found on European bat species including [[Bechstein's bat|Bechstein's bat (''Myotis bechsteinii'')]], [[Lesser mouse-eared bat|Lesser mouse-eared bat (''Myotis blythii oxygnathus'')]], [[Brandt's bat| Brandt's bat (''Myotis brandtii'')]], [[Pond bat| pond bat (''Myotis dasycneme'')]], [[Daubenton's bat| Daubenton's bat (''Myotis daubentonii'')]], [[greater mouse-eared bat| Greater mouse-eared bat (''Myotis myotis'')]], [[Whiskered bat| whiskered bat (''Myotis mystacinus'')]] and [[Natterer's bat| Natterer's bat (''Myotis nattereri'')]], although large scale European bat related fatalities are not reported. |
In North America, ''Pseudogymnoascus destructans'' has been found to infect at least six species of bats, including the [[Little brown bat|little brown (''Myotis lucifugus'')]], the [[Northern long-eared myotis|northern long-eared (''Myotis septentrionalis'')]], the [[Big brown bat|big brown (''Eptesicus fuscus'')]], the [[Eastern Pipistrelle|tricolored (''Perimyotis subflavus'')]], the [[Eastern Small-footed Myotis|eastern small-footed (''Myotis leibii'')]], and the [[Indiana bat|Indiana bat (''Myotis sodalis'')]].<ref name="Gargas"/><ref name=Blehart_DS>{{cite journal| last= Blehart| first= DS | coauthors= Hicks AC, Behr M, ''et al.''|date=October 2008| title= Bat white-nose syndrome: an emerging fungal Pathogen?| journal= Science| volume= 323| issue=5911| doi= 10.1126/science.1163874}}</ref> ''Pseudogymnoascus destructans'' has been found on European bat species including [[Bechstein's bat|Bechstein's bat (''Myotis bechsteinii'')]], [[Lesser mouse-eared bat|Lesser mouse-eared bat (''Myotis blythii oxygnathus'')]], [[Brandt's bat| Brandt's bat (''Myotis brandtii'')]], [[Pond bat| pond bat (''Myotis dasycneme'')]], [[Daubenton's bat| Daubenton's bat (''Myotis daubentonii'')]], [[greater mouse-eared bat| Greater mouse-eared bat (''Myotis myotis'')]], [[Whiskered bat| whiskered bat (''Myotis mystacinus'')]] and [[Natterer's bat| Natterer's bat (''Myotis nattereri'')]], although large scale European bat related fatalities are not reported.<ref name="Puechmaille_2"/> |
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==Biology== |
==Biology== |
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Revision as of 18:45, 21 February 2014
| Pseudogymnoascus destructans | |
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| In white nose syndrome, Pseudogymnoascus destructans can be found growing on the muzzle, wing, and ear of bats, in this case, a little brown bat. | |
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| Species: | P. destrucans
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| Binomial name | |
| Pseudogymnoascus destructans Minnis & Lindner (2013)
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Pseudogymnoascus destructans (formerly known as Geomyces destructans) is a psychrophilic (cold-loving) fungus that causes white-nose syndrome (WNS), a fatal disease that has decimated bat populations in parts of the United States and Canada. Unlike other species of Geomyces, Pseudogymnoascus destructans forms asymmetrically curved conidia.[1] Pseudogymnoascus destructans grows very slowly on artificial media and cannot grow at temperatures above 20 °C.[1][2][3] It can grow around 4 °C to 20 °C, which encompasses the temperatures found in winter bat hibernacula.[1][2] Phylogenic evaluation has revealed this organism should be reclassified under the family Pseudeurotiaceae, changing its name to Pseudogymnoascus destructans.[4]
Regarding etymology, "destructans" means "destroying".[1]
History
In 2008, Blehart et al. described the fungus associated with white-nose syndrome as a member of the genus Geomyces.[5] In 2009, Gargas et al. were the first to describe the fungus as a unique species.[1] The fungus was definitively identified as the cause of the syndrome in bats, according to research published in 2011 by scientists at the United States Geological Survey.[6] It was previously unknown whether this fungus was the primary cause of WNS or was an opportunistic pathogen associated with the disease, though strong evidence suggested that the fungus was the etiologic agent.[2][7] In 2013, phylogenetic analysis indicated that this fungus was more closely related to the genus Pseudogymnoascus than to the genus Geomyces changing its latin binomial to Pseudogymnoascus destructans.[4]
Distribution
The North American geographic distribution of P. destructans continues to increase every year since its initial introduction to New York State in 2006. Its [current distribution] includes 24 states in the U.S. and at least 5 Canadian provinces. Pseudogymnoascus destructans is believed to originate from Europe.[4][8] The current P. destructans European distribution includes Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and the United Kingdom.[7][8][9][10]
Bat species affected by P. destructans
In North America, Pseudogymnoascus destructans has been found to infect at least six species of bats, including the little brown (Myotis lucifugus), the northern long-eared (Myotis septentrionalis), the big brown (Eptesicus fuscus), the tricolored (Perimyotis subflavus), the eastern small-footed (Myotis leibii), and the Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis).[1][11] Pseudogymnoascus destructans has been found on European bat species including Bechstein's bat (Myotis bechsteinii), Lesser mouse-eared bat (Myotis blythii oxygnathus), Brandt's bat (Myotis brandtii), pond bat (Myotis dasycneme), Daubenton's bat (Myotis daubentonii), Greater mouse-eared bat (Myotis myotis), whiskered bat (Myotis mystacinus) and Natterer's bat (Myotis nattereri), although large scale European bat related fatalities are not reported.[8]
Biology
Pseudogymnoascus destructans is a psycrophilic fungus, meaning that it can grow below 10°C with an optimal growth below 20°C. This fungus produces brown and grey colonies, secretes a brownish pigment and reproduces asexually via characteristically curved conidia when cultured on Sabaouraud dextrose agar.
Research has shown that P. destructans grows optimally between 12.5 to 15.8°C, with an upper growth limit of about 20°C.[3] The in vitro growth rate of P. destructans is reported to be very slow; however, several studies have shown that some P. destructans isolates have higher growth rates than previously published work. Pseudogymnoascus destructans grows as an opportunistic pathogen on bats, causing white-nose syndrome, but it can also persist saprotrophically on many cave substrates.
Enzymatic activity
Under laboratory conditions, P. destructans has been shown to produces numerous enzymes including β-glucosidase, esterase/esterase lipase/lipase, leucine and valine arylamidase, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, naphthol-AS-B1-phophohydrolase, both acid and alkaline phosphatases, various proteinase, and urease while testing negative for cystine arylamidase, α-chymotrypsin, alpha/beta-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase, α-fucosidase, and α-mannosidase and trypsin.[2] Important dual virulence factors found in P. destructans and many other pathogenic fungi include urease, proteinase (aspartyll) and superoxide dismutase.[12][13]
Environmental substrates
Pseudogymnoascus destructans grows as an opportunistic pathogen on many species of bats and as an environmental saprotroph within the cave environment. Pseudogymnoascus destructans can grow and sporulated (reproduce asexually via conidiation) on keratinaceous, [chitin|chitinaceous]], cellulosic, and lipid/protein rich substrates including dead fish, mushroom fruit bodies and dead insects. Research has also shown that P. destructans will likely inhabit fresh guano deposits but rather than old guano deposits and that P. destructans can penetrate senescing plant cells.[13] It has been shown that P. destructans can tolerant elevated levels of environmental inhibitory sulfur compounds ( cysteine, sulfite, and sulfide), grow over a wide pH range (pH 5-11), tolerate elevated environmental levels of calcium; however, P. destructans was found to be intolerant to matric-induced water stress.
References
- ^ a b c d e f Gargas A, Trest MT, Christensen M, Volk TJ, Blehert DS (April–June 2009). "Geomyces destructans sp. nov. associated with bat white-nose syndrome" (PDF). Mycotaxon. 108: 147–154. doi:10.5248/108.147. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d Chaturvedi V, Springer DJ, Behr MJ, Ramani R, Li X, Peck MK, Ren P, Bopp DJ, Wood B, Samsonoff WA, Butchkoski CM, Hicks AC, Stone WB, Rudd RJ, Chaturvedi S (May 2010). "Morphological and Molecular Characterizations of Psychrophilic Fungus Geomyces destructans from New York Bats with White Nose Syndrome (WNS)". PLoS ONE. 5 (5): e10783. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010783. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b Verant ML, Boyles JG, Waldrop W, Wibbelt G, Blehart DS (September 2012). "Temperature-dependent growth of Geomyces destructans, the fungus that causes bat white-nose syndrome". Plos One. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046280.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c Minnis AM, Lindner DL (July 2013). "Phylogenetic evaluation of Geomyces and allies reveals no close relatives of Pseudogymnoascus destructans, comb. nov., in bat hibernacula of eastern North America". Fungal Biology. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2013.07.001.
- ^ Blehert DS, Hicks AC, Behr M; et al. (October 2008). "Bat White-Nose Syndrome: An Emerging Fungal Pathogen?". Science. 323 (5911): 227. doi:10.1126/science.1163874. PMID 18974316. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Lorch, Jeffrey M. (2011-10-26). "Experimental infection of bats with Geomyces destructans causes white-nose syndrome". Nature. advanced online publication. doi:10.1038/nature10590.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Puechmaille, Sébastien J. (February 2010). "White-nose syndrome fungus (Geomyces destructans) in bat, France" (PDF). Emerging Infectious Diseases. 16 (2). Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. doi:10.3201/eid1602.091391. ISSN 1080-6059. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Puechmaille, SJ (2011). "Pan-European distribution of white-nose syndrome fungus (Geomyces destructans) not associated with mass mortality". Plos One. 6 (4). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019167.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Martinkova, N (2010). "Increasing incidence of Geomyces destructans fungus in bats from Czech Republic and Slovakia". Plos One. 5 (11). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013853.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Wibbelt, G (2010). "White-nose syndrome fungus (Geomyces destructans) in bats, Europe". Emergin Infectious Diseases (16): 1237–1242.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Blehart, DS (October 2008). "Bat white-nose syndrome: an emerging fungal Pathogen?". Science. 323 (5911). doi:10.1126/science.1163874.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Casadevall, A (2003). "'Ready made' virulence and 'dual use' virulence factors in pathogenic environmental fungi-the Cryptococcus neoformans paradigm". Current Opinion in Microbiology (6): 332–337.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Schlesingers, SC (2013). "The alternative host hypothesis and potential virulence genes in Geomyces destructans". Bat Research News (54): 17–24.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)
External links
