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'''Porak''' or '''Axarbaxar''' is a [[stratovolcano]] located in the [[Vardenis]] volcanic ridge about {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=on}} SE of [[Lake Sevan]] at the border of [[Armenia]] and [[Azerbaijan]]. The [[volcanic field]] straddles the border, and [[lava flow]]s extend into both countries. The flanks of the volcano are dotted with 10 [[satellite cone]]s and fissure vents.
'''Porak''' or '''Axarbaxar''' ("gutted belly" in Azerbaijani<ref name="BubnovLebedev2014">{{cite journal|last1=Bubnov|first1=S. N.|last2=Lebedev|first2=V. A.|last3=Chernyshev|first3=I. V.|last4=Sagatelyan|first4=A. K.|last5=Dokuchaev|first5=A. Ya.|last6=Gol’tsman|first6=Yu. V.|last7=Oleinikova|first7=T. I.|last8=Griboedova|first8=I. G.|title=The potentially active Porak neovolcanic center (Lesser Caucasus, Armenia): The composition of lavas and melt sources|journal=Doklady Earth Sciences|volume=459|issue=1|year=2014|pages=1365–1370|issn=1028-334X|doi=10.1134/S1028334X14110014}}</ref>) is a [[stratovolcano]] located in the [[Vardenis]] volcanic ridge about {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=on}} SE of [[Lake Sevan]] at the border of [[Armenia]] and [[Azerbaijan]]. The [[volcanic field]] straddles the border, and [[lava flow]]s extend into both countries. The flanks of the volcano are dotted with 10 [[satellite cone]]s and fissure vents. Two long lava flows, one of which 21km long, stretch from the field north and northeastwards. There are thermal springs in the area, and the Middle Pleistocene Khonarassar volcano lies to the north of the Porak centre.<ref name="KarakhanianDjrbashian2002" /> The complex is built on partly sedimentary and partly volcanogenic Late Cretaceous and Eocene series with Paleogene intrusions.<ref name="BubnovLebedev2014" />

There are three stages of Holocene andesitic lava flows. Two lava flows overlying Sevan lake deposits and with thin soil cover form an early Holocene stage. The second stage forms lava flows entering Lake Alaghel and is devoid of a soil cover.<ref name="KarakhanianDjrbashian2002" /> The Porak volcano itself and the third stage has been dated 15 ± 15 ka by K-Ar dating.<ref name="BubnovLebedev2014" />

Several archeological sites (one of these dated by radiocarbon analysis on charcoal to be no younger than 3080±40 BP-3200±40 BP) are constructed on the two oldest Holocene stages but not on the most recent stage. One of the sites has walls ending on third-stage lava flows, suggesting that the walls were affected by historical volcanic activity. There is also evidence of strong earthquake activity 6640±90 BP and between 782 and 773 BC.

The famous Khorkhor inscription, in which [[Argishti I]] of [[Urartu]] records the conquest of the city of Behoura, mentions that during the siege the town was destroyed by an earthquake and eruption of "Mount Bamni". Historians consider it likely that Porak volcano is identical with Mount Bamni and Behoura with one of the archeological sites in the area.<ref name="KarakhanianDjrbashian2002" /> The location of Behoura and the identification of another inscription by Argishti's successor [[Sarduri II]] as evidence of another eruption of Porak are subject to controversy however.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Karakhanian|first1=A.|last2=Jrbashyan|first2=R.|last3=Trifonov|first3=V.|last4=Philip|first4=H.|last5=Arakelian|first5=S.|last6=Avagyan|first6=A.|last7=Baghdassaryan|first7=H.|last8=Davtian|first8=V.|title=Historical volcanoes of Armenia and adjacent areas: What is revisited?|journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research|volume=155|issue=3-4|year=2006|pages=338–345|issn=03770273|doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.04.008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Haroutiunian|first1=Rouben A.|title=The historical volcanoes of Armenia and adjacent areas revisited|journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research|volume=155|issue=3-4|year=2006|pages=334–337|issn=03770273|doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.04.005}}</ref> Older evidence of volcanic activity, including lacustrine deposits indicating short term disappearance of forests in the area before 6270BP, likely due to volcanic eruption induced forest fires, and petroglyphs dated about 5000BP portaying volcanic activity have also been found.<ref name="KarakhanianDjrbashian2002">{{cite journal|last1=Karakhanian|first1=A.|last2=Djrbashian|first2=R.|last3=Trifonov|first3=V.|last4=Philip|first4=H.|last5=Arakelian|first5=S.|last6=Avagian|first6=A.|title=Holocene-historical volcanism and active faults as natural risk factors for Armenia and adjacent countries|journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research|volume=113|issue=1-2|year=2002|pages=319–344|issn=03770273|doi=10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00264-5}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
* [http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0104-09- Global Volcanism Program: Porak]
* [http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0104-09- Global Volcanism Program: Porak]


Revision as of 10:17, 10 July 2015

Porak, Axarbaxar
A pyroclastic cone of the Porak volcanic field.
Highest point
Elevation2,800 m (9,200 ft)
Geography
Porak, Axarbaxar is located in Armenia
Porak, Axarbaxar
Porak, Axarbaxar
Location on Armenia–Azerbaijan border
LocationArmenia – Azerbaijan border
Parent rangeVardenis
Geology
Mountain typeStratovolcano
Last eruption778 BCE ± 5 years

Porak or Axarbaxar ("gutted belly" in Azerbaijani[1]) is a stratovolcano located in the Vardenis volcanic ridge about 20 km (12 mi) SE of Lake Sevan at the border of Armenia and Azerbaijan. The volcanic field straddles the border, and lava flows extend into both countries. The flanks of the volcano are dotted with 10 satellite cones and fissure vents. Two long lava flows, one of which 21km long, stretch from the field north and northeastwards. There are thermal springs in the area, and the Middle Pleistocene Khonarassar volcano lies to the north of the Porak centre.[2] The complex is built on partly sedimentary and partly volcanogenic Late Cretaceous and Eocene series with Paleogene intrusions.[1]

There are three stages of Holocene andesitic lava flows. Two lava flows overlying Sevan lake deposits and with thin soil cover form an early Holocene stage. The second stage forms lava flows entering Lake Alaghel and is devoid of a soil cover.[2] The Porak volcano itself and the third stage has been dated 15 ± 15 ka by K-Ar dating.[1]

Several archeological sites (one of these dated by radiocarbon analysis on charcoal to be no younger than 3080±40 BP-3200±40 BP) are constructed on the two oldest Holocene stages but not on the most recent stage. One of the sites has walls ending on third-stage lava flows, suggesting that the walls were affected by historical volcanic activity. There is also evidence of strong earthquake activity 6640±90 BP and between 782 and 773 BC.

The famous Khorkhor inscription, in which Argishti I of Urartu records the conquest of the city of Behoura, mentions that during the siege the town was destroyed by an earthquake and eruption of "Mount Bamni". Historians consider it likely that Porak volcano is identical with Mount Bamni and Behoura with one of the archeological sites in the area.[2] The location of Behoura and the identification of another inscription by Argishti's successor Sarduri II as evidence of another eruption of Porak are subject to controversy however.[3][4] Older evidence of volcanic activity, including lacustrine deposits indicating short term disappearance of forests in the area before 6270BP, likely due to volcanic eruption induced forest fires, and petroglyphs dated about 5000BP portaying volcanic activity have also been found.[2]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Bubnov, S. N.; Lebedev, V. A.; Chernyshev, I. V.; Sagatelyan, A. K.; Dokuchaev, A. Ya.; Gol’tsman, Yu. V.; Oleinikova, T. I.; Griboedova, I. G. (2014). "The potentially active Porak neovolcanic center (Lesser Caucasus, Armenia): The composition of lavas and melt sources". Doklady Earth Sciences. 459 (1): 1365–1370. doi:10.1134/S1028334X14110014. ISSN 1028-334X.
  2. ^ a b c d Karakhanian, A.; Djrbashian, R.; Trifonov, V.; Philip, H.; Arakelian, S.; Avagian, A. (2002). "Holocene-historical volcanism and active faults as natural risk factors for Armenia and adjacent countries". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 113 (1–2): 319–344. doi:10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00264-5. ISSN 0377-0273.
  3. ^ Karakhanian, A.; Jrbashyan, R.; Trifonov, V.; Philip, H.; Arakelian, S.; Avagyan, A.; Baghdassaryan, H.; Davtian, V. (2006). "Historical volcanoes of Armenia and adjacent areas: What is revisited?". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 155 (3–4): 338–345. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.04.008. ISSN 0377-0273.
  4. ^ Haroutiunian, Rouben A. (2006). "The historical volcanoes of Armenia and adjacent areas revisited". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 155 (3–4): 334–337. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.04.005. ISSN 0377-0273.
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