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{{pp-pc1|expiry=03:14, 17 August 2017|small=yes}}
{{About||the plant genus|Nicotiana|the American electronic musician|Tobacco (musician)}}
{{distinguish|Tabacco}}
{{Infobox botanical product
| product = Tobacco
| image = [[File:DunhillLightFlake.jpg|200px|Tobacco can also be pressed into plugs and sliced into flakes.]]
| caption = Tobacco can also be pressed into plugs and sliced into flakes.
| plant = ''[[Nicotiana]]''
| part = [[leaf]]
| origin = [[South America]]
| active = [[Nicotine]], [[harmine]]
| uses = [[Recreational drug use|Recreational]]
| producers =
| consumers =
| wholesale =
| retail =
| legal_AU = Unscheduled
| legal_CA = Unscheduled
| legal_UK = Unscheduled
| legal_US = 18+ only
| legal_UN = Unscheduled
| legal_EU = Unscheduled
| legal_status = see [[tobacco control]]
}}


its bad
[[File:MyrtlefordVicTobaccoDryingHut.JPG| thumb |A historic kiln in [[Myrtleford, Victoria]], Australia]]
[[File:basma-tobacco-drying.jpg| thumb |[[Basma]] tobacco leaves drying in the sun at [[Pomak]] village in [[Xanthi, Greece]]]]

'''Tobacco''' is a product prepared from the leaves of the tobacco plant by [[curing of tobacco|curing]] them. The plant is part of the genus ''[[Nicotiana]]'' and of the [[Solanaceae]] (nightshade) family. While [[Nicotiana#Species|more than 70 species]] of tobacco are known, the chief commercial crop is [[Nicotiana tabacum|''N. tabacum'']]. The more potent variant [[Nicotiana rustica|''N. rustica'']] is also used around the world.

Tobacco contains the [[alkaloid]] [[nicotine]], which is a [[stimulant]]. Dried tobacco leaves are mainly used for [[Tobacco smoking|smoking]] in [[cigarette]]s, [[cigar]]s, [[pipe smoking|pipe tobacco]], and flavored [[Mu'assel|shisha tobacco]]. They can be also consumed as [[Snuff (tobacco)|snuff]], [[chewing tobacco]], [[dipping tobacco]] and [[snus]].

Tobacco use is a risk factor for many diseases, especially those affecting the [[heart]], [[liver]], and [[lungs]], as well as [[Health effects of tobacco#Cancer|many cancers]]. In 2008, the [[World Health Organization]] named tobacco as the world's single greatest cause of preventable death.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/mpower_report_forward_summary_2008.pdf|title=WHO Report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2008 (foreword and summary)|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|year=2008|format=PDF|page=8|quote=Tobacco is the single most preventable cause of death in the world today.}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The English word "''tobacco''" originates from the Spanish and Portuguese word "{{not a typo|''tabaco''}}". The precise origin of this word is disputed, but it is generally thought to have derived at least in part, from [[Taíno language|Taino]], the [[Arawakan]] language of the [[Caribbean]]. In Taino, it was said to mean either a roll of tobacco leaves (according to [[Bartolomé de las Casas]], 1552) or to ''tabago'', a kind of Y-shaped pipe used for sniffing tobacco smoke (according to Oviedo; with the leaves themselves being referred to as ''cohiba'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wais.stanford.edu/Cuba/cuba_ColumbusDiscoversCuba(110503).html|title=World Association of International Studies, Stanford University}}</ref><ref name="Ernst">{{cite journal|last1=Ernst|first1=A.|title=On the etymology of the word tobacco|journal=The American Anthropologist|date=1889|volume=A2|issue=2|pages=133–142|doi=10.1525/aa.1889.2.2.02a00020|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/aa.1889.2.2.02a00020/pdf}}</ref>

However, (and perhaps merely coicidentally) similar words in Spanish, Portuguese and Italian were used from 1410 to define medicinal [[herb]]s believed to have originated from the Arabic {{lang|ar|طُبّاق}} ''ṭubbāq'' (also {{lang|ar|طُباق}} ''ṭubāq''), a word reportedly dating to the 9th century, as a name for various herbs.<ref>[http://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=h660,ll=1916,ls=5,la=2636,sg=645,ha=438,pr=97,vi=240,mgf=549,mr=381,mn=839,aan=360,kz=1457,ulq=1133,uqa=265,uqw=990,umr=652,ums=546,umj=489,uqq=210,bdw=549,amr=392,asb=593,auh=947,dhq=338,mht=549,msb=147,tla=68,amj=481,ens=1,mis=1311 Lane's Lexicon]. page 1879.</ref><ref>The word ''ṭubāq'' no longer refers to various herbs, but has come to refer, in some dialects, specifically to tobacco. ''See'' [http://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=660,ll=h1913,ls=h5,la=h2636,sg=h645,ha=h438,pr=h97,vi=h240,mgf=h549,mr=h381,mn=h839,aan=h360,kz=h1457,ulq=h1133,uqa=h265,uqw=h990,umr=h652,ums=h546,umj=h489,uqq=h210,bdw=550,amr=392,asb=593,auh=947,dhq=338,mht=549,msb=147,tla=68,amj=481,ens=1,mis=1311 Hans Wehr's Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic]. page 647.</ref>

==History==
{{Main article|History of tobacco}}
{{See also|History of commercial tobacco in the United States}}
[[File:William Michael Harnett (American, 1848-1892). Still Life with Three Castles Tobacco, 1880.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[William Michael Harnett]] (American, 1848-1892), ''Still Life with Three Castles Tobacco'', 1880, [[Brooklyn Museum]]]]

===Traditional use===
[[File:Chute tobacco.JPG|thumb|The earliest depiction of a European man smoking, from ''Tabacco'' by [[Anthony Chute]], 1595]]
Tobacco has long been used in the Americas, with some cultivation sites in Mexico dating back to 1400–1000 BC.<ref>Goodman, Jordan. ''Tobacco in History and Culture: An Encyclopedia'' (Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2005).</ref> Many Native American tribes have traditionally grown and used tobacco. Eastern North American tribes have historically carried tobacco in pouches as a readily accepted trade item, as well as smoking it, both socially and [[Ceremonial pipe|ceremonially]], such as to seal a peace treaty or trade agreement.<ref>e.g. Heckewelder, ''History, Manners and Customs of the Indian Nations who Once Inhabited Pennsylvania'', p. 149 ff.</ref><ref>"They smoke with excessive eagerness&nbsp;... men, women, girls and boys, all find their keenest pleasure in this way." - Dièreville describing the [[Mi'kmaq people|Mi'kmaq]], ''circa'' 1699 in ''Port Royal''.</ref> Traditionally, tobacco is seen as a gift from the [[Creator deity|Creator]], with the ceremonial tobacco smoke carrying one's thoughts and prayers to the Creator.<ref>Jack Jacob Gottsegen, ''Tobacco: A Study of Its Consumption in the United States'', 1940, p. 107.</ref>

===Popularization===
[[File:A Smoking Club.jpeg|thumb|An illustration from [[Frederick William Fairholt]]'s ''Tobacco, its History and Association'', 1859]]
[[File:KITLV - 26868 - Kleingrothe, C.J. - Medan - Tobacco plant and tobacco leaf, Deli - circa 1905.tif|thumb|Tobacco plant and tobacco leaf from the [[Deli Company|Deli plantations]] in Sumatra, 1905]]
Following the arrival of the Europeans, tobacco became increasingly popular as a trade item. [[Hernández de Boncalo]], Spanish chronicler of the Indies, was the first European to bring tobacco seeds to the [[Old World]] in 1559 following orders of King [[Philip II of Spain]]. These seeds were planted in the outskirts of [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], more specifically in an area known as "Los Cigarrales" named after the continuous plagues of cicadas (''cigarras'' in Spanish). Before the development of lighter Virginia and white burley strains of tobacco, the smoke was too harsh to be inhaled. Small quantities were smoked at a time, using a pipe like the ''[[midwakh]]'' or ''[[kiseru]]'' or smoking newly invented waterpipes such as the [[bong]] or the [[hookah]] (see [[Nicotiana rustica#Thuốc lào|thuốc lào]] for a modern continuance of this practice).

Tobacco smoking, chewing, and snuffing became a major industry in Europe and its colonies by 1700.<ref>Eric Burns, ''The Smoke of the Gods: A Social History of Tobacco'' (2006), A popular history focused on the US.</ref><ref>Jordan Goodman, ''Tobacco in History: The Cultures of Dependence'' (1993), A scholarly history worldwide.</ref>

Tobacco has been a major [[cash crop]] in Cuba and in other parts of the Caribbean since the 18th century. Cuban cigars are world-famous.<ref>Charlotte Cosner, ''The Golden Leaf: How Tobacco Shaped Cuba and the Atlantic World'' (Vanderbilt University Press; 2015)</ref>

In the late 19th century, cigarettes became popular. [[James Bonsack]] created a machine that automated cigarette production. This increase in production allowed tremendous growth in the [[tobacco industry]] until the health revelations of the late-20th century.<ref>Richard Kluger, ''Ashes to Ashes: America's Hundred-Year Cigarette War'' (1996)</ref><ref>Allan Brandt, ''The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product That Defined America'' (2007)</ref>

===Contemporary===
{{See also|Tobacco control|Tobacco in the United States}}
Following the scientific revelations of the mid-20th century, tobacco became condemned as a health hazard, and eventually became encompassed as a cause for cancer, as well as other respiratory and circulatory diseases. In the United States, this led to the [[Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement]], which settled the lawsuit in exchange for a combination of yearly payments to the states and voluntary restrictions on advertising and marketing of tobacco products.

In the 1970s, [[Brown & Williamson]] cross-bred a strain of tobacco to produce [[Y1 (tobacco)|Y1]]. This strain of tobacco contained an unusually high amount of nicotine, nearly doubling its content from 3.2-3.5% to 6.5%. In the 1990s, this prompted the [[Food and Drug Administration]] to use this strain as evidence that [[tobacco industry|tobacco companies]] were intentionally manipulating the nicotine content of [[cigarette]]s.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

In 2003, in response to growth of tobacco use in developing countries, the World Health Organization<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/fctc/en/index.html|title=WHO &#124; WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC)|publisher=Who.int|date=|accessdate=2008-09-18}}</ref> successfully rallied 168 countries to sign the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. The convention is designed to push for effective legislation and its enforcement in all countries to reduce the harmful effects of tobacco. This led to the development of tobacco cessation products.

==Biology==

===''Nicotiana''===
{{Main article|Nicotiana}}
{{See also|List of tobacco diseases}}
[[File:Nicotine-2D-skeletal.png|thumb|[[Nicotine]] is the compound responsible for the addictive nature of tobacco use.]]
[[File:Native American tobacco flower.jpg|thumb|upright|Tobacco (''[[Nicotiana rustica]]'') flower, leaves, and buds]]
Many species of tobacco are in the genus of herbs ''Nicotiana''. It is part of the nightshade [[family (biology)|family]] ([[Solanaceae]]) indigenous to [[North America|North]] and [[South America]], [[Australia]], south west [[Africa]], and the [[Oceania|South Pacific]].

Many plants contain [[nicotine]], a powerful [[neurotoxin]] to [[insect]]s. However, tobaccos contain a higher concentration of nicotine than most other plants. Unlike many other Solanaceae species, they do not contain [[tropane alkaloid]]s, which are often poisonous to humans and other animals.

Despite containing enough nicotine and other compounds such as [[germacrene]] and [[anabasine]] and other [[piperidine]] alkaloids (varying between species) to deter most [[herbivore]]s,<ref>{{cite book |last=Panter |first=KE |last2=Keeler |first2=RF |last3=Bunch |first3=TD |last4=Callan |first4=RJ |year=1990 |title=Congenital skeletal malformations and cleft palate induced in goats by ingestion of Lupinus, Conium and Nicotiana species |website=PubMed |pages=1377–1385 |volume=28 |issue=12 |pmid=2089736}}</ref> a number of such animals have [[evolution|evolve]]d the ability to feed on ''Nicotiana'' species without being harmed. Nonetheless, tobacco is unpalatable to many species, and accordingly some tobacco plants (chiefly ''N. glauca'') have become established as [[invasive weed]]s in some places.

===Types===
{{Main article|Types of tobacco}}

The types of tobacco include:

* [[Types of tobacco#Aromatic Fire-cured|Aromatic fire-cured]] is cured by smoke from open fires. In the United States, it is grown in northern middle Tennessee, central Kentucky, and [[Virginia]]. Fire-cured tobacco grown in [[Kentucky]] and [[Tennessee]] is used in some chewing tobaccos, moist snuff, some cigarettes, and as a condiment in pipe tobacco blends. Another fire-cured tobacco is [[Latakia (tobacco)|Latakia]], which is produced from oriental varieties of ''N. tabacum''. The leaves are cured and smoked over smoldering fires of local hardwoods and aromatic shrubs in [[Cyprus]] and [[Syria]].
* [[Types of tobacco#Brightleaf tobacco|Brightleaf tobacco]] is commonly known as "Virginia tobacco", often regardless of the state where it is planted. Prior to the [[American Civil War]], most tobacco grown in the US was fire-cured dark-leaf. Sometime after the [[War of 1812]], demand for a milder, lighter, more aromatic tobacco arose. [[Ohio]], [[Pennsylvania]] and [[Maryland]] all innovated with milder varieties of the tobacco plant. Farmers discovered that Bright leaf tobacco needs thin, starved soil, and those who could not grow other crops found that they could grow tobacco. Confederate soldiers traded it with each other and Union soldiers, and developed quite a taste for it. At the end of the war, the soldiers went home and a national market had developed for the local crop.
* [[Burley (tobacco)|Burley tobacco]] is an air-cured tobacco used primarily for [[cigarette]] production. In the U.S., burley tobacco plants are started from pelletized seeds placed in polystyrene trays floated on a bed of fertilized water in March or April.
* [[Cavendish tobacco|Cavendish]] is more a process of curing and a method of cutting tobacco than a type. The processing and the cut are used to bring out the natural sweet taste in the tobacco. Cavendish can be produced from any tobacco type, but is usually one of, or a blend of Kentucky, Virginia, and burley, and is most commonly used for pipe tobacco and cigars.
* [[Criollo tobacco]] is primarily used in the making of [[cigar]]s. It was, by most accounts, one of the original [[Cuba]]n tobaccos that emerged around the time of [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]].
* [[Dokha]] is a tobacco originally grown in [[Iran]], mixed with leaves, bark, and herbs for smoking in a ''[[midwakh]]''.
* [[Turkish tobacco]] is a sun-cured, highly aromatic, small-leafed variety (''[[Nicotiana tabacum]]'') grown in [[Turkey]], [[Greece]], [[Bulgaria]], and [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]]. Originally grown in regions historically part of the [[Ottoman Empire]], it is also known as "oriental". Many of the early brands of cigarettes were made mostly or entirely of Turkish tobacco; today, its main use is in blends of pipe and especially cigarette tobacco (a typical American cigarette is a blend of bright Virginia, burley, and Turkish).
* [[Perique]] was developed in 1824 through the technique of pressure-fermentation of local tobacco by a farmer, Pierre Chenet. Considered the [[truffle]] of [[smoking pipe (tobacco)|pipe]] tobaccos, it is used as a component in many blended pipe tobaccos, but is too strong to be smoked pure. At one time, the freshly moist Perique was also chewed, but none is now sold for this purpose. It is typically blended with pure Virginia to lend spice, strength, and coolness to the blend.
* [[Types of tobacco#Shade tobacco|Shade tobacco]] is cultivated in [[Connecticut]] and [[Massachusetts]]. Early Connecticut [[colonist]]s acquired from the Native Americans the habit of smoking tobacco in pipes, and began cultivating the plant commercially, though the [[Puritans]] referred to it as the "evil weed". The [[Connecticut shade tobacco|Connecticut shade]] industry has weathered some major [[Disaster|catastrophes]], including a devastating [[hail]]storm in 1929, and an epidemic of brown spot fungus in 2000, but is now in danger of disappearing altogether, given the increase in the value of land.
* [[Types of tobacco#White Burley|White burley]] air-cured leaf was found to be more mild than other types of tobacco. In 1865, George Webb of [[Brown County, Ohio]] planted red [[Burley (tobacco)|burley]] seeds he had purchased, and found a few of the seedlings had a whitish, sickly look, which became white burley.
* [[Types of tobacco#Wild Tobacco|Wild tobacco]] is native to the southwestern United States, [[Mexico]], and parts of [[South America]]. Its botanical name is ''Nicotiana rustica''.
* [[Y1 (tobacco)|Y1]] is a strain of tobacco [[cross-breeding|cross-bred]] by [[Brown & Williamson]] in the 1970s to obtain an unusually high [[nicotine]] content. In the 1990s, the United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] used it as evidence that [[tobacco industry|tobacco companies]] were intentionally manipulating the nicotine content of [[cigarette]]s.<ref name="pbs">{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/settlement/interviews/kessler.html|title=Inside the Tobacco Deal - interview with David Kessler|publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]|year=2008|accessdate=2008-06-11}}</ref>

==Production==
{{Refimprove|date=May 2008}}

===Cultivation===
{{Main article|Cultivation of tobacco}}
[[File:Nicotiana Tobacco Plants 1909px.jpg|thumb|upright|Tobacco plants growing in a field in [[Intercourse, Pennsylvania|Intercourse]], [[Pennsylvania]].]]

Tobacco is cultivated similarly to other agricultural products. [[Seed]]s were at first quickly scattered onto the soil. However, young plants came under increasing attack from [[flea beetle]]s (''Epitrix cucumeris'' or ''E. pubescens''), which caused destruction of half the tobacco crops in United States in 1876. By 1890, successful experiments were conducted that placed the plant in a frame covered by thin cotton fabric. Today, tobacco is sown in [[cold frame]]s or hotbeds, as their [[germination]] is activated by light.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}

In the United States, tobacco is often fertilized with the mineral [[apatite]], which partially starves the plant of [[Biological role of nitrogen|nitrogen]], to produce a more desired flavor.

After the plants are about 8 in tall, they are transplanted into the fields. Farmers used to have to wait for rainy weather to plant. A hole is created in the tilled earth with a tobacco peg, either a curved wooden tool or deer antler. After making two holes to the right and left, the planter would move forward two feet, select plants from his/her bag, and repeat. Various mechanical tobacco planters like Bemis, New Idea Setter, and New Holland Transplanter were invented in the late 19th and 20th centuries to automate the process: making the hole, watering it, guiding the plant in — all in one motion.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}

Tobacco is cultivated annually, and can be [[harvest]]ed in several ways. In the oldest method still used today, the entire plant is harvested at once by cutting off the stalk at the ground with a tobacco knife. It is then speared onto sticks, four to six plants a stick and hung in a curing barn. In the 19th century, bright tobacco began to be harvested by pulling individual leaves off the stalk as they ripened. The leaves ripen from the ground upwards, so a field of tobacco harvested in this manner involves the serial harvest of a number of "primings", beginning with the [[volado]] leaves near the ground, working to the [[seco (tobacco)|seco]] leaves in the middle of the plant, and finishing with the potent [[ligero]] leaves at the top. Before this, the crop must be topped when the pink flowers develop. Topping always refers to the removal of the tobacco flower before the leaves are systematically removed, and eventually, entirely harvested. As the industrial revolution took hold, harvesting wagons used to transport leaves were equipped with man-powered stringers, an apparatus that used twine to attach leaves to a pole. In modern times, large fields are harvested mechanically, although topping the flower and in some cases the plucking of immature leaves is still done by hand. Most tobacco in the U.S. is grown in North Carolina, Kentucky, and Virginia.<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/research/factsheets/pdf/0125.pdf | title = Tobacco-growing states in the USA|publisher = Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids}}</ref>

===Curing===
{{Main article|Curing of tobacco}}
[[File:Tobacco barn.JPG|thumb|Tobacco barn in [[Simsbury, Connecticut]] used for air curing of shade tobacco]]
[[File:Tobacco drying iran.jpg|thumb|Sun-cured tobacco, [[Bastam]], [[Iran]]]]

Curing and subsequent aging allow for the slow [[oxidation]] and degradation of [[carotenoid]]s in tobacco leaf. This produces certain compounds in the tobacco leaves, and gives a sweet hay, [[tea]], [[rose oil]], or fruity aromatic flavor that contributes to the "smoothness" of the smoke. Starch is converted to sugar, which [[glycation|glycates]] protein, and is oxidized into [[advanced glycation endproduct]]s (AGEs), a [[caramelization]] process that also adds flavor. Inhalation of these AGEs in tobacco smoke contributes to [[atherosclerosis]] and [[cancer]].<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Cerami C, Founds H, Nicholl I, Mitsuhashi T, Giordano D, Vanpatten S, Lee A, Al-Abed Y, Vlassara H, Bucala R, Cerami A |title=Tobacco smoke is a source of toxic reactive glycation products|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=94|issue=25|year=1997|pages=13915–20|doi=10.1073/pnas.94.25.13915|pmid=9391127|pmc=28407}}</ref> Levels of AGEs are dependent on the curing method used.

Tobacco can be cured through several methods, including:

* '''[[Curing of tobacco#Air|Air-cured]]''' tobacco is hung in well-ventilated barns and allowed to dry over a period of four to eight weeks. Air-cured tobacco is low in sugar, which gives the tobacco smoke a light, mild flavor, and high in nicotine. Cigar and burley tobaccos are 'dark' air-cured.<ref>"tobacco curing." The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide. Abington: Helicon, 2010. Credo Reference. Web. 26 September 2012.</ref>
* '''[[Curing of tobacco#Fire|Fire-cured]]''' tobacco is hung in large barns where fires of hardwoods are kept on continuous or intermittent low smoulder, and takes between three days and ten weeks, depending on the process and the tobacco. Fire curing produces a tobacco low in sugar and high in nicotine. Pipe tobacco, chewing tobacco, and snuff are fire-cured.
* '''[[Curing of tobacco#Flue|Flue-cured]]''' tobacco was originally strung onto tobacco sticks, which were hung from tier-poles in curing barns (Aus: [[kiln]]s, also traditionally called 'oasts'). These barns have flues run from externally fed fire boxes, heat-curing the tobacco without exposing it to smoke, slowly raising the temperature over the course of the curing. The process generally takes about a week. This method produces cigarette tobacco that is high in sugar and has medium to high levels of nicotine. Most cigarettes incorporate flue-cured tobacco, which produces a milder, more inhalable smoke.
* '''[[Curing of tobacco#Sun|Sun-cured]]''' tobacco dries uncovered in the sun. This method is used in Turkey, Greece, and other Mediterranean countries to produce oriental tobacco. Sun-cured tobacco is low in sugar and nicotine and is used in cigarettes.

===Global production===

====Trends====
[[File:Preparando o tabaco em Balibó.jpg|thumb|Tobacco production in [[Portuguese Timor]] in the 1930s]]

Production of tobacco leaf increased by 40% between 1971, when 4.2 million tons of leaf were produced, and 1997, when 5.9 million tons of leaf were produced.<ref name="United Nations 2010">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. "Projection of tobacco production, consumption and trade for the year 2010." Rome, 2003.</ref> According to the Food and Agriculture organization of the UN, tobacco leaf production was expected to hit 7.1 million tons by 2010. This number is a bit lower than the record-high production of 1992, when 7.5 million tons of leaf were produced.<ref name="United Nations 2004">The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.''Higher World Tobacco use expected by 2010-growth rates slowing down." (Rome, 2004).</ref> The production growth was almost entirely due to increased productivity by developing nations, where production increased by 128%.<ref name="JhaChaloupka2000">{{cite book|editor1=Prabhat Jha|editor2=Frank J. Chaloupka|author1=Rowena Jacobs et al.|title=Tobacco Control in Developing Countries|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=UTO8AAAAIAAJ&dq=editions%3AH6kY58tESmYC&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=supply-side|year=2000|chapter=The Supply-Side Effects Of Tobacco Control Policies|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-263250-0|pages=311ff}}</ref> During that same time, production in developed countries actually decreased.<ref name="United Nations 2004"/> China's increase in tobacco production was the single biggest factor in the increase in world production. China's share of the world market increased from 17% in 1971 to 47% in 1997.<ref name="United Nations 2010"/> This growth can be partially explained by the existence of a high import tariff on foreign tobacco entering China. While this tariff has been reduced from 64% in 1999 to 10% in 2004,<ref>Hu T-W, Mao Z, et al. "China at the Crossroads: The Economics of Tobacco and Health". Tobacco Control. 2006;15:i37–i41.</ref> it still has led to local, Chinese cigarettes being preferred over foreign cigarettes because of their lower cost.

====Major producers====
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em"
! colspan=3|Top tobacco producers, 2012<ref>{{cite web|title=FAOSTAT|url=http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/download/Q/*/E|publisher=Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations|accessdate=19 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! Country
! Production ([[tonne]]s)
! <small>Note</small>
|-
| {{flag|China}}||align=right|3,200,000||
|-
| {{flag|India}}||align=right|875,000||F
|-
| {{flag|Brazil}}||align=right|810,550||
|-
| {{flag|United States}}||align=right|345,837||
|-
| {{flag|Indonesia}}||align=right|226,700||
|-
| {{flag|Malawi}}||align=right|151,150||
|-
| {{flag|Argentina}}||align=right|148,000||F
|-
| {{flag|Tanzania}}||align=right|120,000||
|-
| {{flag|Zimbabwe}}||align=right|115,000||F

|- style="background:#ccc;"
| {{noflag}}'''World'''||align=right| '''7,490,661.35'''||'''A'''
|-
|colspan=5 style="font-size:.7em"|No note = official figure, F = [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]] Estimate, A = Aggregate (may include official, semiofficial or estimates).
|}

Every year, about 6.7 million tons of tobacco are produced throughout the world. The top producers of tobacco are China (39.6%), India (8.3%), Brazil (7.0%) and the United States (4.6%).<ref>US Census Bureau-Foreign Trade Statistics, (Washington DC; 2005)</ref>

=====China=====
Around the peak of global tobacco production, 20 million rural Chinese households were producing tobacco on 2.1 million hectares of land.<ref name="ReferenceA">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. "Issues in the Global Tobacco Economy."</ref> While it is the major crop for millions of Chinese farmers, growing tobacco is not as profitable as cotton or sugarcane, because the Chinese government sets the market price. While this price is guaranteed, it is lower than the natural market price, because of the lack of market risk. To further control tobacco in their borders, China founded a [[State Tobacco Monopoly Administration]] (STMA) in 1982. The STMA controls tobacco production, marketing, imports, and exports, and contributes 12% to the nation's national income.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.cn/english/2005-10/03/content_74295.htm |title=People's Republic of China. "'&#39;State Tobacco Monopoly Administration'&#39; |publisher=Gov.cn |date=2005-09-15 |accessdate=2013-10-03}}</ref> As noted above, despite the income generated for the state by profits from state-owned tobacco companies and the taxes paid by companies and retailers, China's government has acted to reduce tobacco use.<ref>USC U.S.-China Institute, "Talking Points, February 3–17, 2010: http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=1992</ref>

=====India=====
[[India]]'s Tobacco Board is headquartered in [[Guntur]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tobaccoboard.com/ |title=Tobacco Board, Guntur |publisher=Tobaccoboard.com |date= |accessdate=2014-04-21}}</ref> India has 96,865 registered tobacco farmers<ref name="Shoba 2002">Shoba, John and Shailesh Vaite. Tobacco and Poverty: Observations from India and Bangladesh. Canada, 2002.</ref> and many more who are not registered. In 2010, 3,120 tobacco product manufacturing facilities were operating in all of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.anythingresearch.com/Tobacco-Product-Manufacturing.html|title=Tobacco Manufacturing in India}}</ref> Around 0.25% of India's cultivated land is used for tobacco production.<ref>3.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. "Issues in the Global Tobacco Economy."</ref>

Since 1947, the [[Indian government]] has supported growth in the tobacco industry. India has seven tobacco research centers, located in [[Tamil Nadu]], Andhra Pradesh, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Bihar]], [[Mysore]], [[West Bengal]], and [[Rajamundry]].<ref name="Shoba 2002"/> Rajahmundry houses the core research institute. The government has set up a Central Tobacco Promotion Council, which works to increase exports of Indian tobacco.

=====Brazil=====
In Brazil, around 135,000 family farmers cite tobacco production as their main economic activity.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Tobacco has never exceeded 0.7% of the country's total cultivated area.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite book|last1=International Tobacco Growers' Association|title=Tobacco farming: sustainable alternatives? Volume 2|date=n.d.|publisher=ITGA|location=East Sussex|isbn=1872854028|url=http://www.tobaccoleaf.org/UserFiles/file/Why_Grow_Tobacco/tobacco_farming.pdf}}</ref> In the southern regions of Brazil, Virginia, and Amarelinho, flue-cured tobacco, as well as burley and Galpão Comum air-cured tobacco, are produced. These types of tobacco are used for cigarettes. In the northeast, darker, air- and sun-cured tobacco is grown. These types of tobacco are used for cigars, twists, and dark cigarettes.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
Brazil's government has made attempts to reduce the production of tobacco, but has not had a successful systematic antitobacco farming initiative. Brazil's government, however, provides small loans for family farms, including those that grow tobacco, through the ''Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar''.<ref>High Level Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor. "Report from South America." 2006.</ref>

[[File:Tobacco field cuba1.jpg|thumb|Tobacco plantation, [[Pinar del Río]], [[Cuba]]]]

===Problems in production===

====Child labor====
The International Labour Office reported that the most child-laborers work in agriculture, which is one of the most hazardous types of work.<ref name="ReferenceC">ILO. International Hazard Datasheets on Occupations: Field Crop Worker</ref> The tobacco industry houses some of these working children. Use of children is widespread on farms in Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Malawi, and Zimbabwe.<ref>UNICEF, The State of the World's Children 1997 (Oxford, 1997); US Department of Agriculture By the Sweat and Toil of Children Volume II: The Use of Child Labor in US Agricultural Imports & Forced and Bonded Child Labor (Washington, 1995); ILO Bitter Harvest: Child Labour in Agriculture (Geneva, 1997); ILO Child Labour on Commercial Agriculture in Africa (Geneva 1997)</ref> While some of these children work with their families on small, family-owned farms, others work on large plantations.
In late 2009, reports were released by the London-based human-rights group [[Plan International]], claiming that child labor was common on Malawi (producer of 1.8% of the world's tobacco<ref name="United Nations 2010"/>) tobacco farms. The organization interviewed 44 teens, who worked full-time on farms during the 2007-8 growing season. The child-laborers complained of low pay and long hours, as well as physical and sexual abuse by their supervisors.<ref>Plan International. ''Malawi Child Tobacco Pickers' '50-a-day habit'' http://plan-international.org/about-plan/resources/media-centre/press-releases/malawi-child-tobacco-pickers-50-a-day-habit/?searchterm=tobacco</ref> They also reported suffering from [[Green tobacco sickness]], a form of nicotine poisoning. When wet leaves are handled, nicotine from the leaves gets absorbed in the skin and causes nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. Children were exposed to 50-cigarettes-worth of nicotine through direct contact with tobacco leaves. This level of nicotine in children can permanently alter brain structure and function.<ref name="ReferenceC"/>

====Economy====
[[File:MRO Cuba Harvest 01.jpg|thumb|Tobacco harvesting, [[Viñales Valley]], Cuba]]
Major tobacco companies have encouraged global tobacco production. [[Altria Group|Philip Morris]], [[British American Tobacco]], and [[Japan Tobacco]] each own or lease tobacco-manufacturing facilities in at least 50 countries and buy crude tobacco leaf from at least 12 more countries.<ref>"International Cigarette Manufacturers," Tobacco Reporter, March 2001</ref> This encouragement, along with government subsidies, has led to a glut in the tobacco market. This surplus has resulted in lower prices, which are devastating to small-scale tobacco farmers. According to the World Bank, between 1985 and 2000, the inflation-adjusted price of tobacco dropped 37%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Golden Leaf, Barren Harvest: The Costs of Tobacco Farming |url=http://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_330.pdf |author=The Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids|date=November 2001}}</ref> Tobacco is the most widely [[smuggling|smuggled]] legal product.<ref name=ICLJTU>{{cite news|title=Tobacco Underground|url=http://www.icij.org/project/tobacco-underground|accessdate=November 26, 2012|newspaper=The International Consortium of Investigative Journalists}}</ref>

====Environment====
Tobacco production requires the use of large amounts of [[pesticide]]s. Tobacco companies recommend up to 16 separate applications of pesticides just in the period between planting the seeds in greenhouses and transplanting the young plants to the field.<ref name="Taylor, Peter 1994">{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Peter|title=Smoke Ring: The Politics of Tobacco|publisher=Panos Briefing Paper|location=London|date=September 1994}}</ref> Pesticide use has been worsened by the desire to produce larger crops in less time because of the decreasing market value of tobacco. Pesticides often harm tobacco farmers because they are unaware of the health effects and the proper safety protocol for working with pesticides. These pesticides, as well as fertilizers, end up in the soil, waterways, and the food chain.<ref>{{cite book|title=FAO Yearbook, Production, Volume 48|year=1995}}</ref> Coupled with child labor, pesticides pose an even greater threat. Early exposure to pesticides may increase a child's lifelong cancer risk, as well as harm his or her nervous and immune systems.<ref>{{cite book|title=Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children|year=1995|publisher=National Academy Press|author=National Research Council}}</ref>

Tobacco crops extract nutrients (such as [[phosphorus]], [[nitrogen]], and [[potassium]]) from soil, decreasing its fertility.<ref name=wwf.panda>{{cite web|title=Tobacco Free Initiative: Environmental issues|url=http://www.who.int/tobacco/research/economics/rationale/environment/en/|author=World Health Organization}}</ref>

Furthermore, the wood used to cure tobacco in some places leads to deforestation. While some big tobacco producers such as China and the United States have access to petroleum, coal, and natural gas, which can be used as alternatives to wood, most developing countries still rely on wood in the curing process.<ref name="wwf.panda"/> Brazil alone uses the wood of 60 million trees per year for curing, packaging, and rolling cigarettes.<ref name="Taylor, Peter 1994"/>

===Research===
Several tobacco plants have been used as [[model organism]]s in [[genetics]]. [[Tobacco BY-2 cells]], derived from ''N. tabacum'' [[cultivar]] 'Bright Yellow-2', are among the most important research tools in plant [[cell biology|cytology]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Ganapathi TR |display-authors=etal | year = 2004 | title = Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) – A model system for tissue culture interventions and genetic engineering | url = http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/7722/1/IJBT%203(2)%20171-184.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Indian Journal of Biotechnology | volume = 3 | issue = | pages = 171–184 }}</ref> Tobacco has played a pioneering role in [[Callus (cell biology)|callus]] culture research and the elucidation of the mechanism by which [[kinetin]] works, laying the groundwork for modern agricultural [[biotechnology]]. The first genetically modified plant was produced in 1982, using ''[[Agrobacterium tumefaciens]]'' to create an antibiotic-resistant tobacco plant.<ref name=PNAS>{{cite journal | author = Fraley RT |display-authors=etal | year = 1983 | title = Expression of bacterial genes in plant cells | url = http://www.pnas.org/content/80/15/4803.full.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 80 | issue = | pages = 4803–4807 }}</ref> This research laid the groundwork for all genetically modified crops.<ref name=TransgenicScience>{{cite web|url=http://www.cottoncrc.org.au/communities/Cotton_Info/The_Science_behind_Transgenic_cotton |title=Science of Transgenic Cotton |publisher=Cottoncrc.org.au |date= |accessdate=2013-10-03}}</ref>

===Genetic modification===
Because of its importance as a research tool, transgenic tobacco was the first GM crop to be tested in field trials, in the United States and France in 1986; China became the first country in the world to approve commercial planting of a GM crop in 1993, which was tobacco.<ref name="James 1996">{{cite web|last=James|first=Clive|title=Global Review of the Field Testing and Commercialization of Transgenic Plants: 1986 to 1995|url=http://www.isaaa.org/kc/Publications/pdfs/isaaabriefs/Briefs%201.pdf|publisher=The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications|accessdate=17 July 2010|year=1996}}</ref>

====Field trials====
Many varieties of transgenic tobacco have been intensively tested in field trials. Agronomic traits such as resistance to pathogens (viruses, particularly to the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV); fungi; bacteria and nematodes); weed management via herbicide tolerance; resistance against insect pests; resistance to drought and cold; and production of useful products such as pharmaceuticals; and use of GM plants for bioremediation, have all been tested in over 400 field trials using tobacco.<ref name=GMOCompass>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/database/plants/304.tobacco.html |title=Tobacco |publisher=GMO Compass |date= |accessdate=2013-10-03}}</ref>

====Production====
Currently, only the US is producing GM tobacco.<ref name="James 1996" /><ref name=GMOCompass /> The Chinese virus-resistant tobacco was withdrawn from the market in China in 1997.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Conner AJ, Glare TR, Nap JP | date = Jan 2003 | title = The release of genetically modified crops into the environment. Part II. Overview of ecological risk assessment | url = | journal = Plant J. | volume = 33 | issue = 1| pages = 19–46 | pmid = 12943539 | doi=10.1046/j.0960-7412.2002.001607.x}}</ref>{{rp|3}} In the US, cigarettes made with GM tobacco with reduced nicotine content are available under the market name Quest.<ref name=GMOCompass />

==Consumption==
{{Further|Tobacco products}}

Tobacco is consumed in many forms and through a number of different methods. Some examples are:

* '''[[Beedi]]''' are thin, often flavoured cigarettes from India made of tobacco wrapped in a [[Diospyros melanoxylon|tendu]] leaf, and secured with coloured thread at one end.
* '''[[Chewing tobacco]]''' is the oldest way of consuming tobacco leaves. It is consumed orally, in two forms: through sweetened strands, or in a shredded form. When consuming the long, sweetened strands, the tobacco is lightly chewed and compacted into a ball. When consuming the shredded tobacco, small amounts are placed at the bottom lip, between the gum and the teeth, where it is gently compacted, thus it can often be called dipping tobacco. Both methods stimulate the salivary glands, which led to the development of the [[spittoon]].
* '''[[Cigar]]s''' are tightly rolled bundles of dried and fermented tobacco, which are ignited so their smoke may be drawn into the smokers' mouths.
* '''[[Cigarette]]s''' are a product consumed through inhalation of smoke and manufactured from cured and finely cut tobacco leaves and reconstituted tobacco, often combined with other additives, then rolled into a paper cylinder.
* '''[[Creamy snuff]]s''' are tobacco paste, consisting of tobacco, clove oil, glycerin, spearmint, menthol, and camphor, and sold in a toothpaste tube. It is marketed mainly to women in India, and is known by the brand names Ipco (made by Asha Industries), Denobac, Tona, and Ganesh. It is locally known as ''mishri'' in some parts of Maharashtra.
* '''[[Dipping tobacco]]s''' are a form of [[smokeless tobacco]]. Dip is occasionally referred to as "chew", and because of this, it is commonly confused with [[chewing tobacco]], which encompasses a wider range of products. A small clump of dip is 'pinched' out of the tin and placed between the lower or upper lip and gums. Some brands, as with snus, are portioned in small, porous pouches for less mess.
* '''[[Gutka]]''' is a preparation of crushed betel nut, tobacco, and sweet or savory flavorings. It is manufactured in India and exported to a few other countries. A mild stimulant, it is sold across India in small, individual-sized packets.
* '''[[Hookah]]''' is a single- or multistemmed (often glass-based) water pipe for smoking. Hookahs were first used in India and Persia;<ref>American Lung Association. February 2007 [http://www.lungusa2.org/embargo/slati/Trendalert_Waterpipes.pdf An Emerging Deadly Trend: Waterpipe Tobacco Use]</ref> the hookah has gained immense popularity, especially in the Middle East. A hookah operates by water filtration and indirect heat. It can be used for smoking herbal fruits or [[moassel]], a mixture of tobacco, flavouring, and [[honey]] or [[glycerin]].
* '''[[Kreteks]]''' are cigarettes made with a complex blend of tobacco, cloves, and a flavoring "sauce". It was first introduced in the 1880s in Kudus, Java, to deliver the medicinal [[eugenol]] of cloves to the lungs.
* '''[[Roll-your-own]]''', often called 'rollies' or 'roll-ups', are relatively popular in some European countries. These are prepared from loose tobacco, cigarette papers, and filters all bought separately. They are usually cheaper to make.
* '''[[Smoking pipe (tobacco)|Pipe smoking]]''' typically consists of a small chamber (the bowl) for the combustion of the tobacco to be smoked and a thin stem (shank) that ends in a mouthpiece (the bit). Shredded pieces of tobacco are placed into the chamber and ignited.
* '''[[Snuff (tobacco)|Snuff]]''' is a ground smokeless tobacco product, inhaled or "snuffed" through the nose. If referring specifically to the orally consumed moist snuff, see [[dipping tobacco]].
* '''[[Snus]]''' is a steam-cured moist powdered tobacco product that is not fermented, and induces minimal salivation. It is consumed by placing it (loose or in little pouches) against the upper gums for an extended period of time. It is somewhat similar to dipping tobacco but does not require spitting and is significantly lower in [[Tobacco-specific nitrosamines|TSNA]]s.
* '''[[Tobacco edibles]]''', often it the form of an infusion or a spice, have gained popularity in recent years.
* '''[[Tobacco products#Topical tobacco paste|Topical tobacco paste]]''' is sometimes used as a treatment for [[wasp]], [[hornet]], [[fire ant]], [[scorpion]], and [[bee sting]]s.<ref>[http://pubs.caes.uga.edu/caespubs/pubcd/c782-w.html Beverly Sparks, "Stinging and Biting Pests of People"] Extension Entomologist of the University of Georgia College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences Cooperative Extension Service.</ref> An amount equivalent to the contents of a cigarette is mashed in a cup with about a half a teaspoon of water to make a paste that is then applied to the affected area.
* '''[[Tobacco water]]''' is a traditional [[organic farming|organic]] [[insecticide]] used in domestic [[gardening]]. Tobacco dust can be used similarly. It is produced by boiling strong tobacco in water, or by steeping the tobacco in water for a longer period. When cooled, the mixture can be applied as a spray, or 'painted' on to the leaves of garden plants, where it kills insects. Tobacco is, however, banned from use as pesticide in certified organic production.{{by whom|date=February 2012}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omri.org/simple-gml-search/results?page=18 |title=Generic Materials Search &#124; Organic Materials Review Institute |publisher=Omri.org |date= |accessdate=2014-10-03}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20150723072126/http://www.omri.org/simple-gml-search/results?page=18 Archive]</ref>

==Impact==

===Social===
Smoking in public was, for a long time, reserved for men, and when done by women was sometimes associated with [[promiscuity]]; in Japan, during the [[Edo period]], prostitutes and their clients often approached one another under the guise of offering a smoke. The same was true in 19th-century Europe.<ref name="Screech-Smoke">Timon Screech, "Tobacco in Edo Period Japan" in ''Smoke'', pp. 92-99</ref>

Following the [[American Civil War]], the use of tobacco, primarily in cigars, became associated with [[masculinity]] and power. Today, tobacco is often rejected; this has spawned quitting associations and antismoking campaigns.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Durkin Sarah |author2=Brennan Emily |author3=Wakefield Melanie | year = 2012 | title = Mass media campaigns to promote smoking cessation among adults: an integrative review | url = | journal = Tobacco Control | volume = 21 | issue = 2| pages = 127–138 | doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050345}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Mullin Sandra | year = 2011 | title = Global anti-smoking campaigns urgently needed | url = | journal = The Lancet | volume = 378 | issue = 9795| pages = 970–971 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61058-1}}</ref> [[Bhutan]] is the only country in the world where tobacco sales are illegal.<ref>[http://www.slate.com/id/2112449/ The First Nonsmoking Nation], [[Slate (magazine)|Slate.com]]</ref>

===Demographic===
{{Main article|Prevalence of tobacco consumption}}

Research on tobacco use is limited mainly to smoking, which has been studied more extensively than any other form of consumption. An estimated 1.1&nbsp;billion people, and up to one-third of the adult population, use tobacco in some form.<ref name="Gilman26">Saner L. Gilman and Zhou Xun, "Introduction" in ''Smoke''; p. 26</ref> Smoking is more prevalent among men<ref name="HNPGuindonBoisclair13-16">"[[#HNPGuindonBoisclair|Guindon & Boisclair]]" 2004, pp. 13-16.</ref> (however, the gender gap declines with age),<ref>''[[#WomenTobaccoChallenges21st|Women and the Tobacco Epidemic: Challenges for the 21st Century]]'' 2001, pp.5-6.</ref><ref>''[[#2001SurgeonGeneralWomen|Surgeon General's Report — Women and Smoking]]'' 2001, p.47.</ref> the poor, and in transitional or [[developing countries]]<ref name="WHOTobaccoFactSheet">{{cite web|url=http://www.wpro.who.int/NR/exeres/978BE0FD-AE30-46C6-8F75-1F40AE7B57BC.htm|title=WHO/WPRO-Tobacco|accessdate=2009-01-01|year=2005 |publisher=World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific}}</ref>

Rates of smoking continue to rise in developing countries, but have leveled off or declined in [[developed countries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs339/en/ |title=Who Fact Sheet: Tobacco |publisher=Who.int |date=2013-07-26 |accessdate=2013-10-03}}</ref> Smoking rates in the United States have dropped by half from 1965 to 2006, falling from 42% to 20.8% in adults.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5644a2.htm#fig |title=Cigarette Smoking Among Adults - United States, 2006 |publisher=Cdc.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-10-03}}</ref> In the developing world, tobacco consumption is rising by 3.4% per year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wpro.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs_20020528/en/ |title=WHO/WPRO-Smoking Statistics |publisher=Wpro.who.int |date=2002-05-27 |accessdate=2014-04-21}}</ref>

===Harmful effects of tobacco and smoking===
{{Main article|Health effects of tobacco}}
{{See also|List of additives in cigarettes}}
Tobacco smoking poses a risk to health due to the inhalation of poisonous chemicals in tobacco smoke such as [[Carbon Monoxide]], [[Cyanide]], and [[Carcinogens]] which have been proven to cause heart and lung diseases and Cancer.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tobacco is the single greatest cause of preventable death globally.<ref name="isbn92-4-159628-7">{{cite book | author = World Health Organization | title = WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2008: The MPOWER Package | edition = | language = | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | year = 2008 | isbn = 92-4-159628-7 | url = http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/mpower_report_full_2008.pdf }}page 14</ref> The WHO estimates that tobacco caused 5.4 million deaths in 2004<ref name="WHO">{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_full.pdf |title=WHO global burden of disease report 2008 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-10-03}}</ref> and 100 million deaths over the course of the 20th century.<ref name=WHO2>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/entity/tobacco/mpower/mpower_report_prevalence_data_2008.pdf |title=WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-10-03}}</ref> Similarly, the United States [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] describe tobacco use as "the single most important preventable risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of premature death worldwide."<ref name="fn1">"[http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/quit_smoking/you_can_quit/nicotine.htm Nicotine: A Powerful Addiction]." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090226225821/http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/quit_smoking/you_can_quit/nicotine.htm Archive]</ref>

The harms caused by inhalation of poisonous chemicals such as [[Carbon Monoxide]] in tobacco smoke include diseases affecting the [[heart]] and [[lung]]s, with smoking being a major risk factor for [[myocardial infarction|heart attacks]], [[stroke]]s, [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], [[emphysema]], and [[cancer]] (particularly [[lung cancer]], [[Cancer of the larynx|cancers of the larynx and mouth]], and [[pancreatic cancers]]). Cancer is caused by inhaling carcinogenic substances present in tobacco smoke.

Inhaling secondhand tobacco smoke can cause lung cancer in nonsmoking adults. In the United States, about 3,000 adults die each year due to lung cancer from secondhand smoke exposure. Heart disease caused by secondhand smoke kills around 46,000 nonsmokers every year.<ref>[http://betobaccofree.hhs.gov/health-effects/secondhand-smoke/index.html Secondhand Smoke] by BeTobaccoFree.gov</ref>

The addictive alkaloid [[nicotine]] is a [[stimulant]], and popularly known as the most characteristic constituent of tobacco. Users may develop [[Physiological tolerance|tolerance]] and [[Chemical dependency|dependence]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tobaccofacts.org/tob_truth/soaddictive.html|title=Tobacco Facts - Why is Tobacco So Addictive?|publisher=Tobaccofacts.org|date=|accessdate=2008-09-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/SICD/PhilipMorris/pmorris.html|title=Philip Morris Information Sheet|publisher=Stanford.edu|date=|accessdate=2008-09-18 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080405204802/http://www.stanford.edu/group/SICD/PhilipMorris/pmorris.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2008-04-05}}</ref> Thousands of different substances in cigarette smoke, including [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]] (such as [[benzopyrene]]), [[formaldehyde]], [[cadmium]], [[nickel]], [[arsenic]], [[tobacco-specific nitrosamines]], and [[phenols]] contribute to the harmful effects of smoking.<ref name="tobaccocontrol.bmj.com">{{cite journal | author = Proctor Robert N | year = 2012 | title = The history of the discovery of the cigarette-lung cancer link: evidentiary traditions, corporate denial, global toll | url = http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/21/2/87.full.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Tobacco Control | volume = 21 | issue = | pages = 87–91 | doi = 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050338 | pmid=22345227}}</ref>

===Economic===
{{Expand section|discussion of the impact on the poor, taxation, and so forth|date=January 2009}}

"Much of the disease burden and premature mortality attributable to tobacco use disproportionately affect the poor", and of the 1.22 billion smokers, 1 billion of them live in developing or transitional economies.<ref name="WHOTobaccoFactSheet" />

Smoking of tobacco is practised worldwide by over one thousand million people. However, while smoking prevalence has declined in many developed countries, it remains high in others and is increasing among women and in developing countries. Between one-fifth and two-thirds of men in most populations smoke. Women's smoking rates vary more widely but rarely equal male rates.<ref name="greenfacts">{{cite web|title=Tobacco: Active and Passive Smoking|url=http://www.greenfacts.org/en/tobacco/2-tobacco-smoking/1-smoke-tobacco.htm|website=Greenfacts.org|accessdate=5 July 2016}}</ref>

In Indonesia, the lowest income group spends 15% of its total expenditures on tobacco. In Egypt, more than 10% of households' expenditure in low-income homes is on tobacco. The poorest 20% of households in Mexico spend 11% of their income on tobacco.<ref name="isbn92-4-159628-7 B">{{cite book | author = World Health Organization | title = WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2008: The MPOWER Package | edition = | language = | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | year = 2008 | isbn = 92-4-159628-7 | url = http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/mpower_report_full_2008.pdf }} page 20</ref>

===Advertising===
{{Main article|Tobacco advertising}}

Tobacco advertising of tobacco products by the tobacco industry is through a variety of media, including sponsorship, particularly of sporting events. It is now one of the most highly regulated forms of marketing. Some or all forms of tobacco advertising are banned in many countries.

{{Gallery
|title=
|footer=
|width=150
|lines=3
|File:Belomorkanalsav.jpg|[[Belomorkanal]] - Russian cigarettes
|File:Hans Rudi Erdt -Problem Cigarettes, 1912.jpg|Hans Rudi Erdt: ''Problem Cigarettes'', 1912
|File:FLI 117.jpg|French painted mural advertisement
|File:Fachgeschäft für Tabakwaren.JPG|Tobacco display in Munich
|File:MuradTurksfull1918Life.jpg|Advertisement for "Murad" Turkish cigarettes 1918
|File:EgyptianDeitiesLifeAd.jpg|Advertisement for "Egyptian Deities" cigarettes 1919
}}

===Cinema===
* ''[[Thank You for Smoking (film)|Thank You for Smoking]]''
* ''[[The Insider (film)|The Insider]]''

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
|title=
|footer=
|width=115
|lines=6
|File:Tobacco.jpg|Broadleaf tobacco inspected in [[Chatham, Virginia]]
|File:Tobacoo field poland1.jpg|Tobacco field in northern [[Poland]]
|File:Tobacco flowers poland1.jpg|Flowers of tobacco plant in northern Poland in September
|File:Tobacco Flowers.jpg|Tobacco flowers of tobacco plant in [[Rolesville, North Carolina]]
|File:Tabacco Field.jpg|Tobacco field in Rolesville, North Carolina
|File:H022; Growing Tobacco.jpeg|Tobacco grown in [[Havana]], [[Cuba]], ''circa'' 1921-1939
|Image:TobaccoField.JPG|Tobacco growing in the [[Philippines]]
}}

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

===Further reading===
* {{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/entity/tobacco/mpower/mpower_report_full_2008.pdf|format=PDF|title=WHO REPORT on the global TOBACCO epidemic|accessdate=2008-01-01|date=|year=2008 |work=|publisher=World Health Organization|location=|pages=|language=|doi=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|quote=|ref=WHO2008MPOWER}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_full.pdf|format=PDF|title=The Global Burden of Disease 2004 Update|accessdate=2008-01-01|date=|year=2008 |work=|publisher=World Health Organization|location=|pages=|language=|doi=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|quote=|ref=WHO2004GBD}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www1.worldbank.org/tobacco/pdf/Guindon-Past,%20current-%20whole.pdf|format=PDF|title=Past, current and future trends in tobacco use|accessdate=2008-01-02|author1=G. Emmanuel Guindon |author2=David Boisclair |date=|year=2003 |work=|publisher=The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank|location=Washington DC|pages=|language=|doi=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|quote=|ref=HNPGuindonBoisclair}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/tobacco/media/en/WomenMonograph.pdf|format=PDF|title=Women and the Tobacco Epidemic: Challenges for the 21st Century|accessdate=2009-01-02|authors=The World Health Organization, and the Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health|last=|first=|authorlink= |date=|year=2001 |work=|publisher=World Health Organization|location=|pages=|language=|doi=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|quote=|ref=WomenTobaccoChallenges21st}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/2001/|title=Surgeon General's Report — Women and Smoking|accessdate=2009-01-03|date=|year=2001 |work=|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|location=|pages=|language=|doi=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|quote=|ref=2001SurgeonGeneralWomen}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.ctsu.ox.ac.uk/~tobacco/SMK_All_PAGES.pdf|format=PDF|title=Mortality from Smoking in Developed Countries 1950-2000: indirect estimates from national vital statistics|accessdate=2009-01-03|author1=Richard Peto |author2=Alan D Lopez |author3=Jillian Boreham |author4=Michael Thun |date=|year=2006 |work=|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|pages=|language=|doi=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|quote=|ref=MortalityDevelopedOxford}}
* {{cite book|last=|first=|authorlink= |first1=Sander L.|last1=Gilman|first2=Xun|last2=Zhou|editor=|others=|title=Smoke: A Global History of Smoking|url=https://books.google.com/?id=mM5bYb_uVcwC|format=|accessdate=2009-01-01|edition=|series=|volume=|date=|origyear=|year=2004 |publisher=Reaktion Books|location=|language=|isbn=978-1-86189-200-3|oclc=|doi=|id=|page=|pages=|nopp=|chapter=|chapterurl=|quote=|bibcode=|laysummary=|laydate=|separator=|postscript=|lastauthoramp=|ref=SmokeGilmanZhou}}
* {{cite web|title=Cancer Facts & Figures 2015|url=http://www.cancer.org/research/cancerfactsstatistics/cancerfactsfigures2015/index|website=American Cancer Society|accessdate=February 23, 2015|ref=ACS2015}}
* {{cite book|author1= Paul Lichtenstein |author2= Niels V. Holm |author3= Pia K. Verkasalo |author4= Anastasia Iliadou |author5= Jaakko Kaprio |author6= Markku Koskenvuo |author7= Eero Pukkala |author8= Axel Skytthe |author9= Kari Hemminki |title=Environmental and Heritable Factors in the Causation of Cancer — Analyses of Cohorts of Twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland|url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/343/2/78|format=|accessdate=2009-01-21|edition=|series=|volume=343|date=|origyear=|year=2000 |publisher=New England Journal of Medicine|location=|language=|isbn=|oclc=|doi=|bibcode=|id=|page=|pages=|nopp=|chapter=|chapterurl=|quote=|laysummary=|laydate=|separator=|postscript=|lastauthoramp=|ref=Lichtenstein2000}}
* {{cite journal|url=http://www.journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/ejc/article/PIIS0959804901002660/abstract|title=Environmental causes of human cancers|accessdate=2009-01-21|author1=Montesano, R. |author2=Hall, J.|date=|year=2001 |format=|work=|publisher=European Journal of Cancer|location=|pages=|language=|doi=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|quote=|ref=Montesano2001}}
* {{cite book
|author1=Janet E. Ash |author2=Maryadele J. O'Neil |author3=Ann Smith |author4=Joanne F. Kinneary |title=The Merck Index|origyear=1996|edition=12|date=June 1997
|publisher=Merk and Co.|isbn=0-412-75940-3}}
* Benedict, Carol. ''Golden-Silk Smoke: A History of Tobacco in China, 1550-2010'' (2011)
* Brandt, Allan. ''The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product That Defined America'' (2007)
* Breen, T. H. (1985). ''Tobacco Culture''. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00596-6. ''Source on tobacco culture in 18th-century Virginia pp.&nbsp;46–55''
* Burns, Eric. The Smoke of the Gods: A Social History of Tobacco. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2007.
* Collins, W.K. and S.N. Hawks. "Principles of Flue-Cured Tobacco Production" 1st Edition, 1993
* Cosner, Charlotte. ''The Golden Leaf: How Tobacco Shaped Cuba and the Atlantic World'' (Vanderbilt University Press; 2015)
* Fuller, R. Reese (Spring 2003). Perique, the Native Crop. ''Louisiana Life''.
* Gately, Iain. ''Tobacco: A Cultural History of How an Exotic Plant Seduced Civilization.'' Grove Press, 2003. ISBN 0-8021-3960-4.
* Goodman, Jordan. ''Tobacco in History:The Cultures of Dependence'' (1993), A scholarly history worldwide.
* Graves, John. "Tobacco that is not Smoked" in ''From a Limestone Ledge'' (the sections on snuff and chewing tobacco) ISBN 0-394-51238-3
* Grehan, James. Smoking and "Early Modern" Sociability: The Great Tobacco Debate in the Ottoman Middle East (Seventeenth to Eighteenth Centuries). ''The American Historical Review'', Vol. III, Issue 5. 2006. 22 March 2008 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/ahr.111.5.1352 online]
* Hahn, Barbara. ''Making Tobacco Bright: Creating an American Commodity, 1617-1937'' (Johns Hopkins University Press; 2011) 248 pages; examines how marketing, technology, and demand figured in the rise of Bright Flue-Cured Tobacco, a variety first grown in the inland Piedmont region of the Virginia-North Carolina border.
* Killebrew, J. B. and Myrick, Herbert (1909). ''Tobacco Leaf: Its Culture and Cure, Marketing and Manufacture.'' Orange Judd Company. ''Source for flea beetle typology (p.&nbsp;243)''
* Kluger, Richard. ''Ashes to Ashes: America's Hundred-Year Cigarette War'' (1996), Pulitzer Prize
* Murphey, Rhoads. ''Studies on Ottoman Society and Culture: 16th-18th Centuries''. Burlington, VT: Ashgate: Variorum, 2007 ISBN 978-0-7546-5931-0 ISBN 0-7546-5931-3
* Neuburger, Mary, 2012. ''Balkan Smoke: tobacco and the making of modern Bulgaria''. Cornell University Press. 0801450845, 9780801450846
* Poche, L. Aristee (2002). ''Perique tobacco: Mystery and history''.
* Price, Jacob M. "The rise of Glasgow in the Chesapeake tobacco trade, 1707-1775." ''William and Mary Quarterly'' (1954) pp: 179-199. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1922038 in JSTOR]
* Tilley, Nannie May ''The Bright Tobacco Industry 1860–1929'' ISBN 0-405-04728-2.
* Schoolcraft, Henry R. Historical and Statistical Information respecting the Indian Tribes of the United States (Philadelphia, 1851–57)
* Shechter, Relli. ''Smoking, Culture and Economy in the Middle East: The Egyptian Tobacco Market 1850–2000''. New York: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd., 2006 ISBN 1-84511-137-0
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links
|wikt=Tobacco
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|q=Tobacco
|s=Tobacco
|commons=Category:Tobacco
|n=Category:Tobacco
|v=Category:Tobacco
}}
* [http://www.tobaccoleaf.org International Tobacco Growers' Association]
* [http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_niru.pdf Natural Resources Conservation Service Plant Sheet - Wild tobacco]
* [http://www.obarsiv.com/english/archive.html Ottoman Back Archives and Research Centre]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3300769.stm Questions on European Union partial ban on some smokeless tobacco products (''i.e.'' snus)]
* [http://www.tobacco.org/resources/history/Tobacco_History.html/ Timeline of tobacco history]
* [http://www.savetobaccogrowers.com/ The European tobacco growers website]
* [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/ The Legacy Tobacco Documents Library]
* [https://archive.org/details/tobaccoarchives UCSF Tobacco Industry Videos Collection]
* [http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/index.htm CDC - Smoking and Tobacco Use Fact Sheet]
* [http://www.who.int/tobacco/global_interaction/tobreg/en/ TobReg] - WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation
* [http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/tobaccocancer/secondhand-smoke - Statistics and general information about the effects of secondhand-smoke]
* [http://m.voanews.com/a/a-13-2005-11-30-voa79-67514457/284004.html Scientists Search for Healthy Uses for Tobacco]
* {{cite journal | pmc=1079499 | pmid=15173337 | volume=97 | title=Medicinal uses of tobacco in history | year=2004 | journal=J R Soc Med | pages=292–6 | author=Charlton A | doi=10.1258/jrsm.97.6.292}}

{{Plantation agriculture in the Southeastern United States}}
{{Psychoactive substance use}}
{{Drug use}}

[[Category:Tobacco| ]]
[[Category:Crops originating from the Americas]]
[[Category:Entheogens]]
[[Category:Herbal and fungal stimulants]]
[[Category:Leaves]]
[[Category:Monoamine oxidase inhibitors]]
[[Category:Native American religion]]
[[Category:Nicotinic agonists]]
[[Category:IARC Group 1 carcinogens]]

Revision as of 16:36, 21 September 2016

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