Pleurobranchus areolatus: Difference between revisions
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==Ecology== |
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Minimum recorded depth is 0 m.<ref name="Welch 2010"/> Maximum recorded depth is 70 m.<ref name="Welch 2010">Welch J. J. (2010). "The “Island Rule” and Deep-Sea Gastropods: Re-Examining the Evidence". ''[[PLoS ONE]]'' '''5'''(1): e8776. [[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008776]].</ref> This species is found under rocks and coral rubble |
''Pleurobranchus areolatus'' was found to be abundant in [[Biscayne Bay]], Florida in 1946.<ref name="Abbott 1949"/> Minimum recorded depth is 0 m.<ref name="Welch 2010"/> Maximum recorded depth is 70 m.<ref name="Welch 2010">Welch J. J. (2010). "The “Island Rule” and Deep-Sea Gastropods: Re-Examining the Evidence". ''[[PLoS ONE]]'' '''5'''(1): e8776. [[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008776]].</ref> This species is found under rocks and coral rubble.<ref name="Goodheart 2016"/> For example in Florida it is sometimes found ''[[Porites porites]]'' corals.<ref name="Abbott 1949"/> |
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They are laying large, translucent and gelatinou egg masses in spring months in Florida.<ref name="Abbott 1949"/> |
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All species in the genus ''Pleurobranchus'' are carniovorous.<ref name="Goodheart 2015"/> ''Pleurobranchus areolatus'' probably feeds on [[ascidians]].<ref name="Goodheart 2016"/> For example ''Pleurobranchus areolatus'' was found on |
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Its [[ectoparasites]] include copepod ''[[Anthessius ovalipes]]''.<ref>Walter T. Chad (2015). ''Anthessius ovalipes'' Stock, Humes & Gooding, 1963. In: Walter, T.C. & Boxshall, G. (2015). World of Copepods database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=348850 on 2016-10-15</ref> |
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[[Rodriguesic acid]]s and its esters (they are modified [[diketopiperazine]]s) were isolated from ''Pleurobranchus areolatus'' in 2014.<ref name="Pereira 2014">Pereira F. R., Santos M. F., Williams D. E., Andersen R. J., Padula V., Ferreira A. G. & Berlinck R. G. (2014). "Rodriguesic acids, modified diketopiperazines from the gastropod mollusc ''Pleurobranchus areolatus''". ''[[Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society]]'' '''25'''(4): 788-794. {{doi|10.5935/0103-5053.20140037}}.</ref> These are the first diketopiperazine derivatives isolated from a mollusc.<ref name="Pereira 2014"/> Similar diketopiperazines were isolated also from ascidians ''[[Didemnum]]'' sp.<ref name="Pereira 2014"/> These derivatives may either be a result of an ''Pleurobranchus areolatus'' symbiontor may comes from the ascidian.<ref name="Pereira 2014"/> This chemical compound may be a [[chemical defense]] of ''Pleurobranchus areolatus''.<ref name="Pereira 2014"/> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 22:36, 20 October 2016
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| Species: | P. areolatus
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| Pleurobranchus areolatus | |
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Pleurobranchus crossei Vayssière, 1896[2] | |
Pleurobranchus areolatus is a species of sea slug, a sidegill slug, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Pleurobranchidae.
Taxonomy
Although there were believed to be six species of Pleurobranchus in the Caribbean, the other five (Pleurobranchus atlanticus Abbott, 1949, Pleurobranchus evelinae Thompson, 1977, Pleurobranchus crossei Vayssière, 1896, Susania gardineri White, 1952, Pleurobranchus reesi White, 1952 and Pleurobranchus emys Ev. Marcus, 1984) were recently in 2015 synonymized with Pleurobranchus areolatus, based on molecular and morphological evidence.[7][8] The specific names Pleurobranchus areolatus and Pleurobranchus evelinae were also commonly in use in literature, while other names not.[7]
There is not known type material of Pleurobranchus areolatus, Susania gardineri and Pleurobranchus reesi, but the anatomy of Mörch's type specimen was illustrated by Rudolph Bergh in 1897.[7][9] Type material of Pleurobranchus atlanticus is stored in National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution), Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University and Museum of Comparative Zoology; Pleurobranchus crossei in National Museum of Natural History (France); Pleurobranchus evelinae in Natural History Museum, London.[7]
The sister species (the closest relative) is Pleurobranchus varians from Central Pacific.[7] Those two species split 3.10 million years ago (Isthmus of Panama formed 3.1–3.4 Mya).[7] Both species have color morphs and for their proper determination is useful the knowledge of locality.[7]
Distribution
Distribution of Pleurobranchus areolatus include Mexico, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Brazil, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St. Thomas, Aruba, St. Maarten/St Martin, Bahamas, Bermuda and Panama.[8] This is the only species of Pleurobranchus living in the Caribbean Sea.[7] The type locality is Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands.[1]
Pleurobranchus areolatus was also reported from the eastern Pacific, but those records were identified as Pleurobranchus digueti in 2015.[7]
Description
Body is oval. Rhinophores are rolled and fused at the base, with horizontal striations from base to tip.[8] Dorsum is with numerous small, polygonal and flat tubercles.[8] Background color ranges from light brown to deep violet, with varying degrees of opaque white pigment on the tubercles.[8] In some cases the opaque white pigment is arranged in a symmetrical pattern across the body.[8] It is up to 150 mm long.[8]
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A well marked pedal gland is visible at the posterior end of the foot in some preserved specimens.[3][7]
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The shell is reduced and internal (as in all other Pleurobranchus species).[8][7] The shell itself does not allow proper species identification within the genus Pleurobranchus.[7] The shape of the shell is oval.[7] The protoconch has one whorl and the size of the protoconch is about 400 μm.[7]
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The radula has 73 rows, it has no central tooth and it has 115 lateral teeth on both sides.[7] The reproductive system is triaulic (it has two female openings and one male opening).[7] The genital cup is just before the gill on the right side of the body.[3] The most recent drawing of the reproductive system was published by Goodheart et al. (2015).[7]
Ecology
Pleurobranchus areolatus was found to be abundant in Biscayne Bay, Florida in 1946.[3] Minimum recorded depth is 0 m.[10] Maximum recorded depth is 70 m.[10] This species is found under rocks and coral rubble.[8] For example in Florida it is sometimes found Porites porites corals.[3]
They are laying large, translucent and gelatinou egg masses in spring months in Florida.[3]
All species in the genus Pleurobranchus are carniovorous.[7] Pleurobranchus areolatus probably feeds on ascidians.[8] For example Pleurobranchus areolatus was found on
Its ectoparasites include copepod Anthessius ovalipes.[11]
Rodriguesic acids and its esters (they are modified diketopiperazines) were isolated from Pleurobranchus areolatus in 2014.[12] These are the first diketopiperazine derivatives isolated from a mollusc.[12] Similar diketopiperazines were isolated also from ascidians Didemnum sp.[12] These derivatives may either be a result of an Pleurobranchus areolatus symbiontor may comes from the ascidian.[12] This chemical compound may be a chemical defense of Pleurobranchus areolatus.[12]
References
This article incorporates Creative Commons (CC-BY-4.0) text from the reference[8] and public domain text from the reference[3]
- ^ a b Mörch O. A. (1863). "Contributions la faune malacologique des Antilles danoises". Journal de Conchyliologie 11: 21-43. pages 28-29.
- ^ Vayssière A. (1896). "Description de deux especes nouvelles de Pleurobranchides". Journal de Conchyliologie 44: 353–356, fig. 1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Abbott R. T. (1949). "A new Florida species of the tectibranch genus Pleurobranchus". The Nautilus 62: 73–78, plate 5, figs 1–10.
- ^ a b White K. M. (1952). "On a collection of molluscs from Dry Tortugas, Florida". Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 29(2-3): 106–120. pages 106-107, plate 6, figures 1-2.
- ^ Thompson T. E. (1977). "Jamaican opisthobranch molluscs I". Journal of Molluscan Studies 43(2): 93–140. pages 108–110, figs 12E, F, 13C–E.
- ^ Marcus E. (1984). "The western Atlantic warm water Notaspidea (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia), Part 2". Boletim de Zoologia, Universidade São Paulo 8: 43–76. page 70, figs 62–66.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Goodheart J., Camacho-García Y., Padula V., Schrödl M., Cervera J. L., Gosliner T. M. & Valdés Á. (2015). "Systematics and biogeography of Pleurobranchus Cuvier, 1804, sea slugs (Heterobranchia: Nudipleura: Pleurobranchidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 174(2): 322-362. doi:10.1111/zoj.12237.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Goodheart J. A., Ellingson R. A., Vital X. G., Galvão Filho H. C., McCarthy J. B., Medrano S. M., Bhave V. J., García-Méndez K., Jiménez L. M., López G. & Hoover C. A. (2016). "Identification guide to the heterobranch sea slugs (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from Bocas del Toro, Panama". Marine Biodiversity Records 9(1), p.56. doi:10.1186/s41200-016-0048-z
- ^ Template:De icon Bergh L. S. R. (1897). "Malacologische Untersuchungen. Band 7, Heft 1-2 (Die Pleurobranchiden)". In: Semper C. (ed.), Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen, 1–115. pls. 1-8. Pages 111–113, plate 9, figs 31–41.
- ^ a b Welch J. J. (2010). "The “Island Rule” and Deep-Sea Gastropods: Re-Examining the Evidence". PLoS ONE 5(1): e8776. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008776.
- ^ Walter T. Chad (2015). Anthessius ovalipes Stock, Humes & Gooding, 1963. In: Walter, T.C. & Boxshall, G. (2015). World of Copepods database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=348850 on 2016-10-15
- ^ a b c d e Pereira F. R., Santos M. F., Williams D. E., Andersen R. J., Padula V., Ferreira A. G. & Berlinck R. G. (2014). "Rodriguesic acids, modified diketopiperazines from the gastropod mollusc Pleurobranchus areolatus". Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society 25(4): 788-794. doi:10.5935/0103-5053.20140037.