Hyperolius minutissimus: Difference between revisions

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| image = Hyperolius minutissimus.gif
| image = Hyperolius minutissimus.gif
| status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1
| status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite journal | author = IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group | title = ''Hyperolius minutissimus'' | journal = [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume= 2016 | page = e.T69192627A17191157 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | year = 2016 | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T69192627A17191157.en |accessdate=1 November 2016 }}</ref>
| taxon = Hyperolius minutissimus
| taxon = Hyperolius minutissimus
| authority = Schiøtz, 1975
| authority = {{ill|fr|Arne Schiøtz|lt=Schiøtz}}, 1975
| synonyms = }}
| synonyms = }}
'''''Hyperolius minutissimus''''' is a species of [[frog]] in the family [[Hyperoliidae]]. Its common names are '''tiny reed frog''' and '''dwarf reed frog'''. It is [[endemic]] to [[Tanzania]] and known from the [[Udzungwa Mountains]] and from near [[Njombe]] in the [[Southern Highlands, Tanzania|Southern Highlands]].<ref name=IUCN/><ref name=Frost/><ref name="African Amphibians"/><ref name=AmphibiaWeb/><ref name="Loader et al. 2015"/>
'''''Hyperolius minutissimus''''' is a species of [[frog]] in the [[Hyperoliidae]] family.

It is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[Tanzania]].
==Taxonomy==
Its natural [[habitat]]s are subtropical or tropical high-altitude [[grassland]], [[swamp]]s, and intermittent freshwater [[marsh]]es.
''Hyperolius minutissimus'' belongs to the "East African spiny-throated reed frog complex", consisting of five other species: ''[[Hyperolius spinigularis]]'', ''[[Hyperolius tanneri]]'', ''[[Hyperolius burgessi]]'', ''[[Hyperolius davenporti]]'', and ''[[Hyperolius ukwiva]]''. Based on molecular genetic data, its closest relative is ''H. ukwiva'' from the [[Rubeho]] mountain region, Tanzania. The form a [[sister group]] to a group consisting of the the remaining four species in this complex.<ref name="Loader et al. 2015"/>
It is threatened by [[habitat loss]].
==Description==
Males measure {{convert|12|-|17|mm|abbr=on}} and females {{convert|18|-|24|mm|abbr=on}} in snout–vent length;<ref name=AmphibiaWeb/><ref name="African Amphibians"/> Loader and colleagues report larger male sizes (19–23 mm) from the Udzungwa Mountains, but no data on females.<ref name="Loader et al. 2015"/>

The [[Dorsum (anatomy)|dorsum]] is brown and has light [[Canthus (herpetology)|canthal]] and dorsolateral lines. Some females, however, have broad light canthal and irregular dorsolateral stripes, as well as spots on the dorsum. The pupil is horizontal.<ref name="African Amphibians"/><ref name=AmphibiaWeb/> Males have a gular flap and black dotted asperities distributed on anterior and mid-region of the gular flap.<ref name="Loader et al. 2015"/>

==Habitat and conservation==
The species' natural [[habitat]]s are open, windswept, montane grasslands in forested areas at elevations of {{convert|1600|–|2010|m|abbr=on}} [[above sea level]]. It has also been found in pastureland and heard calling by a road near a large pine plantation. Breeding takes place in shallow, temporary swamps.<ref name=IUCN/>

''Hyperolius minutissimus'' is easy to over look, so although it is rarely seen, it might not be quite so rare. Nevertheless, it is threatened by [[habitat loss]] (draining of its breeding habitat for agricultural activities, afforestation, agricultural expansion, fire, and expanding human settlements). It has not been recorded in the [[Udzungwa National Park]]. However, it occurs in the [[Udzungwa Scarp Forest]], which was, as of 2014, "soon to be a nature reserve". It has not been recorded in the Southern Highlands after the [[species description]] in 1975.<ref name=IUCN/>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
* Schiøtz, A. & Howell, K. 2004. [http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/56164/all Hyperolius minutissimus]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140627000000/http://www.iucnredlist.org 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. ] Downloaded on 22 July 2007.
<ref name="African Amphibians">{{cite web |url=http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1454 |title=''Hyperolius minutissimus'' Schiøtz, 1975 |author= |year= |work=African Amphibians |accessdate=1 November 2016}}</ref>

<ref name=AmphibiaWeb>{{cite web |url=http://www.amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Hyperolius&where-species=minutissimus |title=''Hyperolius minutissimus'' |year=2008 |work=AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application] |publisher=Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb |accessdate=1 November 2016}}</ref>

<ref name=Frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Hyperoliidae/Hyperolius/Hyperolius-minutissimus |title=''Hyperolius minutissimus'' Schiøtz, 1975 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2016 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |accessdate=1 November 2016}}</ref>


<ref name="Loader et al. 2015">{{cite journal|last1=Loader|first1=Simon P.|last2=Lawson|first2=Lucinda P.|last3=Portik|first3=Daniel M.|last4=Menegon|first4=Michele|title=Three new species of spiny throated reed frogs (Anura: Hyperoliidae) from evergreen forests of Tanzania|journal=BMC Research Notes|date=25 April 2015|volume=8|issue=1|page=167|doi=10.1186/s13104-015-1050-y}}</ref>
⚫
[[Category:Hyperolius]]
}}


⚫
[[Category:Hyperolius|minutissimus]]
{{Hyperoliidae-stub}}
[[Category:Amphibians of Tanzania]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of Tanzania]]
[[Category:Animals described in 1975]]

Revision as of 13:58, 1 November 2016

Hyperolius minutissimus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Hyperoliidae
Genus: Hyperolius
Species:
H. minutissimus
Binomial name
Hyperolius minutissimus

Hyperolius minutissimus is a species of frog in the family Hyperoliidae. Its common names are tiny reed frog and dwarf reed frog. It is endemic to Tanzania and known from the Udzungwa Mountains and from near Njombe in the Southern Highlands.[1][2][3][4][5]

Taxonomy

Hyperolius minutissimus belongs to the "East African spiny-throated reed frog complex", consisting of five other species: Hyperolius spinigularis, Hyperolius tanneri, Hyperolius burgessi, Hyperolius davenporti, and Hyperolius ukwiva. Based on molecular genetic data, its closest relative is H. ukwiva from the Rubeho mountain region, Tanzania. The form a sister group to a group consisting of the the remaining four species in this complex.[5]

Description

Males measure 12–17 mm (0.47–0.67 in) and females 18–24 mm (0.71–0.94 in) in snout–vent length;[4][3] Loader and colleagues report larger male sizes (19–23 mm) from the Udzungwa Mountains, but no data on females.[5]

The dorsum is brown and has light canthal and dorsolateral lines. Some females, however, have broad light canthal and irregular dorsolateral stripes, as well as spots on the dorsum. The pupil is horizontal.[3][4] Males have a gular flap and black dotted asperities distributed on anterior and mid-region of the gular flap.[5]

Habitat and conservation

The species' natural habitats are open, windswept, montane grasslands in forested areas at elevations of 1,600–2,010 m (5,250–6,590 ft) above sea level. It has also been found in pastureland and heard calling by a road near a large pine plantation. Breeding takes place in shallow, temporary swamps.[1]

Hyperolius minutissimus is easy to over look, so although it is rarely seen, it might not be quite so rare. Nevertheless, it is threatened by habitat loss (draining of its breeding habitat for agricultural activities, afforestation, agricultural expansion, fire, and expanding human settlements). It has not been recorded in the Udzungwa National Park. However, it occurs in the Udzungwa Scarp Forest, which was, as of 2014, "soon to be a nature reserve". It has not been recorded in the Southern Highlands after the species description in 1975.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2016). "Hyperolius minutissimus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. IUCN: e.T69192627A17191157. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  2. ^ Frost, Darrel R. (2016). "Hyperolius minutissimus Schiøtz, 1975". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  3. ^ a b c "Hyperolius minutissimus Schiøtz, 1975". African Amphibians. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  4. ^ a b c "Hyperolius minutissimus". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2008. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  5. ^ a b c d Loader, Simon P.; Lawson, Lucinda P.; Portik, Daniel M.; Menegon, Michele (25 April 2015). "Three new species of spiny throated reed frogs (Anura: Hyperoliidae) from evergreen forests of Tanzania". BMC Research Notes. 8 (1): 167. doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1050-y.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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