Swell shark: Difference between revisions
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| status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>Villavicencio-Garayzar, C.J., White, C.F. & Lowe, C.G. (2015). ''Cephaloscyllium ventriosum''. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species {{doi|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T60227A80671800.en}}</ref> |
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
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| phylum = [[Chordata]] |
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The '''swellshark''' |
The '''swellshark''' (''Cephaloscyllium ventriosum'') is a [[catshark]] of the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Catshark|Scyliorhinidae]]. It is found in the [[subtropical]] eastern [[Pacific Ocean]] between [[latitude]]s [[40th parallel north|40° N]] and [[37th parallel south|37° S]], from the surface to 460 m. |
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It grows to about {{convert|100|cm|in|sp=us}}<ref name="CSS">{{cite web|url=http://www.elasmodiver.com/California_Swell_Shark.htm|title=California Swell Shark|publisher=Elasmodiver.com|accessdate=2009-06-14}}</ref> in length, and can expand its body to about double its regular size to prevent its [[predator]]s such as [[Pinniped|seals]] and larger [[sharks]] from pulling it out from rocky reefs, under ledges, and in crevices.<ref name="CSS" /> The swellshark's appearance resembles that of the [[leopard shark]] in that it has spots. Younger swellsharks are lighter in color than the older ones. Swellsharks are [[nocturnal]], sleeping in reef crevices and caves during the day. Sometimes, these sharks will grab onto their tail with their mouth in a ring shape to prevent other fish from being able to attack them. During the night they hunt [[mollusca|molluscs]], [[crustaceans]] and [[bony fishes]]. The swellshark is [[oviparous]], and the females lay two flattened egg sacks which contain the [[embryo]] which is attached by two [[tendril]]s to a [[coral reef|reef]]. Swellsharks are commonly found in aquariums and are completely harmless to humans, usually staying completely motionless when encountered by divers. The [[World Conservation Union]] has assessed this species as a [[Least Concern|least concern species]] worldwide, as it is usually not fished by divers and fishermen due to its poor flesh quality. However the occasional swellshark is killed by fishermen and this along with its low egg production may put the species at risk. |
It grows to about {{convert|100|cm|in|sp=us}}<ref name="CSS">{{cite web|url=http://www.elasmodiver.com/California_Swell_Shark.htm|title=California Swell Shark|publisher=Elasmodiver.com|accessdate=2009-06-14}}</ref> in length, and can expand its body to about double its regular size to prevent its [[predator]]s such as [[Pinniped|seals]] and larger [[sharks]] from pulling it out from rocky reefs, under ledges, and in crevices.<ref name="CSS" /> The swellshark's appearance resembles that of the [[leopard shark]] in that it has spots. Younger swellsharks are lighter in color than the older ones. Swellsharks are [[nocturnal]], sleeping in reef crevices and caves during the day. Sometimes, these sharks will grab onto their tail with their mouth in a ring shape to prevent other fish from being able to attack them. During the night they hunt [[mollusca|molluscs]], [[crustaceans]] and [[bony fishes]]. The swellshark is [[oviparous]], and the females lay two flattened egg sacks which contain the [[embryo]] which is attached by two [[tendril]]s to a [[coral reef|reef]]. Swellsharks are commonly found in aquariums and are completely harmless to humans, usually staying completely motionless when encountered by divers. The [[World Conservation Union]] has assessed this species as a [[Least Concern|least concern species]] worldwide, as it is usually not fished by divers and fishermen due to its poor flesh quality. However the occasional swellshark is killed by fishermen and this along with its low egg production may put the species at risk. |
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==Anatomy and appearance== |
==Anatomy and appearance== |
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[[File:Swell Shark closeup, San Clemente Island, California.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Swellshark closeup, [[San Clemente Island]], California]] |
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Swellsharks have a rounded dorsal fin located in the [[pelvis|pelvic]] area.<ref name="CSS" /> Another [[anal fin|fin]] is located in the anal area.<ref name="CSS" /> The fins are light brown with dark patches and are covered along with the rest of its body with black dots.<ref name="CSS" /> Usually the younger sharks are lighter in color than the adults.<ref name="Fla" /> Its spotted coloration closely resembles that of the [[leopard shark]].<ref name="Fla" /> The [[gills]] of a swellshark are usually very small and tight.<ref name="Fla" /> Swellshark eyes are large and gold and the lower eyelid is [[nictitating]].<ref name="CSS" /><ref name="Fla" /> The largest swellsharks can be up to {{convert|110|cm|in|sp=us}} but are usually around {{convert|90|cm|in|sp=us}} in length.<ref name="CSS" /><ref name="Fla" /> Every swellshark has around 55–60 teeth, which contains mostly small teeth.<ref name="Fla" /> |
Swellsharks have a rounded dorsal fin located in the [[pelvis|pelvic]] area.<ref name="CSS" /> Another [[anal fin|fin]] is located in the anal area.<ref name="CSS" /> The fins are light brown with dark patches and are covered along with the rest of its body with black dots.<ref name="CSS" /> Usually the younger sharks are lighter in color than the adults.<ref name="Fla" /> Its spotted coloration closely resembles that of the [[leopard shark]].<ref name="Fla" /> The [[gills]] of a swellshark are usually very small and tight.<ref name="Fla" /> Swellshark eyes are large and gold and the lower eyelid is [[nictitating]].<ref name="CSS" /><ref name="Fla" /> The largest swellsharks can be up to {{convert|110|cm|in|sp=us}} but are usually around {{convert|90|cm|in|sp=us}} in length.<ref name="CSS" /><ref name="Fla" /> Every swellshark has around 55–60 teeth, which contains mostly small teeth.<ref name="Fla" /> |
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<gallery mode=packed> |
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Cephaloscyllium ventriosum head.jpg|Head |
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Cephaloscyllium ventriosum jaws.jpg|Jaws |
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Cephaloscyllium ventriosum lower teeth.jpg|Lower teeth |
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Cephaloscyllium ventriosum upper teeth 2.jpg|Upper teeth |
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</gallery> |
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==Biology and ecology== |
==Biology and ecology== |
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===Diet and behavior=== |
===Diet and behavior=== |
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When hunting at night, the swellshark hunts for [[bony fish]], [[mollusca|molluscs]], and [[crustaceans]]<ref name="CSS" /> by lying on the bottom of the ocean, and waiting until its prey is a few centimeters away before it attacks.<ref name="Fla" /><ref name=infoexpansion /> Another hunting tactic used by the swellshark is to lie on the bottom of the ocean with its mouth open, waiting for a fish to swim into its mouth.<ref name=infoexpansion /> Swellsharks also enter [[lobster trap]]s to get an easy meal.<ref name="Fla" /> Swellsharks are [[nocturnal]] and sleep in [[Coral reef|reef]] crevices during the day. When the shark feels threatened, it will bend its body into a U–shape, grab its tail fin with its mouth, and suck in water.<ref name="Fla" /> Doing so makes it more difficult for predators to remove it from rocky crevices, allows the shark to double in size, and makes it harder for larger sharks and [[Pinniped|seals]] to eat it.<ref name="Fla" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailynexus.com/article.php?a=3553|title=Touch Tanks To Move to New Facility|last=Baldwin|first=Tiye|date=October 11, 2002|publisher=University of California, Santa Barbara|accessdate=2009-06-20}}</ref> During the time when the air is in its stomach, the swellshark floats upward to the water surface.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4NAOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Y00DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4796,3508308&dq=swell-shark|title=Bullhead Shark is Small|date=November 10, 1940|work=[[St. Petersburg Times]]|accessdate=2009-06-20}}</ref> When letting the air out, the swellshark makes a dog–like bark.<ref name="Fla" /> This fish is very sociable with other sharks, and is commonly seen sleeping next to or on top of one another.<ref name=infoexpansion /><ref name=fb /> |
When hunting at night, the swellshark hunts for [[bony fish]], [[mollusca|molluscs]], and [[crustaceans]]<ref name="CSS" /> by lying on the bottom of the ocean, and waiting until its prey is a few centimeters away before it attacks.<ref name="Fla" /><ref name=infoexpansion /> Another hunting tactic used by the swellshark is to lie on the bottom of the ocean with its mouth open, waiting for a fish to swim into its mouth.<ref name=infoexpansion /> Swellsharks also enter [[lobster trap]]s to get an easy meal.<ref name="Fla" /> Swellsharks are [[nocturnal]] and sleep in [[Coral reef|reef]] crevices during the day. When the shark feels threatened, it will bend its body into a U–shape, grab its tail fin with its mouth, and suck in water.<ref name="Fla" /> Doing so makes it more difficult for predators to remove it from rocky crevices, allows the shark to double in size, and makes it harder for larger sharks and [[Pinniped|seals]] to eat it.<ref name="Fla" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailynexus.com/article.php?a=3553|title=Touch Tanks To Move to New Facility|last=Baldwin|first=Tiye|date=October 11, 2002|publisher=University of California, Santa Barbara|accessdate=2009-06-20}}</ref> During the time when the air is in its stomach, the swellshark floats upward to the water surface.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4NAOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Y00DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4796,3508308&dq=swell-shark|title=Bullhead Shark is Small|date=November 10, 1940|work=[[St. Petersburg Times]]|accessdate=2009-06-20}}</ref> When letting the air out, the swellshark makes a dog–like bark.<ref name="Fla" /> This fish is very sociable with other sharks, and is commonly seen sleeping next to or on top of one another.<ref name=infoexpansion /><ref name=fb /> |
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[[File:Cephaloscyllium ventriosum biofluorescence.jpg|thumb|Biofluorescence of the swellshark]] |
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===Biofluorescence=== |
===Biofluorescence=== |
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The swellshark was reported to be [ |
The swellshark was reported to be [[biofluorescent]] in 2014, that is, when illuminated by blue or ultraviolet light, it re-emits it as green, and appears different than under white light illumination. Researchers presented species-specific emission patterns, indicating that biofluorescence potentially functions in intraspecific communication and evidence that fluorescence can be used for camouflage.<ref name=plosone>{{cite journal|title=The Covert World of Fish Biofluorescence: A Phylogenetically Widespread and Phenotypically Variable Phenomenon|journal= PLoS ONE|volume= 9|issue= 1|pages= e83259|doi= 10.1371/journal.pone.0083259|pmid= 24421880|pmc= 3885428|year= 2014|last1= Sparks|first1= John S.|last2= Schelly|first2= Robert C.|last3= Smith|first3= W. Leo|last4= Davis|first4= Matthew P.|last5= Tchernov|first5= Dan|last6= Pieribone|first6= Vincent A.|last7= Gruber|first7= David F.}}</ref> |
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===Reproduction=== |
===Reproduction=== |
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[[File: |
[[File:Swell shark egg channel islands2.jpg|thumb|Egg case with egg]] |
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The swellshark is [[oviparous]] and they lay two green or amber<ref name=fb /> flattened eggs which are attached to the reef with [[tendril]]s.<ref name="CSS" /> After a study, it was determined that the length of the tendrils depends on the amount of surf action the region is under.<ref name=infoexpansion>{{cite web|url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/ecology/kelp-swell_shark.htm|title=Kelp Forest: Swell Shark|work=Elasmo-Research|accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref> The egg case which contains the [[embryo]] is approximately {{convert|2.5|cm|in|sp=us}}–{{convert|5.1|cm|in|sp=us}} |
The swellshark is [[oviparous]] and they lay two green or amber<ref name=fb /> flattened eggs which are attached to the reef with [[tendril]]s.<ref name="CSS" /> After a study, it was determined that the length of the tendrils depends on the amount of surf action the region is under.<ref name=infoexpansion>{{cite web|url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/ecology/kelp-swell_shark.htm|title=Kelp Forest: Swell Shark|work=Elasmo-Research|accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref> The egg case which contains the [[embryo]] is approximately {{convert|2.5|cm|in|sp=us}}–{{convert|5.1|cm|in|sp=us}} |
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| ⚫ | by {{convert|7.6|cm|in|sp=us}}–{{convert|13|cm|in|sp=us}}.<ref name="Fla" /> The embryos will feed solely on [[yolk]] before they hatch.<ref name=fb /> The hatching time for swellshark eggs solely depends on water temperature but usually will hatch between 7.5–12 months.<ref name="Fla" /><ref name=fb /> When born after this period of time in the egg,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/13/arts/tv-sharks-and-all-things-on-pbs.html|title=TV: 'Sharks' and 'All Things' on PBS|last=O'Connor|first=John|date=January 13, 1982|work=[[New York Times]]|accessdate=2009-06-20}}</ref> the swellshark pup will immediately begin feeding on molluscs and crustaceans.<ref name="Fla" /> |
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by {{convert|7.6|cm|in|sp=us}}–{{convert|13|cm|in|sp=us}} |
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| ⚫ | .<ref name="Fla" /> The embryos will feed solely on [[yolk]] before they hatch.<ref name=fb /> The hatching time for swellshark eggs solely depends on water temperature but usually will hatch between 7.5–12 months.<ref name="Fla" /><ref name=fb /> When born after this period of time in the egg,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/13/arts/tv-sharks-and-all-things-on-pbs.html|title=TV: 'Sharks' and 'All Things' on PBS|last=O'Connor|first=John|date=January 13, 1982|work=[[New York Times]]|accessdate=2009-06-20}}</ref> the swellshark pup will immediately begin feeding on molluscs and crustaceans.<ref name="Fla" /> |
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==Relationship to humans== |
==Relationship to humans== |
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| ⚫ | |||
When confronted by a [[human]] in the water, the swellshark will become motionless. However, if it is threatened, it will swell up to double its regular size.<ref name="CSS" /> The swellshark is common in [[public aquarium]]s because it can live for several years in captivity.<ref name="Fla" /><ref name=fb>{{cite web|url=http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=802|title=''Cephaloscyllium ventriosum''|work=[[FishBase]]|accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref> |
When confronted by a [[human]] in the water, the swellshark will become motionless. However, if it is threatened, it will swell up to double its regular size.<ref name="CSS" /> The swellshark is common in [[public aquarium]]s because it can live for several years in captivity.<ref name="Fla" /><ref name=fb>{{cite web|url=http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=802|title=''Cephaloscyllium ventriosum''|work=[[FishBase]]|accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref> |
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It is usually not caught purposely, but if it is, usually it will be released because its flesh is of poor quality.<ref name="Fla" /> Since the swellshark often enters lobster traps to find food, it will sometimes get caught incidentally and killed when brought to the surface. This accidental catching threatens the species mainly because of its age at maturity and the low number of eggs it produces.<ref name="Fla" /> Despite this, the swellshark is listed as [[Least Concern]] by the [[World Conservation Union]].<ref name="fb" /> |
It is usually not caught purposely, but if it is, usually it will be released because its flesh is of poor quality.<ref name="Fla" /> Since the swellshark often enters lobster traps to find food, it will sometimes get caught incidentally and killed when brought to the surface. This accidental catching threatens the species mainly because of its age at maturity and the low number of eggs it produces.<ref name="Fla" /> Despite this, the swellshark is listed as [[Least Concern]] by the [[World Conservation Union]].<ref name="fb" /> |
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==See also== |
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* [[List of sharks]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Commons category|Cephaloscyllium ventriosum}} |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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Revision as of 07:42, 5 December 2016
| Swellshark | |
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| Species: | C. ventriosum
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| Binomial name | |
| Cephaloscyllium ventriosum (Garman, 1880)
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| Range of the swellshark (in blue) | |
The swellshark (Cephaloscyllium ventriosum) is a catshark of the family Scyliorhinidae. It is found in the subtropical eastern Pacific Ocean between latitudes 40° N and 37° S, from the surface to 460 m.
It grows to about 100 centimeters (39 in)[2] in length, and can expand its body to about double its regular size to prevent its predators such as seals and larger sharks from pulling it out from rocky reefs, under ledges, and in crevices.[2] The swellshark's appearance resembles that of the leopard shark in that it has spots. Younger swellsharks are lighter in color than the older ones. Swellsharks are nocturnal, sleeping in reef crevices and caves during the day. Sometimes, these sharks will grab onto their tail with their mouth in a ring shape to prevent other fish from being able to attack them. During the night they hunt molluscs, crustaceans and bony fishes. The swellshark is oviparous, and the females lay two flattened egg sacks which contain the embryo which is attached by two tendrils to a reef. Swellsharks are commonly found in aquariums and are completely harmless to humans, usually staying completely motionless when encountered by divers. The World Conservation Union has assessed this species as a least concern species worldwide, as it is usually not fished by divers and fishermen due to its poor flesh quality. However the occasional swellshark is killed by fishermen and this along with its low egg production may put the species at risk.
Taxonomy
When discovered in 1880, the swellshark was first described as Scyllium ventriosum, but was later changed to Cephaloscyllium ventriosum.[3] The Greek word kephale which means "head" and skylla which is the name of a mythological creature was used for the term Cephaloscyllium, while ventriosum, Latin for "large belly" was used to describe the shark's ability to suck in water.[3]
Distribution and habitat
The swellshark can be found in the Eastern Pacific, the central California coast, the Gulf of California, and the southern tip of Mexico.[2] Swellsharks have been reported as far south as Chile, but that is believed to be a different species.[2] It can be found over continental shelves and subtropical waters and can be seen as deep as 457 m (1,499 ft) or as close as five meters below the surface.[3] Swellsharks are often found over algae-covered rock bottoms.[3] In the California area, it shares the same habitat as the horn shark and unlike that shark, the swellshark is more tolerant of water temperatures below 20°C (70°F).[4]
Anatomy and appearance
Swellsharks have a rounded dorsal fin located in the pelvic area.[2] Another fin is located in the anal area.[2] The fins are light brown with dark patches and are covered along with the rest of its body with black dots.[2] Usually the younger sharks are lighter in color than the adults.[3] Its spotted coloration closely resembles that of the leopard shark.[3] The gills of a swellshark are usually very small and tight.[3] Swellshark eyes are large and gold and the lower eyelid is nictitating.[2][3] The largest swellsharks can be up to 110 centimeters (43 in) but are usually around 90 centimeters (35 in) in length.[2][3] Every swellshark has around 55–60 teeth, which contains mostly small teeth.[3]
-
Head -
Jaws -
Lower teeth -
Upper teeth
Biology and ecology
Diet and behavior
When hunting at night, the swellshark hunts for bony fish, molluscs, and crustaceans[2] by lying on the bottom of the ocean, and waiting until its prey is a few centimeters away before it attacks.[3][5] Another hunting tactic used by the swellshark is to lie on the bottom of the ocean with its mouth open, waiting for a fish to swim into its mouth.[5] Swellsharks also enter lobster traps to get an easy meal.[3] Swellsharks are nocturnal and sleep in reef crevices during the day. When the shark feels threatened, it will bend its body into a U–shape, grab its tail fin with its mouth, and suck in water.[3] Doing so makes it more difficult for predators to remove it from rocky crevices, allows the shark to double in size, and makes it harder for larger sharks and seals to eat it.[3][6] During the time when the air is in its stomach, the swellshark floats upward to the water surface.[7] When letting the air out, the swellshark makes a dog–like bark.[3] This fish is very sociable with other sharks, and is commonly seen sleeping next to or on top of one another.[5][8]
Biofluorescence
The swellshark was reported to be biofluorescent in 2014, that is, when illuminated by blue or ultraviolet light, it re-emits it as green, and appears different than under white light illumination. Researchers presented species-specific emission patterns, indicating that biofluorescence potentially functions in intraspecific communication and evidence that fluorescence can be used for camouflage.[9]
Reproduction
The swellshark is oviparous and they lay two green or amber[8] flattened eggs which are attached to the reef with tendrils.[2] After a study, it was determined that the length of the tendrils depends on the amount of surf action the region is under.[5] The egg case which contains the embryo is approximately 2.5 centimeters (0.98 in)–5.1 centimeters (2.0 in) by 7.6 centimeters (3.0 in)–13 centimeters (5.1 in).[3] The embryos will feed solely on yolk before they hatch.[8] The hatching time for swellshark eggs solely depends on water temperature but usually will hatch between 7.5–12 months.[3][8] When born after this period of time in the egg,[10] the swellshark pup will immediately begin feeding on molluscs and crustaceans.[3]
Relationship to humans
When confronted by a human in the water, the swellshark will become motionless. However, if it is threatened, it will swell up to double its regular size.[2] The swellshark is common in public aquariums because it can live for several years in captivity.[3][8]
It is usually not caught purposely, but if it is, usually it will be released because its flesh is of poor quality.[3] Since the swellshark often enters lobster traps to find food, it will sometimes get caught incidentally and killed when brought to the surface. This accidental catching threatens the species mainly because of its age at maturity and the low number of eggs it produces.[3] Despite this, the swellshark is listed as Least Concern by the World Conservation Union.[8]
References
- ^ Villavicencio-Garayzar, C.J., White, C.F. & Lowe, C.G. (2015). Cephaloscyllium ventriosum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T60227A80671800.en
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "California Swell Shark". Elasmodiver.com. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "Swellshark". Florida Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
- ^ Ebert, D.A. (2003). Sharks, Rays, and Chimaeras of California. University of California Press. pp. 81–86. ISBN 0-520-23484-7.
- ^ a b c d "Kelp Forest: Swell Shark". Elasmo-Research. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
- ^ Baldwin, Tiye (October 11, 2002). "Touch Tanks To Move to New Facility". University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved 2009-06-20.
- ^ "Bullhead Shark is Small". St. Petersburg Times. November 10, 1940. Retrieved 2009-06-20.
- ^ a b c d e f "Cephaloscyllium ventriosum". FishBase. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
- ^ Sparks, John S.; Schelly, Robert C.; Smith, W. Leo; Davis, Matthew P.; Tchernov, Dan; Pieribone, Vincent A.; Gruber, David F. (2014). "The Covert World of Fish Biofluorescence: A Phylogenetically Widespread and Phenotypically Variable Phenomenon". PLoS ONE. 9 (1): e83259. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083259. PMC 3885428. PMID 24421880.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ O'Connor, John (January 13, 1982). "TV: 'Sharks' and 'All Things' on PBS". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-06-20.