Jonathan Kipnis: Difference between revisions

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
changed the word Isreali to Israeli
Filled in 14 bare reference(s) with reFill ()
Line 31: Line 31:
}}
}}


'''Jonathan Kipnis''' is the Harrison Distinguished Teaching Professor and Chair of the Department of Neuroscience, and Director of the Center for Brain Immunology and Glia at the [[University of Virginia School of Medicine]]. He studies the interaction of the immune system with the nervous system and has been the senior author of a number of landmark papers in this field.<ref>https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-01/uovh-nsa010816.php</ref>
'''Jonathan Kipnis''' is the Harrison Distinguished Teaching Professor and Chair of the Department of Neuroscience, and Director of the Center for Brain Immunology and Glia at the [[University of Virginia School of Medicine]]. He studies the interaction of the immune system with the nervous system and has been the senior author of a number of landmark papers in this field.<ref name="eurekalert.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-01/uovh-nsa010816.php|title=NIH, Scientific American, Science salute UVA brain discovery|publisher=|accessdate=22 December 2016}}</ref>
His lab currently is studying several diverse topics within this subject, including CNS injury, neurodegenerative diseases such as [[Alzheimers]], cognitive and mental disorders, and neurodevelopmental disorders such as [[autism]] and [[Rett syndrome]].
His lab currently is studying several diverse topics within this subject, including CNS injury, neurodegenerative diseases such as [[Alzheimers]], cognitive and mental disorders, and neurodevelopmental disorders such as [[autism]] and [[Rett syndrome]].


Kipnis joined the faculty at UVA in 2007 and was made chair of the Department of Neuroscience in 2016. He earned his Ph.D. from the [[Weizmann Institute of Science]] in the lab of Michal Schwartz,<ref>http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/47289/title/Immune-System-Maintains-Brain-Health/</ref> and upon graduating in 2004, he received the Prize of Excellence from the Weizmann Institute of Science and a distinguished prize for scientific achievements awarded by the Israeli Parliament, The Knesset.<ref>http://curealz.org/people/jonathan-kipnis</ref>
Kipnis joined the faculty at UVA in 2007 and was made chair of the Department of Neuroscience in 2016. He earned his Ph.D. from the [[Weizmann Institute of Science]] in the lab of Michal Schwartz,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/47289/title/Immune-System-Maintains-Brain-Health/|title=Immune System Maintains Brain Health - The Scientist Magazine®|publisher=|accessdate=22 December 2016}}</ref> and upon graduating in 2004, he received the Prize of Excellence from the Weizmann Institute of Science and a distinguished prize for scientific achievements awarded by the Israeli Parliament, The Knesset.<ref name="curealz.org">{{cite web|url=http://curealz.org/people/jonathan-kipnis|title=Jonathan Kipnis, Ph.D.|publisher=|accessdate=22 December 2016}}</ref>


== Discoveries ==
== Discoveries ==
Line 41: Line 41:
Kipnis is credited with the 2014 discovery of [[meningeal lymphatic vessels]], a recently discovered network of conventional lymphatic vessels located parallel to the dural sinuses and meningeal arteries of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). As a part of the lymphatic system, the meningeal lymphatics are responsible for draining immune cells, small molecules, and excess fluid from the CNS and into the deep cervical lymph nodes.
Kipnis is credited with the 2014 discovery of [[meningeal lymphatic vessels]], a recently discovered network of conventional lymphatic vessels located parallel to the dural sinuses and meningeal arteries of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). As a part of the lymphatic system, the meningeal lymphatics are responsible for draining immune cells, small molecules, and excess fluid from the CNS and into the deep cervical lymph nodes.


While it was initially believed that both the brain and meninges were devoid of lymphatic vasculature, the landmark [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] paper by Jonathan Kipnis and his postdoctoral fellow Antoine Louveau was published in 2015. By 2016, this paper was cited nearly 200 times.<ref>http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7560/nature14432/metrics</ref>
While it was initially believed that both the brain and meninges were devoid of lymphatic vasculature, the landmark [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] paper by Jonathan Kipnis and his postdoctoral fellow Antoine Louveau was published in 2015. By 2016, this paper was cited nearly 200 times.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7560/nature14432/metrics|title=Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels|first1=Antoine|last1=Louveau|first2=Igor|last2=Smirnov|first3=Timothy J.|last3=Keyes|first4=Jacob D.|last4=Eccles|first5=Sherin J.|last5=Rouhani|first6=J. David|last6=Peske|first7=Noel C.|last7=Derecki|first8=David|last8=Castle|first9=James W.|last9=Mandell|first10=Kevin S.|last10=Lee|first11=Tajie H.|last11=Harris|first12=Jonathan|last12=Kipnis|date=16 July 2015|publisher=|volume=523|issue=7560|pages=337–341|accessdate=22 December 2016|doi=10.1038/nature14432|pmid=26030524|pmc=4506234}}</ref>


His discovery of meningeal lymphatic vessels has attracted attention from many sources, and was touted as a scientific breakthrough in lists such as [[Scientific American]]'s "Top 10 Science Stories of 2015", [[Science Magazine]]'s "Breakthrough of the Year", Huffington Post's "Eight Fascinating Things We Learned About the Mind in 2015" and the [[National Institutes of Health]]'s director Francis Collins year end review.<ref>https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-01/uovh-nsa010816.php</ref><ref>https://med.virginia.edu/neuroscience/kipnis-lab/media-coverage-of-our-discoveries/</ref>
His discovery of meningeal lymphatic vessels has attracted attention from many sources, and was touted as a scientific breakthrough in lists such as [[Scientific American]]'s "Top 10 Science Stories of 2015", [[Science Magazine]]'s "Breakthrough of the Year", Huffington Post's "Eight Fascinating Things We Learned About the Mind in 2015" and the [[National Institutes of Health]]'s director Francis Collins year end review.<ref name="eurekalert.org"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.virginia.edu/neuroscience/kipnis-lab/media-coverage-of-our-discoveries/|title=Media coverage of our discoveries|publisher=|accessdate=22 December 2016}}</ref>


=== Other discoveries ===
=== Other discoveries ===
Other high-profile research has included the 2015 discovery that the immune system directly affects social behavior and that [[IFN-gamma]] is necessary for social development.<ref>https://news.virginia.edu/content/shocking-new-role-found-immune-system-controlling-social-interactions</ref><ref>http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v535/n7612/full/nature18626.html</ref> This expands upon his work as a graduate student, when he discovered that mice lacking T-cells had cognitive impairments.<ref>http://www.pnas.org/content/101/21/8180</ref><ref>http://curealz.org/people/jonathan-kipnis</ref>
Other high-profile research has included the 2015 discovery that the immune system directly affects social behavior and that [[IFN-gamma]] is necessary for social development.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.virginia.edu/content/shocking-new-role-found-immune-system-controlling-social-interactions|title=Shocking New Role Found for the Immune System: Controlling Social Interactions|date=13 July 2016|publisher=|accessdate=22 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v535/n7612/full/nature18626.html|title=Unexpected role of interferon-γ in regulating neuronal connectivity and social behaviour|first1=Anthony J.|last1=Filiano|first2=Yang|last2=Xu|first3=Nicholas J.|last3=Tustison|first4=Rachel L.|last4=Marsh|first5=Wendy|last5=Baker|first6=Igor|last6=Smirnov|first7=Christopher C.|last7=Overall|first8=Sachin P.|last8=Gadani|first9=Stephen D.|last9=Turner|first10=Zhiping|last10=Weng|first11=Sayeda Najamussahar|last11=Peerzade|first12=Hao|last12=Chen|first13=Kevin S.|last13=Lee|first14=Michael M.|last14=Scott|first15=Mark P.|last15=Beenhakker|first16=Vladimir|last16=Litvak|first17=Jonathan|last17=Kipnis|date=21 July 2016|publisher=|journal=Nature|volume=535|issue=7612|pages=425–429|accessdate=22 December 2016|via=www.nature.com|doi=10.1038/nature18626|pmid=27409813|pmc=4961620}}</ref> This expands upon his work as a graduate student, when he discovered that mice lacking T-cells had cognitive impairments.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/101/21/8180|title=T cell deficiency leads to cognitive dysfunction: Implications for therapeutic vaccination for schizophrenia and other psychiatric conditions|first1=Jonathan|last1=Kipnis|first2=Hagit|last2=Cohen|first3=Michal|last3=Cardon|first4=Yaniv|last4=Ziv|first5=Michal|last5=Schwartz|date=25 May 2004|publisher=|journal=PNAS|volume=101|issue=21|pages=8180–8185|accessdate=22 December 2016|via=www.pnas.org|doi=10.1073/pnas.0402268101|pmid=15141078|pmc=419577}}</ref><ref name="curealz.org"/>


He is the senior author of a 2015 paper describing how CD4+ T-cells protect and repair neurons after injury to the spinal cord and brain.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.jci.org/articles/view/76210|title=MHCII-independent CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells protect injured CNS neurons via IL-4|first1=James T.|last1=Walsh|first2=Sven|last2=Hendrix|first3=Francesco|last3=Boato|first4=Igor|last4=Smirnov|first5=Jingjing|last5=Zheng|first6=John R.|last6=Lukens|first7=Sachin|last7=Gadani|first8=Daniel|last8=Hechler|first9=Greta|last9=Gölz|first10=Karen|last10=Rosenberger|first11=Thomas|last11=Kammertöns|first12=Johannes|last12=Vogt|first13=Christina|last13=Vogelaar|first14=Volker|last14=Siffrin|first15=Ali|last15=Radjavi|first16=Anthony|last16=Fernandez-Castaneda|first17=Alban|last17=Gaultier|first18=Ralf|last18=Gold|first19=Thirumala-Devi|last19=Kanneganti|first20=Robert|last20=Nitsch|first21=Frauke|last21=Zipp|first22=Jonathan|last22=Kipnis|date=2 February 2015|publisher=|journal=J Clin Invest|volume=125|issue=2|accessdate=22 December 2016|doi=10.1172/JCI76210|pmid=25607842|pmc=4319416}}</ref>
He is the senior author of a 2015 paper describing how CD4+ T-cells protect and repair neurons after injury to the spinal cord and brain.<ref>http://www.jci.org/articles/view/76210</ref>
A collaboration with [[Kodi Ravichandran]] characterized the generation of neurons in adult brains and the removal of dead neurons by phagocytic cells.<ref>http://www.news-medical.net/news/20110810/Researchers-helps-explain-how-the-adult-brain-cleans-out-dead-brain-cells-and-produces-new-ones.aspx</ref>
A collaboration with [[Kodi Ravichandran]] characterized the generation of neurons in adult brains and the removal of dead neurons by phagocytic cells.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news-medical.net/news/20110810/Researchers-helps-explain-how-the-adult-brain-cleans-out-dead-brain-cells-and-produces-new-ones.aspx|title=Researchers helps explain how the adult brain cleans out dead brain cells and produces new ones|date=10 August 2011|publisher=|accessdate=22 December 2016}}</ref>


In 2016, he was the senior author on a paper identifying type 2 innate lymphocytes in the [[meninges]] near the lymphatic vessels his lab previously discovered. These cells have previously have been found in the gut, which suggests a link between the brain and the [[microbiome]].<ref>https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-12/uovh-udp121916.php</ref> In mice, these meningeal ILC2 cells were activated by IL-33 after spinal cord injury.<ref>http://jem.rupress.org/content/early/2016/12/16/jem.20161982</ref>
In 2016, he was the senior author on a paper identifying type 2 innate lymphocytes in the [[meninges]] near the lymphatic vessels his lab previously discovered. These cells have previously have been found in the gut, which suggests a link between the brain and the [[microbiome]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-12/uovh-udp121916.php|title=UVA discovers powerful defenders of the brain -- with big implications for disease|publisher=|accessdate=22 December 2016}}</ref> In mice, these meningeal ILC2 cells were activated by IL-33 after spinal cord injury.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://jem.rupress.org/content/early/2016/12/16/jem.20161982|title=Characterization of meningeal type 2 innate lymphocytes and their response to CNS injury|first1=Sachin P.|last1=Gadani|first2=Igor|last2=Smirnov|first3=Ashtyn T.|last3=Smith|first4=Christopher C.|last4=Overall|first5=Jonathan|last5=Kipnis|date=16 December 2016|publisher=|pages=jem.20161982|accessdate=22 December 2016|via=jem.rupress.org|doi=10.1084/jem.20161982|pmid=27994070}}</ref>


== Grants and awards ==
== Grants and awards ==
His work has been funded by the [[Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative]],<ref>https://sfari.org/author/%3Fauthor%3Dhttps%253A//id.simonsfoundation.org/jonathankipnis</ref> [[National Institutes of Health]], the Hartwell Foundation, and the [[Cure Alzheimer's Fund]].<ref>http://curealz.org/people/jonathan-kipnis</ref> He is a [[Gutenberg Forschungskolleg]] Fellow and supervises a working group at the [[University of Mainz]].<ref>http://www.unimedizin-mainz.de/presse/pressemitteilungen/aktuelle-mitteilungen/newsdetail/article/gutenberg-forschungskolleg-ernennt-jonathan-kipnis-und-jochen-roeper-zu-gfk-fellows.html</ref> He received the Robert Ader New Investigator Award for 2011 by the PsychoNeuroImmunology Research Society and the 2012 Jordi Folch-Pi award by the [[American Society for Neurochemistry]]. He was a [[MIND Institute]] Distinguished Lecturer in 2016.<ref>http://media.mindinstitute.org/video/graphics/dls/2016/kipnis_bioabstract.pdf</ref> He is a section editor of the [[Journal of Immunology]].<ref>http://www.jimmunol.org/content/194/8/local/ed-board.pdf</ref>
His work has been funded by the [[Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sfari.org/author/?author=https%253A//id.simonsfoundation.org/jonathankipnis|title=SFARI|publisher=|accessdate=22 December 2016}}</ref> [[National Institutes of Health]], the Hartwell Foundation, and the [[Cure Alzheimer's Fund]].<ref name="curealz.org"/> He is a [[Gutenberg Forschungskolleg]] Fellow and supervises a working group at the [[University of Mainz]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unimedizin-mainz.de/presse/pressemitteilungen/aktuelle-mitteilungen/newsdetail/article/gutenberg-forschungskolleg-ernennt-jonathan-kipnis-und-jochen-roeper-zu-gfk-fellows.html|title=Newsdetail - Universitätsmedizin Mainz - 165|publisher=|accessdate=22 December 2016}}</ref> He received the Robert Ader New Investigator Award for 2011 by the PsychoNeuroImmunology Research Society and the 2012 Jordi Folch-Pi award by the [[American Society for Neurochemistry]]. He was a [[MIND Institute]] Distinguished Lecturer in 2016.<ref>http://media.mindinstitute.org/video/graphics/dls/2016/kipnis_bioabstract.pdf</ref> He is a section editor of the [[Journal of Immunology]].<ref>http://www.jimmunol.org/content/194/8/local/ed-board.pdf</ref>


== High impact papers ==
== High impact papers ==

Revision as of 22:30, 22 December 2016

Jonathan Kipnis
NationalityIsraeli
Alma mater
Known fordiscovery of brain-immune connection
Scientific career
FieldsNeuroimmunology
Institutions

Jonathan Kipnis is the Harrison Distinguished Teaching Professor and Chair of the Department of Neuroscience, and Director of the Center for Brain Immunology and Glia at the University of Virginia School of Medicine. He studies the interaction of the immune system with the nervous system and has been the senior author of a number of landmark papers in this field.[1] His lab currently is studying several diverse topics within this subject, including CNS injury, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimers, cognitive and mental disorders, and neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and Rett syndrome.

Kipnis joined the faculty at UVA in 2007 and was made chair of the Department of Neuroscience in 2016. He earned his Ph.D. from the Weizmann Institute of Science in the lab of Michal Schwartz,[2] and upon graduating in 2004, he received the Prize of Excellence from the Weizmann Institute of Science and a distinguished prize for scientific achievements awarded by the Israeli Parliament, The Knesset.[3]

Discoveries

Meningeal lymphatic vessels

Kipnis is credited with the 2014 discovery of meningeal lymphatic vessels, a recently discovered network of conventional lymphatic vessels located parallel to the dural sinuses and meningeal arteries of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). As a part of the lymphatic system, the meningeal lymphatics are responsible for draining immune cells, small molecules, and excess fluid from the CNS and into the deep cervical lymph nodes.

While it was initially believed that both the brain and meninges were devoid of lymphatic vasculature, the landmark Nature paper by Jonathan Kipnis and his postdoctoral fellow Antoine Louveau was published in 2015. By 2016, this paper was cited nearly 200 times.[4]

His discovery of meningeal lymphatic vessels has attracted attention from many sources, and was touted as a scientific breakthrough in lists such as Scientific American's "Top 10 Science Stories of 2015", Science Magazine's "Breakthrough of the Year", Huffington Post's "Eight Fascinating Things We Learned About the Mind in 2015" and the National Institutes of Health's director Francis Collins year end review.[1][5]

Other discoveries

Other high-profile research has included the 2015 discovery that the immune system directly affects social behavior and that IFN-gamma is necessary for social development.[6][7] This expands upon his work as a graduate student, when he discovered that mice lacking T-cells had cognitive impairments.[8][3]

He is the senior author of a 2015 paper describing how CD4+ T-cells protect and repair neurons after injury to the spinal cord and brain.[9] A collaboration with Kodi Ravichandran characterized the generation of neurons in adult brains and the removal of dead neurons by phagocytic cells.[10]

In 2016, he was the senior author on a paper identifying type 2 innate lymphocytes in the meninges near the lymphatic vessels his lab previously discovered. These cells have previously have been found in the gut, which suggests a link between the brain and the microbiome.[11] In mice, these meningeal ILC2 cells were activated by IL-33 after spinal cord injury.[12]

Grants and awards

His work has been funded by the Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative,[13] National Institutes of Health, the Hartwell Foundation, and the Cure Alzheimer's Fund.[3] He is a Gutenberg Forschungskolleg Fellow and supervises a working group at the University of Mainz.[14] He received the Robert Ader New Investigator Award for 2011 by the PsychoNeuroImmunology Research Society and the 2012 Jordi Folch-Pi award by the American Society for Neurochemistry. He was a MIND Institute Distinguished Lecturer in 2016.[15] He is a section editor of the Journal of Immunology.[16]

High impact papers

  • Louveau A, Smirnov I, Keyes TJ, Eccles JD, Rouhani SJ, Peske JD, Derecki NC, Castle D, Mandell JW, Lee KS, Harris TH, Kipnis J. (2015) Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels. Nature. 2015 Jul 16;523(7560):337-41. doi: 10.1038/nature14432.
  • Filiano AJ, Xu Y, Tustison NJ, Marsh RL, Baker W, Smirnov I, Overall CC, Gadani SP, Turner SD, Weng Z, Peerzade SN, Chen H, Lee KS, Scott MM, Beenhakker MP, Litvak V, Kipnis J. (2016) Unexpected role of interferon-γ in regulating neuronal connectivity and social behaviour. Nature Jul 13;535(7612):425-429. doi: 10.1038/nature18626.

References

  1. ^ a b "NIH, Scientific American, Science salute UVA brain discovery". Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  2. ^ "Immune System Maintains Brain Health - The Scientist Magazine®". Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  3. ^ a b c "Jonathan Kipnis, Ph.D." Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  4. ^ Louveau, Antoine; Smirnov, Igor; Keyes, Timothy J.; Eccles, Jacob D.; Rouhani, Sherin J.; Peske, J. David; Derecki, Noel C.; Castle, David; Mandell, James W.; Lee, Kevin S.; Harris, Tajie H.; Kipnis, Jonathan (16 July 2015). "Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels". 523 (7560): 337–341. doi:10.1038/nature14432. PMC 4506234. PMID 26030524. Retrieved 22 December 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ "Media coverage of our discoveries". Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  6. ^ "Shocking New Role Found for the Immune System: Controlling Social Interactions". 13 July 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  7. ^ Filiano, Anthony J.; Xu, Yang; Tustison, Nicholas J.; Marsh, Rachel L.; Baker, Wendy; Smirnov, Igor; Overall, Christopher C.; Gadani, Sachin P.; Turner, Stephen D.; Weng, Zhiping; Peerzade, Sayeda Najamussahar; Chen, Hao; Lee, Kevin S.; Scott, Michael M.; Beenhakker, Mark P.; Litvak, Vladimir; Kipnis, Jonathan (21 July 2016). "Unexpected role of interferon-γ in regulating neuronal connectivity and social behaviour". Nature. 535 (7612): 425–429. doi:10.1038/nature18626. PMC 4961620. PMID 27409813. Retrieved 22 December 2016 – via www.nature.com.
  8. ^ Kipnis, Jonathan; Cohen, Hagit; Cardon, Michal; Ziv, Yaniv; Schwartz, Michal (25 May 2004). "T cell deficiency leads to cognitive dysfunction: Implications for therapeutic vaccination for schizophrenia and other psychiatric conditions". PNAS. 101 (21): 8180–8185. doi:10.1073/pnas.0402268101. PMC 419577. PMID 15141078. Retrieved 22 December 2016 – via www.pnas.org.
  9. ^ Walsh, James T.; Hendrix, Sven; Boato, Francesco; Smirnov, Igor; Zheng, Jingjing; Lukens, John R.; Gadani, Sachin; Hechler, Daniel; Gölz, Greta; Rosenberger, Karen; Kammertöns, Thomas; Vogt, Johannes; Vogelaar, Christina; Siffrin, Volker; Radjavi, Ali; Fernandez-Castaneda, Anthony; Gaultier, Alban; Gold, Ralf; Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi; Nitsch, Robert; Zipp, Frauke; Kipnis, Jonathan (2 February 2015). "MHCII-independent CD4+ T cells protect injured CNS neurons via IL-4". J Clin Invest. 125 (2). doi:10.1172/JCI76210. PMC 4319416. PMID 25607842. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  10. ^ "Researchers helps explain how the adult brain cleans out dead brain cells and produces new ones". 10 August 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  11. ^ "UVA discovers powerful defenders of the brain -- with big implications for disease". Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  12. ^ Gadani, Sachin P.; Smirnov, Igor; Smith, Ashtyn T.; Overall, Christopher C.; Kipnis, Jonathan (16 December 2016). "Characterization of meningeal type 2 innate lymphocytes and their response to CNS injury": jem.20161982. doi:10.1084/jem.20161982. PMID 27994070. Retrieved 22 December 2016 – via jem.rupress.org. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. ^ "SFARI". Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  14. ^ "Newsdetail - Universitätsmedizin Mainz - 165". Retrieved 22 December 2016. {{cite web}}: no-break space character in |title= at position 11 (help)
  15. ^ http://media.mindinstitute.org/video/graphics/dls/2016/kipnis_bioabstract.pdf
  16. ^ http://www.jimmunol.org/content/194/8/local/ed-board.pdf
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Kipnis&oldid=756241109"