Nemo Peak: Difference between revisions
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Nemo Peak is one of the most active volcanoes in the Kuriles and has been the site of catastrophic eruptions for 300,000 years, going back to the [[Pleistocene]]. Such large eruptions released large amounts of [[pyroclastic]]s. Old eruptions occurred 199,000 - 200,000 years ago.{{sfn|Sakhno|Derkachev|Melekestsev|Razzhigaeva|2010|p=1162}} |
Nemo Peak is one of the most active volcanoes in the Kuriles and has been the site of catastrophic eruptions for 300,000 years, going back to the [[Pleistocene]]. Such large eruptions released large amounts of [[pyroclastic]]s. Old eruptions occurred 199,000 - 200,000 years ago.{{sfn|Sakhno|Derkachev|Melekestsev|Razzhigaeva|2010|p=1162}} |
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The older Nemo calderas appear to predate the last glaciation, while the younger one is post-glacial in age.{{sfn|Newhall|Dzurisin|1988|p=625}} Nemo I formed 40,000 - 45,000 years ago and Nemo III 25,000 - 24,500{{sfn|Gorbarenko|Nürnberg|Derkachev|Astakhov|2002|p=126}} or 26,000 years ago |
The older Nemo calderas appear to predate the last glaciation, while the younger one is post-glacial in age.{{sfn|Newhall|Dzurisin|1988|p=625}} Nemo I formed 40,000 - 45,000 years ago and Nemo III 25,000 - 24,500{{sfn|Gorbarenko|Nürnberg|Derkachev|Astakhov|2002|p=126}} or 26,000 years ago;{{sfn|Sakhno|Derkachev|Melekestsev|Razzhigaeva|2010|p=1162}} a [[radiocarbon]] date of 24,500 ± 740 years ago has been obtained on it.{{sfn|Braitseva|Melekestsev|Ponomareva|Sulerzhitsky|1995|p=399}} Nemo Peak proper formed about 9,050 ± 100 or 9,130 ± 140 [[radiocarbon]] years ago.{{sfn|Braitseva|Melekestsev|Ponomareva|Sulerzhitsky|1995|p=396}} |
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Nemo Peak was the site of volcanic unrest in the 1700s, 1938 and 1906. This last eruption may be associated with the formation of a [[lava dome]].{{sfn|Newhall|Dzurisin|1988|p=625}} The summit area features [[solfataric]] activity.{{sfn|Newhall|Dzurisin|1988|p=626}} |
Nemo Peak was the site of volcanic unrest in the 1700s, 1938 and 1906. This last eruption may be associated with the formation of a [[lava dome]].{{sfn|Newhall|Dzurisin|1988|p=625}} The summit area features [[solfataric]] activity.{{sfn|Newhall|Dzurisin|1988|p=626}} |
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=== Sources === |
=== Sources === |
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* {{Cite journal|last=Braitseva|first=O. A.|last2=Melekestsev|first2=I. V.|last3=Ponomareva|first3=V. V.|last4=Sulerzhitsky|first4=L. D.|date=1995-12-01|title=Ages of calderas, large explosive craters and active volcanoes in the Kuril-Kamchatka region, Russia|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00300984|journal=Bulletin of Volcanology|ref=harv|volume=57|issue=6|pages=383–402|doi=10.1007/BF00300984|issn=0258-8900}} |
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* {{Cite journal|last=Derkachev|first=A. N.|last2=Portnyagin|first2=M. V.|date=2013-09-01|title=Marker tephra layers in the late quaternary deposits of the Sea of Okhotsk as evidence of catastrophic eruptions in the Nemo caldera complex (Onekotan Island, Kuril Islands)|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0869593813040035|journal=Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation|ref=harv|volume=21|issue=5|pages=553–571|doi=10.1134/S0869593813040035|issn=0869-5938}} |
* {{Cite journal|last=Derkachev|first=A. N.|last2=Portnyagin|first2=M. V.|date=2013-09-01|title=Marker tephra layers in the late quaternary deposits of the Sea of Okhotsk as evidence of catastrophic eruptions in the Nemo caldera complex (Onekotan Island, Kuril Islands)|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0869593813040035|journal=Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation|ref=harv|volume=21|issue=5|pages=553–571|doi=10.1134/S0869593813040035|issn=0869-5938}} |
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* {{Cite journal|last=Gorbarenko|first=S. A|last2=Nürnberg|first2=D|last3=Derkachev|first3=A. N.|last4=Astakhov|first4=A. S|last5=Southon|first5=J. R|last6=Kaiser|first6=A|date=2002-04-30|title=Magnetostratigraphy and tephrochronology of the Upper Quaternary sediments in the Okhotsk Sea: implication of terrigenous, volcanogenic and biogenic matter supply|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025322702001640|journal=Marine Geology|volume=183|issue=1–4|pages=107–129|doi=10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00164-0|ref=harv}}{{sfn|Gorbarenko|Nürnberg|Derkachev|Astakhov|2002|p=126}} |
* {{Cite journal|last=Gorbarenko|first=S. A|last2=Nürnberg|first2=D|last3=Derkachev|first3=A. N.|last4=Astakhov|first4=A. S|last5=Southon|first5=J. R|last6=Kaiser|first6=A|date=2002-04-30|title=Magnetostratigraphy and tephrochronology of the Upper Quaternary sediments in the Okhotsk Sea: implication of terrigenous, volcanogenic and biogenic matter supply|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025322702001640|journal=Marine Geology|volume=183|issue=1–4|pages=107–129|doi=10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00164-0|ref=harv}}{{sfn|Gorbarenko|Nürnberg|Derkachev|Astakhov|2002|p=126}} |
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| Nemo Peak | |
|---|---|
 Onekotan Island, with Nemo Peak at top (north) and Tao-Rusyr Caldera at bottom. | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,018 m (3,340 ft) |
| Coordinates | 49°34′12″N 154°48′29″E / 49.57°N 154.808°E |
| Geography | |
| Location | Onekotan, Kuril Islands, Russia |
| Geology | |
| Mountain type | Stratovolcano / Caldera |
| Last eruption | August 1938 |
| Climbing | |
| First ascent | ? |
| Easiest route | ? |
Nemo Peak (Russian: Пик Немо) is a stratovolcano located at the northern end of Onekotan Island, Kuril Islands, Russia. It is truncated by two nested calderas, with the cone of Nemo Peak itself rising in the southwest end of the youngest caldera and a crescent-shaped crater lake partially filling the northeast part, named Ozero Chernoye. The valley separating the peak and the southern part of the caldera is named Oohekotah, it contains a creek that drains most of the caldera, and numerous small ponds.[1]
Geography
Nemo Peak lies on Onekotan Island, in the Kurile Islands.[2] Nemo Peak lies on the northern end of the island; the southern end is occupied by Tao-Rusyr Caldera.[3] These two volcanoes together have erupted about 120–130 cubic kilometres (29–31 cu mi) of tephra, covering the entire seafloor of the Sea of Okhotsk.[4]
Geology
Nemo Peak has formed several calderas. Two older ones reach diametres of 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) and overlap each other.[2] A pre-Nemo volcano is known as Mednyi.[4]
Within this caldera lies a stratovolcano with a smaller 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) wide caldera; Nemo Peak proper is located within this smaller caldera.[2] Lava flows extend down from the summit area of Nemo Peak.[3] In the north-northeastern part of this caldera, Black Lake can be found. The caldera opens towards the Sea of Okhotsk.[5]
The complex is surrounded by older rocks, some of Tertiary age.[3] To the south the complex borders the old Tao-Rusyr and Shestakov volcanic rocks.[6] Another volcano named Asyrmintar is found on the northeastern margin of the two older calderas.[5]
Eruptive history
Nemo Peak is one of the most active volcanoes in the Kuriles and has been the site of catastrophic eruptions for 300,000 years, going back to the Pleistocene. Such large eruptions released large amounts of pyroclastics. Old eruptions occurred 199,000 - 200,000 years ago.[4]
The older Nemo calderas appear to predate the last glaciation, while the younger one is post-glacial in age.[2] Nemo I formed 40,000 - 45,000 years ago and Nemo III 25,000 - 24,500[7] or 26,000 years ago;[4] a radiocarbon date of 24,500 ± 740 years ago has been obtained on it.[8] Nemo Peak proper formed about 9,050 ± 100 or 9,130 ± 140 radiocarbon years ago.[9]
Nemo Peak was the site of volcanic unrest in the 1700s, 1938 and 1906. This last eruption may be associated with the formation of a lava dome.[2] The summit area features solfataric activity.[5]
Tephras
Nemo Peak appears to be the source of several tephra layers found in the Sea of Okhotsk named K2 and K3. These tephras extend up to 800 square kilometres (310 sq mi) away from Onekotan Island[10] but their locations do not overlap:[11] K2 tephras extend northwestward away from Onekotan.[6] The volume of the K2 tephra has been estimated at around 9 cubic kilometres (2.2 cu mi).[11] This tephra is of rhyolitic composition.[7]
It is not clear if they come from different phaes of the same eruption or different ones,[10] but they certainly are different tephras given their different distribution. Potentially, K3 was formed by the caldera-forming eruption of Nemo II and K2 by eruptions of Nemo III.[11] An alternative proposal attributes K3 to the Nemo I caldera.[12]
See also
References
- ^ http://loadmap.net/en?qq=49.5515%20154.7995&z=13&s=50000&c=41&g=1
- ^ a b c d e Newhall & Dzurisin 1988, p. 625.
- ^ a b c Newhall & Dzurisin 1988, p. 624.
- ^ a b c d Sakhno et al. 2010, p. 1162.
- ^ a b c Newhall & Dzurisin 1988, p. 626.
- ^ a b Sakhno et al. 2010, p. 1157.
- ^ a b Gorbarenko et al. 2002, p. 126.
- ^ Braitseva et al. 1995, p. 399.
- ^ Braitseva et al. 1995, p. 396.
- ^ a b Derkachev & Portnyagin 2013, p. 567.
- ^ a b c Derkachev & Portnyagin 2013, p. 568.
- ^ Gorbarenko et al. 2002, p. 127.
Sources
- Braitseva, O. A.; Melekestsev, I. V.; Ponomareva, V. V.; Sulerzhitsky, L. D. (1995-12-01). "Ages of calderas, large explosive craters and active volcanoes in the Kuril-Kamchatka region, Russia". Bulletin of Volcanology. 57 (6): 383–402. doi:10.1007/BF00300984. ISSN 0258-8900.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Derkachev, A. N.; Portnyagin, M. V. (2013-09-01). "Marker tephra layers in the late quaternary deposits of the Sea of Okhotsk as evidence of catastrophic eruptions in the Nemo caldera complex (Onekotan Island, Kuril Islands)". Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation. 21 (5): 553–571. doi:10.1134/S0869593813040035. ISSN 0869-5938.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Gorbarenko, S. A; Nürnberg, D; Derkachev, A. N.; Astakhov, A. S; Southon, J. R; Kaiser, A (2002-04-30). "Magnetostratigraphy and tephrochronology of the Upper Quaternary sediments in the Okhotsk Sea: implication of terrigenous, volcanogenic and biogenic matter supply". Marine Geology. 183 (1–4): 107–129. doi:10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00164-0.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)[1] - Newhall, Christopher G.; Dzurisin, Daniel (1988-01-01). Historical unrest at the large calderas of the world. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Sakhno, V. G.; Derkachev, A. N.; Melekestsev, I. V.; Razzhigaeva, N. G.; Zarubina, N. V. (2010-09-01). "Volcanic ash in sediments of the Sea of Okhotsk: Identification based on minor and rare earth elements". Doklady Earth Sciences. 434 (1): 1156–1163. doi:10.1134/S1028334X10090047. ISSN 1028-334X.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
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- ^ Gorbarenko et al. 2002, p. 126.