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'''''Streptomyces antibioticus''''' (previously known as ''Actinomyces antibioticus'') is a [[Gram-positive bacteria|gram-positive]] [[bacterium]] discovered in 1941 by Nobel-prize-winner [[Selman Waksman]] and [[H. Boyd Woodruff]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.mi.37.100183.001201|title=Ecology of Actinomycetes|last=M Goodfellow|first=and|last2=Williams|first2=S. T.|date=2003-11-28|website=http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.mi.37.100183.001201|language=en|doi=10.1146/annurev.mi.37.100183.001201|access-date=2017-04-04}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Waksman|first=S. A.|last2=Woodruff|first2=H. B.|date=1941-08-01|title=Actinomyces antibioticus, a New Soil Organism Antagonistic to Pathogenic and Non-pathogenic Bacteria|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16560451|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=42|issue=2|pages=231–249|issn=0021-9193|pmc=PMC374755|pmid=16560451}}</ref> Its name is derived from the Greek ''"strepto-"'' meaning "twisted", alluding to this [[genus]]' chain-like [[spore]] production,<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Waksman|first=S. A.|last2=Henrici|first2=A. T.|date=1943-10-01|title=The Nomenclature and Classification of the Actinomycetes|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16560709|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=46|issue=4|pages=337–341|issn=0021-9193|pmc=PMC373826|pmid=16560709}}</ref> and "''antibioticus''", referring to this species' extensive [[Antibiotics|antibiotic]] production.<ref name=":0" /> Upon its first characterization, it was noted that ''S. antibioticus'' produces a distinct soil odor.<ref name=":0" />{{Taxobox
{{italic title}}
| image =
{{Taxobox
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Bacterium|Bacteria]]
| regnum = [[Bacterium|Bacteria]]
| phylum = [[Actinobacteria]]
| phylum = [[Actinobacteria]]
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| species = '''''S. antibioticus'''''
| species = '''''S. antibioticus'''''
| binomial = ''Streptomyces antibioticus''
| binomial = ''Streptomyces antibioticus''
| binomial_authority = Waksman
| binomial_authority = Waksman 1943
}}
}}
'''''Streptomyces antibioticus''''' (previously known as ''Actinomyces antibioticus'') is a [[bacterium]] discovered in 1941 by Nobel-prize-winner [[Selman Waksman]] and [[H. Boyd Woodruff]].<ref name=Waksman>{{cite journal|last1=Waksman|first1=Selman A.|last2=Woodruff|first2=H. Boyd|title=''Actinomyces antibioticus'', a New Soil Organism Antagonistic to Pathogenic and Non-pathogenic Bacteria|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|date=1941|volume=42|issue=2|pages=231–249|accessdate=12 August 2015|pmc=374755|pmid=16560451}}</ref> It produces a large number of antibiotic compounds, including [[boromycin]],<ref name = Chen>{{cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=Tom S. S.|last2=Chang|first2=Ching-Jer|last3=Floss|first3=Heinz G.|title=Biosynthesis of boromycin|journal=The Journal of Organic Chemistry|date=June 1981|volume=46|issue=13|pages=2661–2665|doi=10.1021/jo00326a010}}</ref> [[oleandomycin]],<ref name = Hosenkin>{{cite web|title=What are Streptomycetes?|url=http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/mbiotech/hosenkin_lab/Strepto-E.html|website=Hosenkin Lab; Hiroshima-University|accessdate=10 August 2015}}</ref><ref name = Swan>{{cite journal|last1=Swan|first1=David G.|last2=Rodríguez|first2=Ana M.|last3=Vilches|first3=Carmen|last4=Méndez|first4=Carmen|last5=Salas|first5=José A.|title=Characterisation of a Streptomyces antibioticus gene encoding a type I polyketide synthase which has an unusual coding sequence|journal=MGG Molecular & General Genetics|date=1994|volume=242|issue=3|doi=10.1007/BF00280426|publisher=Springer-Verlag|issn=1432-1874|pages=358–362}}</ref><ref name = Finto>{{cite web|title= Streptomyces antibioticus| url=http://finto.fi/mesh/en/page/D013303|website=finto: Finnish Thesaurus and Ontology Service|accessdate=10 August 2015}}</ref> mycangimycin,<ref name=Atta>{{cite journal|last1=Atta|first1=Houssam M.|title=Production, Purification, Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Biological Activities of Antifungal Antibiotic Produced by Streptomyces antibioticus, AZ-Z710|journal=American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research|date=2010|volume=5|issue=1|page=39|url=http://www.idosi.org/aejsr/5(1)10/7.pdf|accessdate=11 August 2015|issn=1818-6785}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=August 2015}}, [[actinomycin]],<ref name = Tishler>{{cite journal|last1=Waksman|first1=Selman A.|last2=Tishler|first2=Max|title=THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF ACTINOMYCIN, AN ANTI-MICROBIAL SUBSTANCE PRODUCED BY ACTINOMYCES ANTIBIOTICUS|journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry|date=1942|volume=142|issue=2|pages=519–528|url=http://www.jbc.org/content/142/2/519.short|accessdate=12 August 2015}}</ref> and others.


==Taxonomy==
== Discovery ==
''Streptomyces antibioticus'' was discovered by Selman Waksman and H. Boyd Woodruff, who named the bacterium ''Actinomyces antibioticus.''<ref name=":0" /> In their 1941 publication, Waksman and Woodruff describe their use of the “bacterial-agar plate method”, in which they mixed a suspension of ''[[Escherichia coli|E. coli]]'' with washed [[agar]] containing 1.5% [[NaCl]] and 0.5% [[K3PO4|K<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>]]<sub>.</sub><ref name=":0" /> To this blend, they added “fresh field or garden soil” that was diluted with sterile tap water, and plated their final mixture.<ref name=":0" /> They concluded that “bacterial antagonists”, that is, [[Antibiotics|antibiotic]] producing organisms, would produce clear patches in the agar.<ref name=":0" /> Through this method they isolated and characterized ''Actinomyces antibioticus''.<ref name=":0" /> Two years later, Waksman renamed the organism ''Streptomyces antibioticus.''<ref name=":1" />


== Characteristics ==
In 1941 Waksman and Woodruff chose to name the organism ''Actinomyces antibioticus''.<ref name=Waksman/>{{rp|page=232}} However, following the subsequent renaming of actinomycetes (also by Waksman),<ref name= Henrici>{{cite journal|last1=Waksman|first1=Selman A.|last2=Henrici|first2=Arthur T.|title=The Nomenclature and Classification of the Actinomycetes|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|date=October 1943|volume=46|issue=4|page=339|accessdate=17 August 2015|pmc=373826|pmid=16560709}}</ref> the organism became known as ''Streptomyces antibioticus''.


==Morphology==
=== Phylogeny ===
''Streptomyces'' ''antibioticus'' belongs to the family [[Streptomycetaceae|Streptomycetacae]],<ref name=":1" /> which contains two other genera: ''[[Micromonospora]]''<ref name=":1" /> and ''[[Kitasatospora]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gao|first=Beile|last2=Gupta|first2=Radhey S.|date=2012-03-01|title=Phylogenetic framework and molecular signatures for the main clades of the phylum Actinobacteria|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22390973|journal=Microbiology and molecular biology reviews: MMBR|volume=76|issue=1|pages=66–112|doi=10.1128/MMBR.05011-11|issn=1098-5557|pmc=PMC3294427|pmid=22390973}}</ref> [[16S ribosomal RNA|16S rRNA]] gene-based [[Phylogenetic tree|phylogeny]] shows that within the ''[[Streptomyces]]'' clade, the species ''S. antibioticus'' is more closely related to ''[[Streptomyces griseoruber|Streptomyces griseorubor]]'' than to any other ''Streptomyces'' species''.''<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Labeda|first=D. P.|last2=Goodfellow|first2=M.|last3=Brown|first3=R.|last4=Ward|first4=A. C.|last5=Lanoot|first5=B.|last6=Vanncanneyt|first6=M.|last7=Swings|first7=J.|last8=Kim|first8=S.-B.|last9=Liu|first9=Z.|date=2012-01-01|title=Phylogenetic study of the species within the family Streptomycetaceae|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22045019|journal=Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek|volume=101|issue=1|pages=73–104|doi=10.1007/s10482-011-9656-0|issn=1572-9699|pmid=22045019}}</ref> One study showed that these two species form a late-diverging [[clade]] within the phylogenetic tree of the genus ''Streptomyces.''<ref name=":2" />
The original authors described ''S. antibioticus'' as follows:<ref name=Waksman />{{rp|page=246}}


=== Genomics ===
<blockquote>Spore-bearing hyphae produced in the form of straight aerial mycelium. The sporophores are arranged in clusters; no spirals formed. The spores are nearly spherical to somewhat elliptical.</blockquote>
The [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]]’s [[GenBank]] contains thousands of DNA sequences for ''S. antibioticus'' genes, partial genome sequences, and three complete genome sequences.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Benson|first=Dennis A.|last2=Karsch-Mizrachi|first2=Ilene|last3=Lipman|first3=David J.|last4=Ostell|first4=James|last5=Sayers|first5=Eric W.|date=2011-01-01|title=GenBank|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21071399|journal=Nucleic Acids Research|volume=39|issue=Database issue|pages=D32–37|doi=10.1093/nar/gkq1079|issn=1362-4962|pmc=PMC3013681|pmid=21071399}}</ref> The currently available ''S. antibioticus'' genomes range in size from 8 to 10 million basepairs.<ref name=":3" /> As with other members of the [[Actinomycetales|Actinomycetes]], the ''S. antibioticus'' genome is known to have a high GC content (>55%).<ref name=":5" />


=== Physiology and Ecology ===
It is also described as smelling strongly of soil.<ref name=Waksman />{{rp|page=247}}
''Streptomyces'' species produce [[Cellular differentiation|differentiated]], branch-like structures known as [[Hypha|hyphae]], which collectively make up the organism's [[mycelium]] (plural mycelia).<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Manteca|first=Angel|last2=Fernandez|first2=Marisol|last3=Sanchez|first3=Jesus|date=2006-03-01|title=Cytological and biochemical evidence for an early cell dismantling event in surface cultures of Streptomyces antibioticus|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16171979|journal=Research in Microbiology|volume=157|issue=2|pages=143–152|doi=10.1016/j.resmic.2005.07.003|issn=0923-2508|pmid=16171979}}</ref> For ''Streptomyces antibioticus'', as with other ''Streptomyces'' species, mycelia can be divided into two types: aerial and substrate.<ref name=":4" /> The substrate mycelium is formed for vegetative growth, whereas the aerial mycelium is formed for the purpose of spore production.<ref name=":4" /> Aerial hyphae branch out from the substrate mycelium and subsequently differentiate into chains of spores.<ref name=":4" />


''Streptomyces antibioticus'' is known to be an [[Aerobe|aerobic]] microorganism that resides in soil communities.<ref name=":1" /> ''S. antibioticus'' has been demonstrated to grow in temperatures ranging from 28-37 <sup>o</sup>C.<ref name=":0" /> As an Actinomycete, this microbe is inferred to behave as a [[mesophile]] in laboratory settings, having an [[Thermal optimum|optimum growth temperature]] between 25-30 <sup>o</sup>C.<ref name=":5" /> As a member of the ''Streptomyces'' genus, ''S. antibioticus'' is inferred to live off of organic matter in the soil, and possess the ability to degrade large polymers such as [[chitin]] and [[keratin]].<ref name=":5" /> ''S. antibioticus'' has been shown to grow on several types of media, including [[gelatin]], [[Litmus milk]], Czapek's agar, and Peptone media.<ref name=":0" />
==Use in medicine==


== Medical Relevance ==
''S. antibioticus'' produces many antibiotic compounds; these include (among others):
A unique trait of ''Streptomyces antibioticus'' is its ability to produce several antibiotics of different classes.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Benedict|first=R. G.|year=1953|title=Antibiotics produced by Actinomycetes|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4353501?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents|journal=Botanical Review|volume=19|pages=229-320|via=JSTOR}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Haque|first=S.F.|last2=Laskar|first2=S.|last3=Sen|first3=S.K.|last4=Pal|first4=S.C.|title=Physicochemical Properties of Non-aromatic Broad-spectrum Antibiotic of Streptomyces antibioticus Sr15. 4|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0944501398800347|journal=Microbiological Research|language=en|volume=153|issue=2|pages=153–156|doi=10.1016/s0944-5013(98)80034-7}}</ref> Upon its discovery, it was found that ''S. antibioticus'' produced a then novel substance named Actinomycin.<ref name=":0" /> This substance was then separated into two compounds: Actinomycin A and Actinomycin B.<ref name=":0" /> Actinomycin A was found to be highly [[Bacteriostatic agent|bacteriostatic]] (bacteria hindering) against all bacteria it was tested with.<ref name=":0" /> Actinomycin B displayed little bacteriostatic activity but was shown to be highly [[Bactericide|bactericidal]] (bacteria killing), particularly towards gram-positive bacteria.<ref name=":0" /> Actinomycin is also known to display [[antifungal]] properties.<ref name=":0" />


The antibiotic [[Boromycin]] is also produced by ''S. antibioticus''.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Tom S. S.|last2=Chang|first2=Ching-Jer|last3=Floss|first3=Heinz G.|date=1981-06-01|title=Biosynthesis of boromycin|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00326a010|journal=The Journal of Organic Chemistry|volume=46|issue=13|pages=2661–2665|doi=10.1021/jo00326a010|issn=0022-3263}}</ref> This compound was first isolated from a ''S. antibioticus'' strain found in an African soil sample.<ref name=":8" /> Boromycin is active against gram-positive bacteria, but inactive against [[Gram-negative bacteria|gram-negative]] bacteria.<ref name=":8" /> Boromycin has also been shown to have antifungal and [[antiprotozoal]] properties.<ref name=":8" />
*[[boromycin]]<ref name= Chen/>
*[[oleandomycin]]<ref name = Hosenkin/><ref name=Swan /><ref name=Finto />
*mycangimycin<ref name = Atta/>{{Verify source|date=August 2015}}
*[[actinomycin]]<ref name = Tishler/>


Certain ''Streptomyces antibioticus'' strains produce antibiotics that have yet to be named and thoroughly characterized, such as the one mentioned in a 1998 study from [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]].<ref name=":7" /> The antibiotic described was found to show antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria, gram-positive bacteria, and [[Pathogenic fungus|pathogenic fungi.]]<ref name=":7" />
⚫
== References ==
{{Reflist}}


In addition to producing antibiotics, one strain of ''S. antibioticus'' has been discovered to induce a different species of ''Streptomyces'' to produce antibiotics.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Li|first=Wang|last2=Nihira|first2=Takuya|last3=Sakuda|first3=Shohei|last4=Nishida|first4=Takuo|last5=Yamada|first5=Yasuhiro|title=New inducing factors for virginiamycin production from Streptomyces antibioticus|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/0922-338X(92)90112-8|journal=Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering|language=en|volume=74|issue=4|pages=214–217|doi=10.1016/0922-338x(92)90112-8}}</ref> Research done by Li et al. from [[Osaka University]] studied a strain of ''S. antibioticus'' that produced a molecule with the ability to induce the organism ''[[Streptomyces virginiae]]'' to produce the antibiotic [[Virginiamycin]].<ref name=":9" />
⚫
==External links==
*{{EOL|972235|Streptomyces antibioticus}}
*[http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=14977&submit=Search Type strain of ''Streptomyces antibioticus'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase]


Presently, [[Pathogenic bacteria|bacterial diseases]] persist as a substantial cause of death worldwide.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=de Lima Procópio|first=Rudi Emerson|last2=Silva|first2=Ingrid Reis da|last3=Martins|first3=Mayra Kassawara|last4=Azevedo|first4=João Lúcio de|last5=Araújo|first5=Janete Magali de|title=Antibiotics produced by Streptomyces|url=http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2012.08.014|journal=The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=16|issue=5|pages=466–471|doi=10.1016/j.bjid.2012.08.014}}</ref> To further exacerbate this issue, the discovery [[Antimicrobial resistance|antibiotic-resistant]] [[Strain (biology)|strains]] of bacteria is steadily increasing, a problem that raises the demand for novel antibiotics.<ref name=":10" /> Currently, over two thirds of the antibiotics clinically prescribed have been produced by species within the genus ''Streptomyces''.<ref name=":10" /> With the recent availability of whole genome sequences, ''Streptomyces'' species known for producing antibiotics are being studied for potential new antibiotics that may be present in their genomes, but not yet characterized.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhang|first=Hongyu|last2=Wang|first2=Hongbo|last3=Wang|first3=Yipeng|last4=Cui|first4=Hongli|last5=Xie|first5=Zeping|last6=Pu|first6=Yang|last7=Pei|first7=Shiqian|last8=Li|first8=Fuchao|last9=Qin|first9=Song|date=2012-07-01|title=Genomic sequence-based discovery of novel angucyclinone antibiotics from marine Streptomyces sp. W007|url=https://academic.oup.com/femsle/article/332/2/105/501594/Genomic-sequence-based-discovery-of-novel|journal=FEMS Microbiology Letters|volume=332|issue=2|pages=105–112|doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02582.x|issn=0378-1097}}</ref>
⚫
[[Category:Streptomyces|antibioticus]]


⚫
==External links==
[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1890 ''Streptomyces antibioticus'' - NCBI Taxonomy Browser]


⚫
==References==
{{Streptomyces-stub}}
<references />
⚫
[[Category:Streptomyces|antibioticus]]

Revision as of 17:41, 26 April 2017

Streptomyces antibioticus (previously known as Actinomyces antibioticus) is a gram-positive bacterium discovered in 1941 by Nobel-prize-winner Selman Waksman and H. Boyd Woodruff.[1][2] Its name is derived from the Greek "strepto-" meaning "twisted", alluding to this genus' chain-like spore production,[3] and "antibioticus", referring to this species' extensive antibiotic production.[2] Upon its first characterization, it was noted that S. antibioticus produces a distinct soil odor.[2]

Streptomyces antibioticus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Actinobacteria
Class:
Actinobacteria
Order:
Actinomycetales
Family:
Streptomycetaceae
Genus:
Streptomyces
Species:
S. antibioticus
Binomial name
Streptomyces antibioticus
Waksman 1943

Discovery

Streptomyces antibioticus was discovered by Selman Waksman and H. Boyd Woodruff, who named the bacterium Actinomyces antibioticus.[2] In their 1941 publication, Waksman and Woodruff describe their use of the “bacterial-agar plate method”, in which they mixed a suspension of E. coli with washed agar containing 1.5% NaCl and 0.5% K3PO4.[2] To this blend, they added “fresh field or garden soil” that was diluted with sterile tap water, and plated their final mixture.[2] They concluded that “bacterial antagonists”, that is, antibiotic producing organisms, would produce clear patches in the agar.[2] Through this method they isolated and characterized Actinomyces antibioticus.[2] Two years later, Waksman renamed the organism Streptomyces antibioticus.[3]

Characteristics

Phylogeny

Streptomyces antibioticus belongs to the family Streptomycetacae,[3] which contains two other genera: Micromonospora[3] and Kitasatospora.[4] 16S rRNA gene-based phylogeny shows that within the Streptomyces clade, the species S. antibioticus is more closely related to Streptomyces griseorubor than to any other Streptomyces species.[5] One study showed that these two species form a late-diverging clade within the phylogenetic tree of the genus Streptomyces.[5]

Genomics

The NCBI’s GenBank contains thousands of DNA sequences for S. antibioticus genes, partial genome sequences, and three complete genome sequences.[6] The currently available S. antibioticus genomes range in size from 8 to 10 million basepairs.[6] As with other members of the Actinomycetes, the S. antibioticus genome is known to have a high GC content (>55%).[1]

Physiology and Ecology

Streptomyces species produce differentiated, branch-like structures known as hyphae, which collectively make up the organism's mycelium (plural mycelia).[7] For Streptomyces antibioticus, as with other Streptomyces species, mycelia can be divided into two types: aerial and substrate.[7] The substrate mycelium is formed for vegetative growth, whereas the aerial mycelium is formed for the purpose of spore production.[7] Aerial hyphae branch out from the substrate mycelium and subsequently differentiate into chains of spores.[7]

Streptomyces antibioticus is known to be an aerobic microorganism that resides in soil communities.[3] S. antibioticus has been demonstrated to grow in temperatures ranging from 28-37 oC.[2] As an Actinomycete, this microbe is inferred to behave as a mesophile in laboratory settings, having an optimum growth temperature between 25-30 oC.[1] As a member of the Streptomyces genus, S. antibioticus is inferred to live off of organic matter in the soil, and possess the ability to degrade large polymers such as chitin and keratin.[1] S. antibioticus has been shown to grow on several types of media, including gelatin, Litmus milk, Czapek's agar, and Peptone media.[2]

Medical Relevance

A unique trait of Streptomyces antibioticus is its ability to produce several antibiotics of different classes.[8][9] Upon its discovery, it was found that S. antibioticus produced a then novel substance named Actinomycin.[2] This substance was then separated into two compounds: Actinomycin A and Actinomycin B.[2] Actinomycin A was found to be highly bacteriostatic (bacteria hindering) against all bacteria it was tested with.[2] Actinomycin B displayed little bacteriostatic activity but was shown to be highly bactericidal (bacteria killing), particularly towards gram-positive bacteria.[2] Actinomycin is also known to display antifungal properties.[2]

The antibiotic Boromycin is also produced by S. antibioticus.[10] This compound was first isolated from a S. antibioticus strain found in an African soil sample.[10] Boromycin is active against gram-positive bacteria, but inactive against gram-negative bacteria.[10] Boromycin has also been shown to have antifungal and antiprotozoal properties.[10]

Certain Streptomyces antibioticus strains produce antibiotics that have yet to be named and thoroughly characterized, such as the one mentioned in a 1998 study from Calcutta University.[9] The antibiotic described was found to show antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria, gram-positive bacteria, and pathogenic fungi.[9]

In addition to producing antibiotics, one strain of S. antibioticus has been discovered to induce a different species of Streptomyces to produce antibiotics.[11] Research done by Li et al. from Osaka University studied a strain of S. antibioticus that produced a molecule with the ability to induce the organism Streptomyces virginiae to produce the antibiotic Virginiamycin.[11]

Presently, bacterial diseases persist as a substantial cause of death worldwide.[12] To further exacerbate this issue, the discovery antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria is steadily increasing, a problem that raises the demand for novel antibiotics.[12] Currently, over two thirds of the antibiotics clinically prescribed have been produced by species within the genus Streptomyces.[12] With the recent availability of whole genome sequences, Streptomyces species known for producing antibiotics are being studied for potential new antibiotics that may be present in their genomes, but not yet characterized.[13]

External links

Streptomyces antibioticus - NCBI Taxonomy Browser

References

  1. ^ a b c d M Goodfellow, and; Williams, S. T. (2003-11-28). "Ecology of Actinomycetes". http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.mi.37.100183.001201. doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.37.100183.001201. Retrieved 2017-04-04. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Waksman, S. A.; Woodruff, H. B. (1941-08-01). "Actinomyces antibioticus, a New Soil Organism Antagonistic to Pathogenic and Non-pathogenic Bacteria". Journal of Bacteriology. 42 (2): 231–249. ISSN 0021-9193. PMC 374755. PMID 16560451.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  3. ^ a b c d e Waksman, S. A.; Henrici, A. T. (1943-10-01). "The Nomenclature and Classification of the Actinomycetes". Journal of Bacteriology. 46 (4): 337–341. ISSN 0021-9193. PMC 373826. PMID 16560709.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  4. ^ Gao, Beile; Gupta, Radhey S. (2012-03-01). "Phylogenetic framework and molecular signatures for the main clades of the phylum Actinobacteria". Microbiology and molecular biology reviews: MMBR. 76 (1): 66–112. doi:10.1128/MMBR.05011-11. ISSN 1098-5557. PMC 3294427. PMID 22390973.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  5. ^ a b Labeda, D. P.; Goodfellow, M.; Brown, R.; Ward, A. C.; Lanoot, B.; Vanncanneyt, M.; Swings, J.; Kim, S.-B.; Liu, Z. (2012-01-01). "Phylogenetic study of the species within the family Streptomycetaceae". Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 101 (1): 73–104. doi:10.1007/s10482-011-9656-0. ISSN 1572-9699. PMID 22045019.
  6. ^ a b Benson, Dennis A.; Karsch-Mizrachi, Ilene; Lipman, David J.; Ostell, James; Sayers, Eric W. (2011-01-01). "GenBank". Nucleic Acids Research. 39 (Database issue): D32–37. doi:10.1093/nar/gkq1079. ISSN 1362-4962. PMC 3013681. PMID 21071399.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  7. ^ a b c d Manteca, Angel; Fernandez, Marisol; Sanchez, Jesus (2006-03-01). "Cytological and biochemical evidence for an early cell dismantling event in surface cultures of Streptomyces antibioticus". Research in Microbiology. 157 (2): 143–152. doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2005.07.003. ISSN 0923-2508. PMID 16171979.
  8. ^ Benedict, R. G. (1953). "Antibiotics produced by Actinomycetes". Botanical Review. 19: 229–320 – via JSTOR.
  9. ^ a b c Haque, S.F.; Laskar, S.; Sen, S.K.; Pal, S.C. "Physicochemical Properties of Non-aromatic Broad-spectrum Antibiotic of Streptomyces antibioticus Sr15. 4". Microbiological Research. 153 (2): 153–156. doi:10.1016/s0944-5013(98)80034-7.
  10. ^ a b c d Chen, Tom S. S.; Chang, Ching-Jer; Floss, Heinz G. (1981-06-01). "Biosynthesis of boromycin". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 46 (13): 2661–2665. doi:10.1021/jo00326a010. ISSN 0022-3263.
  11. ^ a b Li, Wang; Nihira, Takuya; Sakuda, Shohei; Nishida, Takuo; Yamada, Yasuhiro. "New inducing factors for virginiamycin production from Streptomyces antibioticus". Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering. 74 (4): 214–217. doi:10.1016/0922-338x(92)90112-8.
  12. ^ a b c de Lima Procópio, Rudi Emerson; Silva, Ingrid Reis da; Martins, Mayra Kassawara; Azevedo, João Lúcio de; Araújo, Janete Magali de. "Antibiotics produced by Streptomyces". The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 16 (5): 466–471. doi:10.1016/j.bjid.2012.08.014.
  13. ^ Zhang, Hongyu; Wang, Hongbo; Wang, Yipeng; Cui, Hongli; Xie, Zeping; Pu, Yang; Pei, Shiqian; Li, Fuchao; Qin, Song (2012-07-01). "Genomic sequence-based discovery of novel angucyclinone antibiotics from marine Streptomyces sp. W007". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 332 (2): 105–112. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02582.x. ISSN 0378-1097.
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