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''Halomonas meridiana'' is a bacteria discovered in 1997 in the hypersaline lakes of Vestfold Hills, Antarctica<ref name=":0" />.{{Taxobox
''Halomonas meridiana'' is a bacteria discovered in 1997 in the hypersaline lakes of Vestfold Hills, Antarctica.<ref name=":0" />{{Taxobox
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== Taxonomy ==
== Taxonomy ==
''[[Halomonas]] meridiana'' is a [[Gram-negative bacteria|Gram-negative]] microorganism of the [[Halomonadaceae]] family<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=James|first=S.R.|date=|year=1990|title=Halomonas meridiana, a New Species of Extremely Halotolerant Bacteria Isolated from Antarctic Saline Lakes|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0723202011801980|journal=Systematic and Applied Microbiology|volume=vol: 13, issue: 3|pages=270–278|via=Science Direct}}</ref>. There are several known strains of this microbe including DSM 5425, ACAM 246, ATCC 49692, and CIP 104043<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Meyer|first=Julie L|date=|year=2015|title=Draft Genome Sequence of Halomonas Meridiana R1t3 Isolated from the Surface Microbiota of the Caribbean Elkhorn Coral Acropora Palmata|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4597393/|journal=Standards in Genomic Sciences|volume=vol:10|pages=75|via=PMC}}</ref>. It shares many of the same characteristics as others in the same genus. ''H. meridiana'' was placed in this genus due to its [[Halophile|halophillic]] nature as well as its close genomic relation to others in the same taxa<ref name=":0" /> . This species shares a close relationship with the known species ''[[Halomonas elongate]], Halomonas halmophila,'' and ''[[Halomonas subglaciescola]]''<ref name=":0" />''.''
''[[Halomonas]] meridiana'' is a [[Gram-negative bacteria|Gram-negative]] microorganism of the [[Halomonadaceae]] family.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=James|first=S.R.|date=|year=1990|title=Halomonas meridiana, a New Species of Extremely Halotolerant Bacteria Isolated from Antarctic Saline Lakes|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0723202011801980|journal=Systematic and Applied Microbiology|volume= 13| issue = 3|pages=270–278|via=Science Direct}}</ref> There are several known strains of this microbe including DSM 5425, ACAM 246, ATCC 49692, and CIP 104043.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Meyer|first=Julie L|date=|year=2015|title=Draft Genome Sequence of Halomonas Meridiana R1t3 Isolated from the Surface Microbiota of the Caribbean Elkhorn Coral Acropora Palmata|pmc=4597393|journal=Standards in Genomic Sciences|volume=10|pages=75|via=PMC}}</ref> It shares many of the same characteristics as others in the same genus. ''H. meridiana'' was placed in this genus due to its [[Halophile|halophillic]] nature as well as its close genomic relation to others in the same taxa<ref name=":0" /> . This species shares a close relationship with the known species ''[[Halomonas elongate]], Halomonas halmophila,'' and ''[[Halomonas subglaciescola]]''<ref name=":0" />''.''


== Characteristics/Morphology ==
== Characteristics/Morphology ==
''Halomonas meridiana'' is a Gram-negative [[Halophile|halophilic]] organism found in the lakes of Antarctica<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Ventosa|first=A.|last2=Nieto|first2=J. J.|last3=Oren|first3=A.|date=1998-06-01|title=Biology of moderately halophilic aerobic bacteria|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9618450|journal=Microbiology and molecular biology reviews: MMBR|volume=62|issue=2|pages=504–544|issn=1092-2172|pmc=PMC98923|pmid=9618450}}</ref>. It is a [[Bacillus (shape)|rod-shaped]] cell with rounded ends, and it has peritrichous, all over the surface, [[Flagellum|flagella]]. It is between 2 and 3 micrometers in length and 1 micrometer wide<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sánchez-Román|first=Mónica|last2=Vasconcelos|first2=Crisógono|last3=Schmid|first3=Thomas|last4=Dittrich|first4=Maria|last5=McKenzie|first5=Judith A.|last6=Zenobi|first6=Renato|last7=Rivadeneyra|first7=Maria A.|date=|title=Aerobic microbial dolomite at the nanometer scale: Implications for the geologic record|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242279939_Aerobic_microbial_dolomite_at_the_nanometer_scale_Implications_for_the_geologic_record|journal=Geology|volume=36|issue=11|pages=|doi=10.1130/g25013a.1}}</ref>. This organism has an average genome currently sized 3.8 [[Base pair|mega base pairs]] (Mbp) containing 56.96% GC's, or [[guanine]] and [[cytosine]] content<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://img.jgi.doe.gov/|title=IMG/M: Integrated Microbial Genomes & Microbiomes|last=|first=|date=2017|website=JGI IMG Integrated Microbial Genomes & Microbiomes|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=20 Feb. 2017}}</ref>. It has 3,864 genes of which 3,696 of those genes are protein coding<ref name=":1" />. ''H. meridiana'' is a [[Commensalism|commensal]] marine bacteria that is found living on reef-building corals as part of their surface microbiome<ref name=":2" />. It is not known to be pathogenic. ''Halomonas meridiana'' is a heterotrophic organism capable of [[Anaerobic digestion|anaerobic]] growth with the aid of glucose when nitrogen is not present<ref name=":3" />.
''Halomonas meridiana'' is a Gram-negative [[Halophile|halophilic]] organism found in the lakes of Antarctica.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Ventosa|first=A.|last2=Nieto|first2=J. J.|last3=Oren|first3=A.|date=1998-06-01|title=Biology of moderately halophilic aerobic bacteria|journal=Microbiology and molecular biology reviews: MMBR|volume=62|issue=2|pages=504–544|issn=1092-2172|pmc=98923|pmid=9618450}}</ref> It is a [[Bacillus (shape)|rod-shaped]] cell with rounded ends, and it has peritrichous, all over the surface, [[Flagellum|flagella]]. It is between 2 and 3 micrometers in length and 1 micrometer wide.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sánchez-Román|first=Mónica|last2=Vasconcelos|first2=Crisógono|last3=Schmid|first3=Thomas|last4=Dittrich|first4=Maria|last5=McKenzie|first5=Judith A.|last6=Zenobi|first6=Renato|last7=Rivadeneyra|first7=Maria A.|date=|title=Aerobic microbial dolomite at the nanometer scale: Implications for the geologic record|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242279939_Aerobic_microbial_dolomite_at_the_nanometer_scale_Implications_for_the_geologic_record|journal=Geology|volume=36|issue=11|pages=|doi=10.1130/g25013a.1}}</ref> This organism has an average genome currently sized 3.8 [[Base pair|mega base pairs]] (Mbp) containing 56.96% GC's, or [[guanine]] and [[cytosine]] content.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://img.jgi.doe.gov/|title=IMG/M: Integrated Microbial Genomes & Microbiomes|last=|first=|date=2017|website=JGI IMG Integrated Microbial Genomes & Microbiomes|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=20 Feb. 2017}}</ref> It has 3,864 genes of which 3,696 of those genes are protein coding.<ref name=":1" /> ''H. meridiana'' is a [[Commensalism|commensal]] marine bacteria that is found living on reef-building corals as part of their surface microbiome.<ref name=":2" /> It is not known to be pathogenic. ''Halomonas meridiana'' is a heterotrophic organism capable of [[Anaerobic digestion|anaerobic]] growth with the aid of glucose when nitrogen is not present.<ref name=":3" />


== Discovery ==
== Discovery ==
In 1997, James et al. published a paper describing an organism they had discovered.  It was found in the [[Vestfold Hills]], Antarctica salt lakes, which contained many undescribed microbes including this organism<ref name=":0" />. Water from the lake was placed on agar plates and incubated<ref name=":0" />.  After allowing time for growth, single cells were removed from colonies and grown on new agar places<ref name=":0" />.  After 2-4 weeks of incubation, colonies were transferred to a basal media designed to simulate an organic lake<ref name=":0" />.  Many species of microorganisms and several strains of what would later be identified as ''Halomonas meridiana'' were found and tested for physical and chemical characteristics using quantitative phylogenetic techniques<ref name=":0" />. James et al. mapped the results of DNA base composition, salt tolerance, and temperature tolerance tests against those of other known organisms of the same family<ref name=":0" />.  After careful study, they determined that the organism they had found was different from the rest<ref name=":0" />. They called the organism ''Halomonas meridiana'' due to its close relation to the ''Halomonas'' genus<ref name=":0" />. In addition to Antarctica, ''Halomonas meridiana'' was also isolated from the host of organisms found living in and on coral, ''[[Acropora|Acropora,]]'' across the world<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Anithajothi|first=R.|date=|year=2014|title=Screening, Isolation and Characterization of Protease Producing Moderately Halophilic MicroorganismHalomonas Meridianaassociated with Coral Mucus|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02772248.2014.925182|journal=Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry|volume=vol:92 issue: 2|pages=296–306|via=Science Direct}}</ref> . The found organism was identified as ''Halomonas meridiana'' using sequences of parts of the 16S rRNA gene<ref name=":1" />. The word Halomonas comes from the Greek word halos meaning "salt" and monas meaning "unit" and The word meridiana comes from the word meridian meaning “of or belonging to the south"<ref name=":0" />.
In 1997, James et al. published a paper describing an organism they had discovered.  It was found in the [[Vestfold Hills]], Antarctica salt lakes, which contained many undescribed microbes including this organism.<ref name=":0" /> Water from the lake was placed on agar plates and incubated.<ref name=":0" />  After allowing time for growth, single cells were removed from colonies and grown on new agar places.<ref name=":0" />  After 2–4 weeks of incubation, colonies were transferred to a basal media designed to simulate an organic lake.<ref name=":0" />  Many species of microorganisms and several strains of what would later be identified as ''Halomonas meridiana'' were found and tested for physical and chemical characteristics using quantitative phylogenetic techniques.<ref name=":0" /> James et al. mapped the results of DNA base composition, salt tolerance, and temperature tolerance tests against those of other known organisms of the same family.<ref name=":0" />  After careful study, they determined that the organism they had found was different from the rest.<ref name=":0" /> They called the organism ''Halomonas meridiana'' due to its close relation to the ''Halomonas'' genus.<ref name=":0" /> In addition to Antarctica, ''Halomonas meridiana'' was also isolated from the host of organisms found living in and on coral, ''[[Acropora]],'' across the world<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Anithajothi|first=R.|date=|year=2014|title=Screening, Isolation and Characterization of Protease Producing Moderately Halophilic MicroorganismHalomonas Meridianaassociated with Coral Mucus|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02772248.2014.925182|journal=Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry|volume=92| issue = 2|pages=296–306|via=Science Direct}}</ref> . The found organism was identified as ''Halomonas meridiana'' using sequences of parts of the 16S rRNA gene.<ref name=":1" /> The word Halomonas comes from the Greek word halos meaning "salt" and monas meaning "unit" and The word meridiana comes from the word meridian meaning “of or belonging to the south".<ref name=":0" />


== Importance ==
== Importance ==
This species helps expand our knowledge of the importance of [[Heterotroph|heterotrophic]] bacteria that live in a symbiotic relationship with other organisms. This organism is a [[Symbiosis|symbiont]] that lives on the surface of coral reefs<ref name=":1" />. ''Halomonas meridiana'' was discovered living on the surface of the species ''[[Acropora]]'', which are reef building coral<ref name=":1" />. ''Halomonas meridiana'' also produces [[Protease|proteases]]<ref name=":1" />. These [[Metalloproteinase|metalloproteases]] specific to marine bacteria are important for cleavage of connective tissues as well as adhesion of detachment to mucus<ref name=":1" />. The alkaline proteases are important aspects of the processes involving detergents, leather, food, and silk for consumer consumption<ref name=":1" />.
This species helps expand our knowledge of the importance of [[heterotroph]]ic bacteria that live in a symbiotic relationship with other organisms. This organism is a [[Symbiosis|symbiont]] that lives on the surface of coral reefs.<ref name=":1" /> ''Halomonas meridiana'' was discovered living on the surface of the species ''[[Acropora]]'', which are reef building coral.<ref name=":1" /> ''Halomonas meridiana'' also produces [[protease]]s.<ref name=":1" /> These [[Metalloproteinase|metalloproteases]] specific to marine bacteria are important for cleavage of connective tissues as well as adhesion of detachment to mucus.<ref name=":1" /> The alkaline proteases are important aspects of the processes involving detergents, leather, food, and silk for consumer consumption.<ref name=":1" />


''H. meridiana'' was an important organism used in defining the new term, haloversatile<ref name=":0" />. ''H. meridiana'' exhibits properties of both halotolerant and slightly halophilic bacteria, and as a result a new term, haloversatile, describes the salinity tolerance of this organism better than the traditional terms<ref name=":0" /> . Halotolerant and halophilic bacteria, like ''H. meridiana'' can also provide valuable information about species that have been adapted to the salt lakes in cold temperatures as well as retaining the ability to live in symbiosis with other organisms<ref name=":0" />. {{dashboard.wikiedu.org sandbox}}
''H. meridiana'' was an important organism used in defining the new term, haloversatile.<ref name=":0" /> ''H. meridiana'' exhibits properties of both halotolerant and slightly halophilic bacteria, and as a result a new term, haloversatile, describes the salinity tolerance of this organism better than the traditional terms.<ref name=":0" /> Halotolerant and halophilic bacteria, like ''H. meridiana'' can also provide valuable information about species that have been adapted to the salt lakes in cold temperatures as well as retaining the ability to live in symbiosis with other organisms.<ref name=":0" /> {{dashboard.wikiedu.org sandbox}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Uncategorized|date=April 2017}}

Revision as of 19:32, 26 April 2017

Halomonas meridiana is a bacteria discovered in 1997 in the hypersaline lakes of Vestfold Hills, Antarctica.[1]

Halomonas meridiana
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Proteobacteria
Class:
Gammaproteobacteria
Order:
Oceanospirillales
Family:
Halomonadaceae
Genus:
Halomonas
Species:
meridiana

Taxonomy

Halomonas meridiana is a Gram-negative microorganism of the Halomonadaceae family.[1] There are several known strains of this microbe including DSM 5425, ACAM 246, ATCC 49692, and CIP 104043.[2] It shares many of the same characteristics as others in the same genus. H. meridiana was placed in this genus due to its halophillic nature as well as its close genomic relation to others in the same taxa[1] . This species shares a close relationship with the known species Halomonas elongate, Halomonas halmophila, and Halomonas subglaciescola[1].

Characteristics/Morphology

Halomonas meridiana is a Gram-negative halophilic organism found in the lakes of Antarctica.[3] It is a rod-shaped cell with rounded ends, and it has peritrichous, all over the surface, flagella. It is between 2 and 3 micrometers in length and 1 micrometer wide.[1][4] This organism has an average genome currently sized 3.8 mega base pairs (Mbp) containing 56.96% GC's, or guanine and cytosine content.[5] It has 3,864 genes of which 3,696 of those genes are protein coding.[6] H. meridiana is a commensal marine bacteria that is found living on reef-building corals as part of their surface microbiome.[2] It is not known to be pathogenic. Halomonas meridiana is a heterotrophic organism capable of anaerobic growth with the aid of glucose when nitrogen is not present.[3]

Discovery

In 1997, James et al. published a paper describing an organism they had discovered.  It was found in the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica salt lakes, which contained many undescribed microbes including this organism.[1] Water from the lake was placed on agar plates and incubated.[1]  After allowing time for growth, single cells were removed from colonies and grown on new agar places.[1]  After 2–4 weeks of incubation, colonies were transferred to a basal media designed to simulate an organic lake.[1]  Many species of microorganisms and several strains of what would later be identified as Halomonas meridiana were found and tested for physical and chemical characteristics using quantitative phylogenetic techniques.[1] James et al. mapped the results of DNA base composition, salt tolerance, and temperature tolerance tests against those of other known organisms of the same family.[1]  After careful study, they determined that the organism they had found was different from the rest.[1] They called the organism Halomonas meridiana due to its close relation to the Halomonas genus.[1] In addition to Antarctica, Halomonas meridiana was also isolated from the host of organisms found living in and on coral, Acropora, across the world[6] . The found organism was identified as Halomonas meridiana using sequences of parts of the 16S rRNA gene.[6] The word Halomonas comes from the Greek word halos meaning "salt" and monas meaning "unit" and The word meridiana comes from the word meridian meaning “of or belonging to the south".[1]

Importance

This species helps expand our knowledge of the importance of heterotrophic bacteria that live in a symbiotic relationship with other organisms. This organism is a symbiont that lives on the surface of coral reefs.[6] Halomonas meridiana was discovered living on the surface of the species Acropora, which are reef building coral.[6] Halomonas meridiana also produces proteases.[6] These metalloproteases specific to marine bacteria are important for cleavage of connective tissues as well as adhesion of detachment to mucus.[6] The alkaline proteases are important aspects of the processes involving detergents, leather, food, and silk for consumer consumption.[6]

H. meridiana was an important organism used in defining the new term, haloversatile.[1] H. meridiana exhibits properties of both halotolerant and slightly halophilic bacteria, and as a result a new term, haloversatile, describes the salinity tolerance of this organism better than the traditional terms.[1] Halotolerant and halophilic bacteria, like H. meridiana can also provide valuable information about species that have been adapted to the salt lakes in cold temperatures as well as retaining the ability to live in symbiosis with other organisms.[1]

This template should only be used in the user namespace.This template should only be used in the user namespace.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q James, S.R. (1990). "Halomonas meridiana, a New Species of Extremely Halotolerant Bacteria Isolated from Antarctic Saline Lakes". Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 13 (3): 270–278 – via Science Direct.
  2. ^ a b Meyer, Julie L (2015). "Draft Genome Sequence of Halomonas Meridiana R1t3 Isolated from the Surface Microbiota of the Caribbean Elkhorn Coral Acropora Palmata". Standards in Genomic Sciences. 10: 75. PMC 4597393 – via PMC.
  3. ^ a b Ventosa, A.; Nieto, J. J.; Oren, A. (1998-06-01). "Biology of moderately halophilic aerobic bacteria". Microbiology and molecular biology reviews: MMBR. 62 (2): 504–544. ISSN 1092-2172. PMC 98923. PMID 9618450.
  4. ^ Sánchez-Román, Mónica; Vasconcelos, Crisógono; Schmid, Thomas; Dittrich, Maria; McKenzie, Judith A.; Zenobi, Renato; Rivadeneyra, Maria A. "Aerobic microbial dolomite at the nanometer scale: Implications for the geologic record". Geology. 36 (11). doi:10.1130/g25013a.1.
  5. ^ "IMG/M: Integrated Microbial Genomes & Microbiomes". JGI IMG Integrated Microbial Genomes & Microbiomes. 2017. Retrieved 20 Feb. 2017. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Anithajothi, R. (2014). "Screening, Isolation and Characterization of Protease Producing Moderately Halophilic MicroorganismHalomonas Meridianaassociated with Coral Mucus". Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry. 92 (2): 296–306 – via Science Direct.
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