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The genera Aplanochytrium is part of the group Labyrinthulomycetes. It is a sister genera of Labyrinthula and thraustochytrids. The major characteristic of all three genera is the production of an extension of the plasma membrane and the ectoplasm called the ectoplasmic net, but its use is different in each genera. Aplanochytrium cells are not embedded in the ectoplasmic net but can move by gliding on the ectoplasmic threads.
Cells of the Aplanochytrium genus multiply by forming aplanospores in a spherical sporangium. The spores are then released and they move away by crawling along their own ectoplasmic thread. The aplanospores are non-flagellated asexual spores.
Aplanochytrium are found exclusively in a marine environment and live often with diverse host organisms. The symbiosis between aplanochytrium cells and the host organism can be of various origins, like commensal or parasite just to cite some examples.
Etymology
The genera Aplanochytrium was identified as another member of the labyrinthulomycetes, because of the formation of non-flagellated and thus non-motile spores, that Bahnweg & Sparrow named "aplanospores". These specific spores formed the base of the name of the genus[1][2].
History of Knowledge
The genera Aplanochytrium was first described in 1972 by Bahnweg[1]. First included in the order thraustochytrids, Aplanochytrium is now considered a sister group of the traustochytrids and Labyrinthula[3]. The previous name of Aplanochytrium was Labyrinthuloides[4]. Some species now considered part of the Aplanochytrium genera were first classified in other groups, typically Labyrinthula and thraustochytrids and only reassigned later on into the genera Aplanochytrium. An example is Aplanochytrium yorkensis, which was first considered as Labyrinthula[5] and one year later reclassified into the genera Aplanochytrium[6].
Habitat and Ecology
Aplanochytrium are exclusively marine and their isolates have been found in water samples, sediments, detritus, oyster mantle, gastropods and seagrasses[7]. They can either be free-living in water or as symbiont in host organisms, where some species act as parasitic symbiont[8].
Description of the Organism
Morphology and Anatomy
The general shape of Aplanochytrium cells can be spherical to ovoid and their morphology is characterized by a single nucleus with a prominent nucleolus, numerous tubular mitochondria, a Golgi body and the presence of electron-dense regions at the periphery of the cell known as bothrosomes[9].
Cells belonging to the genera Aplanochytrium have an average length of 2.4-5 γm. The cell wall surrounding each cell is c formed by multiple layers of circular scales mostly composed of fructose, similar to the Labyrinthula[10]. They do use photosynthesis as energy source and thus they often have a white or cream colour[11].
A feature characteristic of Aplanochytrium is the production of the ectoplasmic net. The ectoplasmic net is an extension of the ectoplasm and limited by a plasma membrane and forming long threads. It is secreted and attached to the cell by bothrosomes, which are specialized organelles blocking the leaking of the organelles from the cell into the ectoplasmic net. The cells are not surrounded by the ectoplasmic net, unlike the Labyrinthula cells. The binding of the cells to the net allows a slow gliding movement of the cell along the threads[12].
Different types of morphology of the colonies have been spotted. On one side, colonies producing broad rays of continuous band of cells and on the other side, patches of cells spreading from the edge of the colony outwards[7].
Organisms of different species do not move the same way. Some of them move slowly in a continuous movement[11], whereas other organisms like Aplanochytrium saliens move through intermittent quick advances. This locomotary style is slow, with a quick jump of 1-6 γm once a minute[13]. Most of the cells leave slime trails behind them, which are passive marks of their passage, when they are gliding on the ectoplasmic net[13].
Life Cycle
No sexual reproduction cells or structures have been identified yet, but the asexual reproduction cycle is well understood. Aplanochytrium multiply by producing spores. Spores are produced by binary fission and held within the parent wall to form spherical colorless sporangium. These daughter cells are called aplanospores and are not flagellated. Ten to fifty of these spores are released either due the complete disintegration of the cell wall or through the production of tears at one or two points in the cell wall, through which the spores can leave the sporangium. The latter method of release enables the maintenance of an intact cell wall, which does not need to be synthesized de novo after each division. Once released, the aplanospores move away by gliding on their individual developed ectoplasmic net[7][2][9].
List of Species
| Species | Discover | Year |
|---|---|---|
| A. minuta [14] | Watson & Raper | 1957 |
| A. kerguenlensis [1] | Bahnweg & Sparrow | 1972 |
| A. yorkensis [5] | Perkins | 1973 |
| A. saliens [13] | Quick | 1974 |
| A. schizochytrops [11] | Quick | 1974 |
| A. thais [15] | Cox & Mackin | 1974 |
| A. haliotidis [16] | Bower | 1987 |
| A. stocchionoi [9] | Moro | 2003 |
External Links
- http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/search/all/key/Aplanochytrium
- http://www.eol.org/pages/2857746/media
References
- ^ a b c Bahnweg, Günther; Sparrow, Frederick K. (1972-03-01). "Aplanochytrium kerguelensis gen. nov. spec. nov., a new phycomycete from subantarctic marine waters". Archiv für Mikrobiologie. 81 (1): 45–49. doi:10.1007/BF00715023. ISSN 0003-9276.
- ^ a b Leander, Celeste A.; Porter, David; Leander, Brian S. (2004-12-09). "Comparative morphology and molecular phylogeny of aplanochytrids (Labyrinthulomycota)". European Journal of Protistology. 40 (4): 317–328. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2004.07.003.
- ^ Leander, Celeste A.; Porter, David (2001-01-01). "The Labyrinthulomycota Is Comprised of Three Distinct Lineages". Mycologia. 93 (3): 459–464. doi:10.2307/3761732.
- ^ Leander, C.A. (2000). "Redefining the genus Aplanochytrium (phylum Labyrinthulomycota)". Mycotaxon. 76: 439–444.
- ^ a b Perkins, Frank O. (1973-03-01). "A new species of marine labyrinthulid Labyrinthuloides yorkensis gen. nov. spec. nov. —Cytology and fine structure". Archiv für Mikrobiologie. 90 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1007/BF00424819. ISSN 0003-9276.
- ^ Perkins, Frank O. (1974-01-01). "Reassignment of Labyrinthula minuta to the Genus Labyrinthuloides". Mycologia. 66 (4): 697–702. doi:10.2307/3758176.
- ^ a b c Damare, V.; Raghakumar, S. (2006). "Morphology and physiology of the stramiipilan fungi, the aplanochytrids isolated from the equatorial Indian Ocean. Indian". J. Mar. Sci. 35: 326–340.
- ^ Burge, Colleen A.; Mouchka, Morgan Elizabeth; Harvell, C. Drew; Roberts, Steven (2013-01-01). "Immune response of the Caribbean sea fan, Gorgonia ventalina, exposed to an Aplanochytrium parasite as revealed by transcriptome sequencing". Frontiers in Physiology. 4. doi:10.3389/fphys.2013.00180. ISSN 1664-042X. PMC 3722494. PMID 23898300.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c Moro, Isabella; Negrisolo, Enrico; Callegaro, Alessandra; Andreoli, Carlo. "Aplanochytrium stocchinoi: a New Labyrinthulomycota from the Southern Ocean (Ross Sea, Antarctica)". Protist. 154 (3–4): 331–340. doi:10.1078/143446103322454103.
- ^ Honda, Daiske; Yokochi, Toshihiro; Nakahara, Toro; Raghukumar, Seshagiri; Nakagiri, Akira; Schaumann, Karsten; Higashihara, Takanori (1999-11-01). "Molecular Phylogeny of Labyrinthulids and Thraustochytrids Based On the Sequencing of 18s Ribosomal Rna Gene". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 46 (6): 637–647. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1999.tb05141.x. ISSN 1550-7408.
- ^ a b c Quick, J. A. (1974-01-01). "Labyrinthuloides schizochytrops n. sp., a New Marine Labyrinthula with Spheroid "Spindle" Cells". Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. 93 (3): 344–365. doi:10.2307/3225435.
- ^ Beakes, Gordon W.; Honda, Daiske; Thines, Marco (2014-01-01). McLaughlin, David J.; Spatafora, Joseph W. (eds.). Systematics and Evolution. The Mycota. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 39–97. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-55318-9_3. ISBN 9783642553172.
- ^ a b c Quick, J. A. (1974-01-01). "A New Marine Labyrinthula with Unusual Locomotion". Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. 93 (1): 52–61. doi:10.2307/3225219.
- ^ Watson, S. W.; Raper, K. B. (1957-01-01). "Labyrinthula minuta sp.nov". Microbiology. 17 (2): 368–377. doi:10.1099/00221287-17-2-368.
- ^ Cox, Bruce A.; Mackin, John G. (1974-01-01). "Studies on a New Species of Labyrinthula (Labyrinthulales) Isolated from the Marine Gastropod Thais haemastoma floridana". Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. 93 (1): 62–70. doi:10.2307/3225220.
- ^ Bower, Susan M. (1987-08-01). "Labyrinthuloides haliotidis n.sp. (Protozoa: Labyrinthomorpha), a pathogenic parasite of small juvenile abalone in a British Columbia mariculture facility". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 65 (8): 1996–2007. doi:10.1139/z87-304. ISSN 0008-4301.