Fungus gnat: Difference between revisions
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== Hardiness == |
== Hardiness == |
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Some fungus gnats are exceptionally hardy, being able to tolerate cold conditions through their possession of [[antifreeze protein]]s. Typically, overwintering organisms can either avoid freezing or tolerate freezing, but ''Excechia nugatoria'' can do both. For ''E. nugatoria'', the production of noncolligative [[antifreeze protein]]s (NAPs) protect the head and thorax from freezing, but they do not protect the abdomen. Freezing of the head and thorax in other insects tends to have adverse effects on neural tissue, so it is not surprising that these protective mechanisms have been observed in certain species, but ''E. nugatoria'' is the only insect known to semi-freeze through the winter, which may be an evolutionary advantage. According to Sformo, by allowing the abdomen to freeze, evaporative water loss is reduced over the course of the winter.<ref> |
Some fungus gnats are exceptionally hardy, being able to tolerate cold conditions through their possession of [[antifreeze protein]]s. Typically, overwintering organisms can either avoid freezing or tolerate freezing, but ''Excechia nugatoria'' can do both. For ''E. nugatoria'', the production of noncolligative [[antifreeze protein]]s (NAPs) protect the head and thorax from freezing, but they do not protect the abdomen. Freezing of the head and thorax in other insects tends to have adverse effects on neural tissue, so it is not surprising that these protective mechanisms have been observed in certain species, but ''E. nugatoria'' is the only insect known to semi-freeze through the winter, which may be an evolutionary advantage. According to Sformo, by allowing the abdomen to freeze, evaporative water loss is reduced over the course of the winter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF19/1960.html|title=Fungus gnats survive winter half frozen<!-- Bot generated title -->|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00360-009-0369-x|title=Simultaneous freeze tolerance and avoidance in individual fungus gnats, Exechia nugatoria|first1=Todd|last1=Sformo|first2=F.|last2=Kohl|first3=J.|last3=McIntyre|first4=P.|last4=Kerr|first5=J. G.|last5=Duman|first6=B. M.|last6=Barnes|date=1 October 2009|publisher=|journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology B|volume=179|issue=7|pages=897–902|via=link.springer.com|doi=10.1007/s00360-009-0369-x}}</ref> |
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== Management == |
== Management == |
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Fungus gnats in the family [[Sciaridae]] may be pests, but are typically harmless to healthy plants - and humans - but can inflict extensive damage to seedlings; their presence can indicate more serious problems. In [[houseplant]]s, the presence of sciarids may indicate overwatering; they may be feeding on roots that have been immersed in water too long and are thus rotting, or the gnats may be attracted to fungus growing in saturated topsoil. Consequently, allowing the soil to dry may reduce their numbers.<ref>W.S. Cransaw and R. A. Cloyd. [http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/insect/05584.html "Fungus Gnats as Houseplant and Indoor Pests"]. 2009.</ref> The pests are sometimes also managed by placing a layer of sand<ref>Jan Riggenbach.[http://globegazette.com/features/fungus-gnats-and-plants-don-t-mix/article_d204759c-3d65-11e1-9a67-0019bb2963f4.html "Fungus gnats and plants don’t mix"].</ref><ref>John Brittnacher.[http://www.carnivorousplants.org/howto/Pests/FungusGnatLarvae.php "Pests -- Fungus Gnat Larvae"]</ref>or indoor mulch on top of the soil around plants; by introducing ''[[Hypoaspis miles]]'' mites or applying the biological larvicide ''[[Bacillus thuringiensis]]'' (var. ''israelensis'') to kill gnat larvae; by drenching the soil annually in an [[insecticidal soap]]. [[Hydrogen peroxide]] can be mixed with water and used to kill fungus gnat larvae in infected soil with a mixture of one part 3% hydrogen peroxide mixed with four parts water.<ref name="SFF" /><ref name="11sure">{{Cite web|url = http://www.coverimages.org/11-sure-ways-of-getting-rid-of-gnats/|title =11 Sure Ways of Getting Rid of Gnats |last = |first = |date = February 23, 2016 |website = Cover Images |publisher =|access-date = 2016-03-18}}</ref> Adults can be trapped with yellow sticky traps made of yellow card stock or heavy paper coated in an adhesive since the adults are attracted to the color yellow.<ref> |
Fungus gnats in the family [[Sciaridae]] may be pests, but are typically harmless to healthy plants - and humans - but can inflict extensive damage to seedlings; their presence can indicate more serious problems. In [[houseplant]]s, the presence of sciarids may indicate overwatering; they may be feeding on roots that have been immersed in water too long and are thus rotting, or the gnats may be attracted to fungus growing in saturated topsoil. Consequently, allowing the soil to dry may reduce their numbers.<ref>W.S. Cransaw and R. A. Cloyd. [http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/insect/05584.html "Fungus Gnats as Houseplant and Indoor Pests"]. 2009.</ref> The pests are sometimes also managed by placing a layer of sand<ref>Jan Riggenbach.[http://globegazette.com/features/fungus-gnats-and-plants-don-t-mix/article_d204759c-3d65-11e1-9a67-0019bb2963f4.html "Fungus gnats and plants don’t mix"].</ref><ref>John Brittnacher.[http://www.carnivorousplants.org/howto/Pests/FungusGnatLarvae.php "Pests -- Fungus Gnat Larvae"]</ref>or indoor mulch on top of the soil around plants; by introducing ''[[Hypoaspis miles]]'' mites or applying the biological larvicide ''[[Bacillus thuringiensis]]'' (var. ''israelensis'') to kill gnat larvae; by drenching the soil annually in an [[insecticidal soap]]. [[Hydrogen peroxide]] can be mixed with water and used to kill fungus gnat larvae in infected soil with a mixture of one part 3% hydrogen peroxide mixed with four parts water.<ref name="SFF" /><ref name="11sure">{{Cite web|url = http://www.coverimages.org/11-sure-ways-of-getting-rid-of-gnats/|title =11 Sure Ways of Getting Rid of Gnats |last = |first = |date = February 23, 2016 |website = Cover Images |publisher =|access-date = 2016-03-18}}</ref> Adults can be trapped with yellow sticky traps made of yellow card stock or heavy paper coated in an adhesive since the adults are attracted to the color yellow.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.planetnatural.com/pest-problem-solver/houseplant-pests/fungus-gnat-control/|title=How to Get Rid of Fungus Gnats - Planet Natural|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smallfootprintfamily.com/controlling-fungus-gnats-organically|title=Controlling Fungus Gnats Organically - Small Footprint Family|date=8 April 2012|publisher=}}</ref> |
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Since the gnats are weak fliers, fan-based traps as well as other [[fly-killing device]]s may be used to help control free-flying gnats, especially indoors. There are a number of toxic and non-toxic methods of controlling sciarids and their larvae, including [[nematode]]s, [[diatomaceous earth]], or powdered [[cinnamon]].<ref name="SFF">{{cite web|title=Controlling Fungus Gnats and Damping Off Organically|url=http://www.smallfootprintfamily.com/controlling-fungus-gnats-organically|website=Small Footprint Family|accessdate=2016-03-18}}</ref> |
Since the gnats are weak fliers, fan-based traps as well as other [[fly-killing device]]s may be used to help control free-flying gnats, especially indoors. There are a number of toxic and non-toxic methods of controlling sciarids and their larvae, including [[nematode]]s, [[diatomaceous earth]], or powdered [[cinnamon]].<ref name="SFF">{{cite web|title=Controlling Fungus Gnats and Damping Off Organically|url=http://www.smallfootprintfamily.com/controlling-fungus-gnats-organically|website=Small Footprint Family|accessdate=2016-03-18}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 01:03, 30 May 2017
Fungus gnats are small, dark, short-lived gnats, of the families Sciaridae, Diadocidiidae, Ditomyiidae, Keroplatidae, Bolitophilidae, and Mycetophilidae (order Diptera); they comprise 6 of the 7 families placed in the superfamily Sciaroidea.
Description
The larvae of most species feed on fungi, decaying plant material, or plant roots, helping in the decomposition of organic matter; some species are predatory. The adults are 2–8 millimetres (0.079–0.315 in) long, and are occasionally pollinators of plants and carriers of mushroom spores.[citation needed] They also may carry diseases such as pythium (which causes "damping-off" to kill seedlings) on their feet.[1]
Most fungus gnats are weak fliers, and can often be seen walking rapidly over plants and soil, rather than flying. However when airborne, the gnats may be quite annoying to humans by flying into their faces, eyes, and noses, both indoors and outdoors.[2][3] These flies are sometimes confused with drain flies.[4]
Hardiness
Some fungus gnats are exceptionally hardy, being able to tolerate cold conditions through their possession of antifreeze proteins. Typically, overwintering organisms can either avoid freezing or tolerate freezing, but Excechia nugatoria can do both. For E. nugatoria, the production of noncolligative antifreeze proteins (NAPs) protect the head and thorax from freezing, but they do not protect the abdomen. Freezing of the head and thorax in other insects tends to have adverse effects on neural tissue, so it is not surprising that these protective mechanisms have been observed in certain species, but E. nugatoria is the only insect known to semi-freeze through the winter, which may be an evolutionary advantage. According to Sformo, by allowing the abdomen to freeze, evaporative water loss is reduced over the course of the winter.[5][6]
Management
Fungus gnats in the family Sciaridae may be pests, but are typically harmless to healthy plants - and humans - but can inflict extensive damage to seedlings; their presence can indicate more serious problems. In houseplants, the presence of sciarids may indicate overwatering; they may be feeding on roots that have been immersed in water too long and are thus rotting, or the gnats may be attracted to fungus growing in saturated topsoil. Consequently, allowing the soil to dry may reduce their numbers.[7] The pests are sometimes also managed by placing a layer of sand[8][9]or indoor mulch on top of the soil around plants; by introducing Hypoaspis miles mites or applying the biological larvicide Bacillus thuringiensis (var. israelensis) to kill gnat larvae; by drenching the soil annually in an insecticidal soap. Hydrogen peroxide can be mixed with water and used to kill fungus gnat larvae in infected soil with a mixture of one part 3% hydrogen peroxide mixed with four parts water.[3][4] Adults can be trapped with yellow sticky traps made of yellow card stock or heavy paper coated in an adhesive since the adults are attracted to the color yellow.[10][11]
Since the gnats are weak fliers, fan-based traps as well as other fly-killing devices may be used to help control free-flying gnats, especially indoors. There are a number of toxic and non-toxic methods of controlling sciarids and their larvae, including nematodes, diatomaceous earth, or powdered cinnamon.[3]
See also
References
- ^ "Ecogrow Fungus Gnat". 17 March 2014.
- ^ Fungus Gnats (advice) Archived August 8, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c "Controlling Fungus Gnats and Damping Off Organically". Small Footprint Family. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
- ^ a b "11 Sure Ways of Getting Rid of Gnats". Cover Images. February 23, 2016. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
- ^ "Fungus gnats survive winter half frozen".
- ^ Sformo, Todd; Kohl, F.; McIntyre, J.; Kerr, P.; Duman, J. G.; Barnes, B. M. (1 October 2009). "Simultaneous freeze tolerance and avoidance in individual fungus gnats, Exechia nugatoria". Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 179 (7): 897–902. doi:10.1007/s00360-009-0369-x – via link.springer.com.
- ^ W.S. Cransaw and R. A. Cloyd. "Fungus Gnats as Houseplant and Indoor Pests". 2009.
- ^ Jan Riggenbach."Fungus gnats and plants don’t mix".
- ^ John Brittnacher."Pests -- Fungus Gnat Larvae"
- ^ "How to Get Rid of Fungus Gnats - Planet Natural".
- ^ "Controlling Fungus Gnats Organically - Small Footprint Family". 8 April 2012.