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Henry Oldenburg (also Henry Oldenbourg) (c. 1619 as Heinrich Oldenburg – 5 September 1677) was a German theologian known as a diplomat, a natural philosopher and as the creator of scientific peer review. He was one of the foremost intelligencers of Europe of the seventeenth century, with a network of correspondents to rival those of Fabri de Peiresc, Marin Mersenne and Ismaël Boulliau.^[1] At the foundation of the Royal Society he took on the task of foreign correspondence, as the first Secretary.^[2]^[3]

Early life

Born in Bremen, Germany, he trained in theology and received his degree on 2 November 1639. His movements during the 1640s are unclear, but he is thought to have worked as a tutor in England for much of the decade. In 1648 he left England and travelled, returning in the end to Bremen.^[4]

He went to London in 1653, as a diplomat, and settled in England of the Interregnum. He forged a strong relationship with his lifelong patron Robert Boyle, and was tutor to Boyle's nephew, the politician Richard Jones. Oldenburg married his second wife, Dora Katherina Dury (1654–77), the daughter of John Dury. Either through John Milton, whom he met early in his mission, or through Lady Ranelagh, sister to Boyle and the mother of Richard Jones, Oldenburg gained entry to an important intellectual circle, including Samuel Hartlib, whose extensive web of correspondents Oldenburg was to take over, John Dury who became his father-in-law, and others such as the economist William Petty.^[5] Among Oldenburg's correspondents at this time was Baruch Spinoza, whom he was introduced to on a trip to the Netherlands, and to whom he presented a volume of writings on scientific topics by Boyle.^[6]

Secretary of the Royal Society

After the Restoration he became an early member (original fellow) of the Royal Society (founded in 1660), and served as its first secretary along with John Wilkins, maintaining an extensive network of scientific contacts through Europe. He also became the founding editor of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Oldenburg began the practice of sending submitted manuscripts to experts who could judge their quality before publication. This was the beginning of both the modern scientific journal and the practice of peer review.^[7] Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society continues today and is the longest running scientific journal in the world.

He was briefly imprisoned in the Tower as a suspected spy in 1667, during the Second Anglo-Dutch War.^[8]

Oldenburg's correspondence was linked to support from the politician Sir Joseph Williamson; in part Oldenburg supplied Williamson with intelligence information.^[9]

Oldenburg enjoyed good health in his lifetime, but he fell seriously ill on 3 September 1677, and he died two days thereafter at his Pall Mall, London home. He was interred on 7 September at St Mary the Virgin, Bexley. His widow died ten days later.

Foreign correspondents

References

^ Hatch, Robert A. (February 1998). "The Scientific Revolution: Correspondence Networks". University of Florida. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
^ Oldenburg, Henry (1665). "Epistle Dedicatory". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 1. doi:10.1098/rstl.1665.0001. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Hall, Marie Boas (2002). Henry Oldenburg: shaping the Royal Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-851053-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
^ Bluhm, R. K. (1960). "Henry Oldenburg, F.R.S. (c. 1615-1677)". Notes and Records of the Royal Society. 15: 183–126. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1960.0018.
^ Hall 2002, pp. 16–18
^ Nadler, Steven (1999). Spinoza: A Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 184–187. ISBN 0-521-55210-9.
^ Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy; National Academy of Sciences; National Academy of Engineering; Institute of Medicine (1995). On Being a Scientist: A Guide to Responsible Conduct in Research (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. {{cite book}}: |last1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Mertens, Frank (29 July 2008). "Extended chronological table, 1660s". Franciscus van den Enden. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
^ Hatch, Robert A. (December 1998). "The Scientific Revolution: Westfall Catalogues – Scientific Community". University of Florida. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
^ Oldenburg, Henry (1977). Hall, A. Rupert; Hall, Marie Boas (eds.). The Correspondence of Henry Oldenburg. Vol. XI. London: Mansell Information/Publishing Limited. pp. vi. ISBN 0-7201-0630-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
^ Hall 2002, pp. 152–3.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Lux, David S.; Cook, Harold J. (1998). "Closed circles or open networks?: communicating at a distance during the scientific revolution". History of Science. 36 (112). Science History Publications Ltd: 179–211. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
^ Oldenburg 1977, p. ix.
^ Maat, Jaap (2012). Philosophical Languages in the Seventeenth Century: Dalgarno, Wilkins, Leibniz. Springer Science & Business Media.
^ Oldenburg 1977, pp. xx–xxi.
^ Hall 2002, p. 151.
^ Oldenburg 1977, p. xi.
^ ^a ^b Oldenburg 1977, p. v.
^ Hall 2002, p. 80.
^ ^a ^b Oldenburg 1977, p. viii.

External links

[1] Hatch, Robert A. (February 1998). "The Scientific Revolution: Correspondence Networks". University of Florida. Retrieved 21 August 2016.

[2] Oldenburg, Henry (1665). "Epistle Dedicatory". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 1. doi:10.1098/rstl.1665.0001. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)

[3] Hall, Marie Boas (2002). Henry Oldenburg: shaping the Royal Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-851053-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

[4] Bluhm, R. K. (1960). "Henry Oldenburg, F.R.S. (c. 1615-1677)". Notes and Records of the Royal Society. 15: 183–126. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1960.0018.

[5] Hall 2002, pp. 16–18

[6] Nadler, Steven (1999). Spinoza: A Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 184–187. ISBN 0-521-55210-9.

[7] Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy; National Academy of Sciences; National Academy of Engineering; Institute of Medicine (1995). On Being a Scientist: A Guide to Responsible Conduct in Research (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. {{cite book}}: |last1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[8] Mertens, Frank (29 July 2008). "Extended chronological table, 1660s". Franciscus van den Enden. Retrieved 21 August 2016.

[9] Hatch, Robert A. (December 1998). "The Scientific Revolution: Westfall Catalogues – Scientific Community". University of Florida. Retrieved 21 August 2016.

[10] Oldenburg, Henry (1977). Hall, A. Rupert; Hall, Marie Boas (eds.). The Correspondence of Henry Oldenburg. Vol. XI. London: Mansell Information/Publishing Limited. pp. vi. ISBN 0-7201-0630-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

[11] Hall 2002, pp. 152–3.

[LuxCook-12] Lux, David S.; Cook, Harold J. (1998). "Closed circles or open networks?: communicating at a distance during the scientific revolution". History of Science. 36 (112). Science History Publications Ltd: 179–211. Retrieved 21 August 2016.

[13] Oldenburg 1977, p. ix.

[philo_languages-14] Maat, Jaap (2012). Philosophical Languages in the Seventeenth Century: Dalgarno, Wilkins, Leibniz. Springer Science & Business Media.

[15] Oldenburg 1977, pp. xx–xxi.

[16] Hall 2002, p. 151.

[17] Oldenburg 1977, p. xi.

[Oldenburg_1977-18] Oldenburg 1977, p. v.

[19] Hall 2002, p. 80.

[ReferenceA-20] Oldenburg 1977, p. viii.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{EngvarB|date=July 2017}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
 [[Image:Henry Oldenburg.jpg|thumb|right|Henry Oldenburg]]
-'''Henry Oldenburg''' (also '''Henry Oldenbourg''') (c. 1619 as '''Heinrich Oldenburg''' – 5 September 1677) was a German theologian known as a [[diplomat]], a [[natural philosopher]] and as the creator of scientific [[peer review]]. He was one of the foremost [[wikt:intelligencer|intelligencer]]s of Europe of the seventeenth century, with a network of correspondents to rival those of [[Fabri de Peiresc]], [[Marin Mersenne]] and [[Ismaël Boulliau]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/resource-ref-read/correspond-net/08sr-crrsp.htm |title=The Scientific Revolution: Correspondence Networks |last=Hatch |first=Robert A. |date=February 1998 |publisher=[[University of Florida]] |access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref> At the foundation of the [[Royal Society]] he took on the task of foreign correspondence, as the first Secretary.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Oldenburg | first = Henry| doi = 10.1098/rstl.1665.0001 | title = Epistle Dedicatory | journal = [[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]]| volume = 1 | year = 1665 |accessdate=21 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hall |first=Marie Boas|authorlink=Marie Boas Hall |title=Henry Oldenburg: shaping the Royal Society |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |year=2002 |isbn=0-19-851053-5|ref=harv}}</ref>
+'''Henry Oldenburg''' (also '''Henry Oldenbourg''') (c. 1619 as '''Heinrich Oldenburg''' – 5 September 1677) was a German theologian known as a diplomat, a [[natural philosopher]] and as the creator of scientific [[peer review]]. He was one of the foremost [[wikt:intelligencer|intelligencer]]s of Europe of the seventeenth century, with a network of correspondents to rival those of [[Fabri de Peiresc]], [[Marin Mersenne]] and [[Ismaël Boulliau]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/resource-ref-read/correspond-net/08sr-crrsp.htm |title=The Scientific Revolution: Correspondence Networks |last=Hatch |first=Robert A. |date=February 1998 |publisher=[[University of Florida]] |access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref> At the foundation of the [[Royal Society]] he took on the task of foreign correspondence, as the first Secretary.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Oldenburg | first = Henry| doi = 10.1098/rstl.1665.0001 | title = Epistle Dedicatory | journal = [[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]]| volume = 1 | year = 1665 |accessdate=21 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hall |first=Marie Boas|authorlink=Marie Boas Hall |title=Henry Oldenburg: shaping the Royal Society |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |year=2002 |isbn=0-19-851053-5|ref=harv}}</ref>
 ==Early life==
-Born in [[Bremen (city)|Bremen]], [[Germany]], he trained in [[theology]] and received his degree on 2 November 1639. His movements during the 1640s are unclear, but he is thought to have worked as a tutor in England for much of the decade. In 1648 he left England and travelled, returning in the end to Bremen.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Bluhm | first = R. K. | doi = 10.1098/rsnr.1960.0018 | title = Henry Oldenburg, F.R.S. (c. 1615-1677) | journal = Notes and Records of the Royal Society | volume = 15 | pages = 183–126 | year = 1960 | pmid =  | pmc = }}</ref>
+Born in [[Bremen (city)|Bremen]], Germany, he trained in theology and received his degree on 2 November 1639. His movements during the 1640s are unclear, but he is thought to have worked as a tutor in England for much of the decade. In 1648 he left England and travelled, returning in the end to Bremen.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Bluhm | first = R. K. | doi = 10.1098/rsnr.1960.0018 | title = Henry Oldenburg, F.R.S. (c. 1615-1677) | journal = Notes and Records of the Royal Society | volume = 15 | pages = 183–126 | year = 1960 }}</ref>
-He went to [[London]] in 1653, as a diplomat, and settled in [[England]] of the [[English interregnum|Interregnum]]. He forged a strong relationship with his lifelong patron [[Robert Boyle]], and was tutor to Boyle's nephew, the politician [[Richard Jones, 1st Earl of Ranelagh|Richard Jones]]. Oldenburg married his second wife, Dora Katherina Dury (1654–77), the daughter of [[John Dury]]. Either through [[John Milton]], whom he met early in his mission, or through [[Lady Ranelagh]], sister to Boyle and the mother of Richard Jones, Oldenburg gained entry to an important intellectual circle, including [[Samuel Hartlib]], whose extensive web of correspondents Oldenburg was to take over, [[John Dury]] who became his father-in-law, and others such as the economist [[William Petty]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Hall|2002}}, pp. 16–18</ref> Among Oldenburg's correspondents at this time was [[Baruch Spinoza]], whom he was introduced to on a trip to the [[Netherlands]], and to whom he presented a volume of writings on scientific topics by [[Robert Boyle|Boyle]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Nadler | first = Steven | authorlink=Steven Nadler | title = Spinoza: A Life | location = Cambridge | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | pages = 184–187 | date = 1999 | isbn = 0-521-55210-9 }}</ref>
+He went to London in 1653, as a diplomat, and settled in England of the [[English interregnum|Interregnum]]. He forged a strong relationship with his lifelong patron [[Robert Boyle]], and was tutor to Boyle's nephew, the politician [[Richard Jones, 1st Earl of Ranelagh|Richard Jones]]. Oldenburg married his second wife, Dora Katherina Dury (1654–77), the daughter of [[John Dury]]. Either through [[John Milton]], whom he met early in his mission, or through [[Lady Ranelagh]], sister to Boyle and the mother of Richard Jones, Oldenburg gained entry to an important intellectual circle, including [[Samuel Hartlib]], whose extensive web of correspondents Oldenburg was to take over, [[John Dury]] who became his father-in-law, and others such as the economist [[William Petty]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Hall|2002}}, pp. 16–18</ref> Among Oldenburg's correspondents at this time was [[Baruch Spinoza]], whom he was introduced to on a trip to the [[Netherlands]], and to whom he presented a volume of writings on scientific topics by [[Robert Boyle|Boyle]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Nadler | first = Steven | authorlink=Steven Nadler | title = Spinoza: A Life | location = Cambridge | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | pages = 184–187 | date = 1999 | isbn = 0-521-55210-9 }}</ref>
 ==Secretary of the Royal Society==
@@ Line 13: / Line 15: @@
 After the [[English Restoration|Restoration]] he became an early member (''original fellow'') of the [[Royal Society]] (founded in 1660), and served as its first secretary along with [[John Wilkins]], maintaining an extensive network of scientific contacts through Europe. He also became the founding editor of the ''[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]]''. Oldenburg began the practice of sending submitted manuscripts to experts who could judge their quality before publication. This was the beginning of both the modern scientific journal and the practice of [[peer review]].<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy | last2 = National Academy of Sciences |last3 = National Academy of Engineering |last4 = Institute of Medicine | title = On Being a Scientist: A Guide to Responsible Conduct in Research  | location = Washington, D.C. | publisher = [[National Academy Press]] | date = 1995 | url = http://www.nap.edu/read/4917|edition=2nd}}</ref> ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society'' continues today and is the longest running scientific journal in the world.
-He was briefly imprisoned in the [[Tower of London|Tower]] as a suspected spy in 1667, during the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://users.telenet.be/fvde/index.htm?1660s |title=Extended chronological table, 1660s |last=Mertens |first=Frank |date=29 July 2008 |website=Franciscus van den Enden |access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref>
+He was briefly imprisoned in the [[Tower of London|Tower]] as a suspected spy in 1667, during the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://users.telenet.be/fvde/index.htm |title=Extended chronological table, 1660s |last=Mertens |first=Frank |date=29 July 2008 |website=Franciscus van den Enden |access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref>
-Oldenburg's correspondence was linked to support from the politician [[Sir Joseph Williamson]]; in part Oldenburg supplied Williamson with intelligence information.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/resource-ref-read/major-minor-ind/westfall-dsb/SAM-N-O.htm|title=The Scientific Revolution: Westfall Catalogues - Scientific Community |last=Hatch |first=Robert A. |date=December 1998 |publisher=[[University of Florida]] |access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref>
+Oldenburg's correspondence was linked to support from the politician [[Sir Joseph Williamson]]; in part Oldenburg supplied Williamson with intelligence information.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/resource-ref-read/major-minor-ind/westfall-dsb/SAM-N-O.htm|title=The Scientific Revolution: Westfall Catalogues – Scientific Community |last=Hatch |first=Robert A. |date=December 1998 |publisher=[[University of Florida]] |access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref>
-Oldenburg enjoyed good health in his lifetime, but he fell seriously ill on 3 September 1677, and he died two days thereafter at his [[Pall Mall, London]] home.  He was interred on 7 September at St Mary the Virgin, [[Bexley]]. His widow died ten days later.
+Oldenburg enjoyed good health in his lifetime, but he fell seriously ill on 3 September 1677, and he died two days thereafter at his [[Pall Mall, London|Pall Mall]], London home.  He was interred on 7 September at St Mary the Virgin, [[Bexley]]. His widow died ten days later.
 ==Foreign correspondents==
@@ Line 28: / Line 30: @@
 ===France===
-* [[Adrien Auzout]], [[Henri Justel]], [[Pierre Petit (engineer)|Pierre Petit]],<ref name =LuxCook>{{cite journal |last=Lux |first=David S. |last2=Cook |first2=Harold J. |date=1998 |title=Closed circles or open networks?: communicating at a distance during the scientific revolution |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/2196/ |journal=[[History of Science (journal)|History of Science]] |publisher=Science History Publications Ltd |volume=36 |issue=112 |pages=179–211 |doi= |access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref> [[Ismaël Bullialdus]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Oldenburg|1977}}, p. ix.</ref>
+* [[Adrien Auzout]], [[Henri Justel]], [[Pierre Petit (engineer)|Pierre Petit]],<ref name =LuxCook>{{cite journal |last=Lux |first=David S. |last2=Cook |first2=Harold J. |year=1998 |title=Closed circles or open networks?: communicating at a distance during the scientific revolution |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/2196/ |journal=[[History of Science (journal)|History of Science]] |publisher=Science History Publications Ltd |volume=36 |issue=112 |pages=179–211 |access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref> [[Ismaël Bullialdus]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Oldenburg|1977}}, p. ix.</ref>
 ===Germany===
-* Sir [[Curtius baronets|William Curtius]],<ref name=philo_languages>{{cite book | first = Jaap | last = Maat |title = Philosophical Languages in the Seventeenth Century: Dalgarno, Wilkins, Leibniz |publisher = Springer Science & Business Media |year = 2012 |url = https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=Po7cBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA298&dq=william+curtius&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wRMNVbTaD4_j8AW914DQCQ&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=william%20curtius&f=false
+* Sir [[Curtius baronets|William Curtius]],<ref name=philo_languages>{{cite book | first = Jaap | last = Maat |title = Philosophical Languages in the Seventeenth Century: Dalgarno, Wilkins, Leibniz |publisher = Springer Science & Business Media |year = 2012 |url = https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=Po7cBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA298
 }}
 </ref> [[Johann Hevelius]], [[Gottfried Leibniz]], [[Philipp Jacob Sachs von Lewenheimb]], [[Johann Daniel Major]],<ref name =LuxCook/> [[Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Oldenburg|1977}}, pp. xx–xxi.</ref> [[Martin Vogel]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Hall|2002}}, p. 151.</ref>
@@ Line 45: / Line 47: @@
 ==References==
-{{Reflist}}
+{{reflist|30em}}
 ==Further reading==
 * Jean-Pierre Vittu, "Henry Oldenburg 'Grand intermédiaire'", in "Les grands intermédiaires culturels de la République des Lettres", pub. by Christiane Berkvens-Stevelinck, Hans Bots and Jens Häseler, Paris, Honoré Champion, 2005, pp.&nbsp;184–209
-* Douglas Mc Kie: The arrest and imprisonment of Henry Oldenburg. In: Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, 6, 1948/49, p.&nbsp;28-47
+* Douglas Mc Kie: The arrest and imprisonment of Henry Oldenburg. In: Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, 6, 1948/49, p.&nbsp;28–47
-* Thomas Elsmann: ''Im Schatten des Kaufmanns - Bremische Gelehrte 1600-1900'', Bremen: Schünemann 2012, S. 80-99
+* Thomas Elsmann: ''Im Schatten des Kaufmanns – Bremische Gelehrte 1600–1900'', Bremen: Schünemann 2012, S. 80–99
 ==External links==

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Revision as of 14:31, 16 July 2017

Early life

Secretary of the Royal Society

Foreign correspondents

Denmark

Flanders

France

Germany

Italy

Netherlands

See also

References

Further reading

External links