Accessory bone: Difference between revisions

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+os peroneum
Most common ones in the foot
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{{unreferenced|date=January 2009}}
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[[File:Tarsalia accessoria.png|thumb|600px|Location of the accessory ossicles of the foot:
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1=Os cuneometatarsale I plantare, 2=os uncinatum, 3=os sesamoideum tibialis posterior, 4=os sesamoideum peroneum, 5=os cuboideum secundarium, 6=os trochleare calcanei, 7=os in sinus tarsi, 8=os sustentaculum tali, 9=os talocalcaneale posterius, 10=os aponeurosis plantaris, 11=os subcalcaneum, 12=os sesamoideum tibialis anterior, 13=os cuneometatarsale I tibiale, 14=os intermetatarsale I, 15=os cuneometatarsale II dorsale, 16=os paracuneiforme, 17=os cuneonaviculare, 18=os intercuneiforme, 19=os intermetatarsale IV, 20=/os talonaviculare, 21=os vesalianum pedis, 22=os tibiale externum, 23=os talotibiale dorsale, 24=os supratalare, 25=os calcaneus secundarius, 26=os subtibiale, 27=os subfibulare, 28=os retinaculi, 29=os calcaneus accessorius, 30=os trigonum, 31=os supracalcaneum, 32=os tendinis calcanei]]

An '''accessory bone''' or '''supernumerary bone''' is a [[bone]] which does not occur frequently in the body but is still present in a significantly large number of people.
An '''accessory bone''' or '''supernumerary bone''' is a [[bone]] which does not occur frequently in the body but is still present in a significantly large number of people.


==Most prevalent accessory bones==
== Examples ==
===Foot===
[[File:Accessory and sesamoid bones of the foot - dorsoplantar projection.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Projectional radiography|X-ray]] by dorsoplantar view, with most common accessory and sesamoid bones of the foot.<ref name=Commons-foot>Reference list for image is located at [[Commons:Template:Accessory and sesamoid bones of the foot - references]].</ref>]]
[[File:Accessory and sesamoid bones of the foot - lateral projection.jpg|500px|thumb|Lateral view.<ref name=Commons-foot/>]]

{|class="wikitable"
! Bone !! Prevalence<ref name="NwawkaHayashi2013">{{cite journal|last1=Nwawka|first1=O. Kenechi|last2=Hayashi|first2=Daichi|last3=Diaz|first3=Luis E.|last4=Goud|first4=Ajay R.|last5=Arndt|first5=William F.|last6=Roemer|first6=Frank W.|last7=Malguria|first7=Nagina|last8=Guermazi|first8=Ali|title=Sesamoids and accessory ossicles of the foot: anatomical variability and related pathology|journal=Insights into Imaging|volume=4|issue=5|year=2013|pages=581–593|issn=1869-4101|doi=10.1007/s13244-013-0277-1}}</ref>
|-
!colspan=2| Sesamoids
|-
| Sesamoids of great toe || Always present
|-
| Sesamoid of second metatarsal || 0.4 %
|-
| Sesamoid of third metatarsal || 0.2 %
|-
| Sesamoid of fourth metatarsal || 0.1 %
|-
| Sesamoids of fifth metatarsal || 4.3 %
|-
| Sesamoid of the interphalangeal (IP) joint of the great toe || 2–13 %
|-
!colspan=2| Ossicles
|-
| Os trigonum || 7–25%
|-
| Os peroneum || Up to 26 %
|-
| Accessory navicular || 2–21 %
|-
| Os intermetatarseum || 1–13 %
|-
| Os vesalianum || 0.1–1 %
|-
| Os supranaviculare || 1.0–3.5 %
|-
| Os supratalare || 0.2–2.4 %
|-
| Os talotibiale || 0.5 %
|-
| Os calcaneus secundarium || 0.6–7 %
|}

===Other locations ===
Examples of accessory bones include:
Examples of accessory bones include:
* In the leg: [[Fabella]]
* In the leg: [[Fabella]]
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==Gallery==
==Gallery==
⚫
[[File:Tarsalia accessoria.png|thumb|600px|center|Image also including the locations of rare accessory bones of the foot:
⚫
1=Os cuneometatarsale I plantare, 2=os uncinatum, 3=os sesamoideum tibialis posterior, 4=os sesamoideum peroneum, 5=os cuboideum secundarium, 6=os trochleare calcanei, 7=os in sinus tarsi, 8=os sustentaculum tali, 9=os talocalcaneale posterius, 10=os aponeurosis plantaris, 11=os subcalcaneum, 12=os sesamoideum tibialis anterior, 13=os cuneometatarsale I tibiale, 14=os intermetatarsale I, 15=os cuneometatarsale II dorsale, 16=os paracuneiforme, 17=os cuneonaviculare, 18=os intercuneiforme, 19=os intermetatarsale IV, 20=/os talonaviculare, 21=os vesalianum pedis, 22=os tibiale externum, 23=os talotibiale dorsale, 24=os supratalare, 25=os calcaneus secundarius, 26=os subtibiale, 27=os subfibulare, 28=os retinaculi, 29=os calcaneus accessorius, 30=os trigonum, 31=os supracalcaneum, 32=os tendinis calcanei]]

<gallery widths=250px heights=250px>
<gallery widths=250px heights=250px>
File:Akzessorische Handknochen 01.svg|Accessory bones of the [[carpus]]: 1=Os styloideum, 2=Os vesalianum, 3=Os hypolunatum, 4=Os triangulare, 5=Os epilunatum, 6=Os radiale externum, 7=Os centrale.
File:Os trigonum - Os talonaviculare.jpg|[[Accessory talus]] (left arrow) and [[os supranaviculare]] (right arrow)
File:Os trigonum - Os talonaviculare.jpg|[[Accessory talus]] (left arrow) and [[os supranaviculare]] (right arrow)
File:Os peroneum (annotated) and pes vacus on lateral foot X-ray.jpg|Os peroneum (white arrow).
File:Os peroneum (annotated) and pes vacus on lateral foot X-ray.jpg|Os peroneum (white arrow).

Revision as of 20:38, 4 November 2017

An accessory bone or supernumerary bone is a bone which does not occur frequently in the body but is still present in a significantly large number of people.

Most prevalent accessory bones

Foot

X-ray by dorsoplantar view, with most common accessory and sesamoid bones of the foot.[1]
Lateral view.[1]
Bone Prevalence[2]
Sesamoids
Sesamoids of great toe Always present
Sesamoid of second metatarsal 0.4 %
Sesamoid of third metatarsal 0.2 %
Sesamoid of fourth metatarsal 0.1 %
Sesamoids of fifth metatarsal 4.3 %
Sesamoid of the interphalangeal (IP) joint of the great toe 2–13 %
Ossicles
Os trigonum 7–25%
Os peroneum Up to 26 %
Accessory navicular 2–21 %
Os intermetatarseum 1–13 %
Os vesalianum 0.1–1 %
Os supranaviculare 1.0–3.5 %
Os supratalare 0.2–2.4 %
Os talotibiale 0.5 %
Os calcaneus secundarium 0.6–7 %

Other locations

Examples of accessory bones include:

Gallery

Image also including the locations of rare accessory bones of the foot: 1=Os cuneometatarsale I plantare, 2=os uncinatum, 3=os sesamoideum tibialis posterior, 4=os sesamoideum peroneum, 5=os cuboideum secundarium, 6=os trochleare calcanei, 7=os in sinus tarsi, 8=os sustentaculum tali, 9=os talocalcaneale posterius, 10=os aponeurosis plantaris, 11=os subcalcaneum, 12=os sesamoideum tibialis anterior, 13=os cuneometatarsale I tibiale, 14=os intermetatarsale I, 15=os cuneometatarsale II dorsale, 16=os paracuneiforme, 17=os cuneonaviculare, 18=os intercuneiforme, 19=os intermetatarsale IV, 20=/os talonaviculare, 21=os vesalianum pedis, 22=os tibiale externum, 23=os talotibiale dorsale, 24=os supratalare, 25=os calcaneus secundarius, 26=os subtibiale, 27=os subfibulare, 28=os retinaculi, 29=os calcaneus accessorius, 30=os trigonum, 31=os supracalcaneum, 32=os tendinis calcanei

See also

Further reading

  • C. Pop; Cluj-Napoca/RO (2014). "Mapping the extras: Supernumerary bones of the limbs". doi:10.1594/ecr2014/C-1817. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


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  1. ^ a b Reference list for image is located at Commons:Template:Accessory and sesamoid bones of the foot - references.
  2. ^ Nwawka, O. Kenechi; Hayashi, Daichi; Diaz, Luis E.; Goud, Ajay R.; Arndt, William F.; Roemer, Frank W.; Malguria, Nagina; Guermazi, Ali (2013). "Sesamoids and accessory ossicles of the foot: anatomical variability and related pathology". Insights into Imaging. 4 (5): 581–593. doi:10.1007/s13244-013-0277-1. ISSN 1869-4101.
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