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'''''Shewanella''''' is the sole genus included in the '''Shewanellaceae''' family of [[ocean|marine]] [[bacteria]], some species within it were formerly classed as ''[[Alteromonas]]''. ''Shewanella'' bacteria are a normal component of the surface flora of fish and are implicated in fish spoilage.<ref>Adams and Moss, ''Food Microbiology'', third edition 2008, pp 26, 138, 140, </ref>
'''''Shewanella''''' is the sole genus included in the '''Shewanellaceae''' family of [[ocean|marine]] [[bacteria]], some species within it were formerly classed as ''[[Alteromonas]]''. ''Shewanella'' consists of facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative rods, most of which are found in extreme aquatic habitats where the temperature is very low and the pressure is very high.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/663096120|title=Endotoxins : Structure, function and recognition|date=2010|publisher=Springer Verlag|others=Wang, Xiaoyuan., Quinn, Peter J.|isbn=9048190789|location=Dordrecht|oclc=663096120}}</ref> ''Shewanella'' bacteria are a normal component of the surface flora of fish and are implicated in fish spoilage.<ref>Adams and Moss, ''Food Microbiology'', third edition 2008, pp 26, 138, 140, </ref>


''Shewanella oneidensis'' MR-1 is a widely used laboratory model to study anaerobic respiration of metals and other anaerobic extracellular electron acceptors, and for teaching about microbial [[electrogenesis]] and [[microbial fuel cells]].
''Shewanella oneidensis'' MR-1 is a widely used laboratory model to study anaerobic respiration of metals and other anaerobic extracellular electron acceptors, and for teaching about microbial [[electrogenesis]] and [[microbial fuel cells]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gorby|first=Yuri A.|last2=Yanina|first2=Svetlana|last3=McLean|first3=Jeffrey S.|last4=Rosso|first4=Kevin M.|last5=Moyles|first5=Dianne|last6=Dohnalkova|first6=Alice|last7=Beveridge|first7=Terry J.|last8=Chang|first8=In Seop|last9=Kim|first9=Byung Hong|date=2006-07-25|title=Electrically conductive bacterial nanowires produced by Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1 and other microorganisms|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/103/30/11358|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=103|issue=30|pages=11358–11363|doi=10.1073/pnas.0604517103|issn=0027-8424|pmid=16849424}}</ref>




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with the reduced form of uranium produced being easier to remove from water than the more soluble uranium oxide. Scientists researching the creation of microbial fuel cells, designs that use bacteria to induce a current, have also made use of the metal reducing capabilities some species of ''Shewanella'' possess as a part of their metabolic repertoire.<ref>Hoffman et al., [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10800-013-0550-5 Dual-chambered bio-batteries using immobilized mediator electrodes], Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, Vol 43, Issue 7, pp 629–636, 27 Apr 2013</ref>
with the reduced form of uranium produced being easier to remove from water than the more soluble uranium oxide. Scientists researching the creation of microbial fuel cells, designs that use bacteria to induce a current, have also made use of the metal reducing capabilities some species of ''Shewanella'' possess as a part of their metabolic repertoire.<ref>Hoffman et al., [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10800-013-0550-5 Dual-chambered bio-batteries using immobilized mediator electrodes], Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, Vol 43, Issue 7, pp 629–636, 27 Apr 2013</ref>


== Significance ==
One of the roles that ''Shewanella'' genus has in the environment is [[bioremediation]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Dikow|first=Rebecca B.|date=2011-05-12|title=Genome-level homology and phylogeny of Shewanella (Gammaproteobacteria: lteromonadales: Shewanellaceae)|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-12-237|journal=BMC Genomics|volume=12|pages=237|doi=10.1186/1471-2164-12-237|issn=1471-2164}}</ref> ''Shewanella'' species have great metabolic versatility; they can reduce various electron acceptors.<ref name=":0" /> Some of the electron acceptors they use are toxic substances and heavy metals, which often become less toxic after being reduced.<ref name=":1" /> Examples of metals that ''Shewanella'' are capable of reducing and degrading include uranium, chromium, and iron.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/228173040|title=The third domain : the untold story of archaea and the future of biotechnology|last=Tim.|first=Friend,|date=2007|publisher=Joseph Henry Press|isbn=0309102375|location=Washington, D.C.|oclc=228173040}}</ref> Its ability to decrease toxicity of various substances makes ''Shewanella'' a useful tool for bioremediation. Specifically, ''[[Shewanella oneidensis]]'' strain MR-1 is often used to clean up contaminated nuclear weapon manufacturing sites.<ref name=":2" />


''Shewanella'' also contributes to the biogeochemical circulation of minerals.<ref name=":0" /> Members of this genus are widely distributed in aquatic habitats, from the deep sea to the shallow Antarctic Ocean.<ref name=":1" /> Its diverse habitats, coupled to its ability to reduce a variety of metals, makes the genus critical for the cycling of minerals.<ref name=":0" /> For instance, under aerobic conditions, various species of ''Shewanella''are capable of oxidizing manganese.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Wright|first=Mitchell H.|last2=Farooqui|first2=Saad M.|last3=White|first3=Alan R.|last4=Greene|first4=Anthony C.|date=2016-08-15|title=Production of Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles by Shewanella Species|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4988204/|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=82|issue=17|pages=5402–5409|doi=10.1128/AEM.00663-16|issn=0099-2240|pmc=PMC4988204|pmid=27342559}}</ref> When conditions are changed, the same species can reduce the manganese oxide products.<ref name=":3" /> Hence, since ''Shewanella'' can both oxidize and reduce manganese, it is critical to the cycling of manganese.<ref name=":3" />



== See also ==
== See also ==
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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
==External links==
* [[List of bacterial genera named after personal names]]
* [[List of bacterial genera named after personal names]]

Revision as of 07:45, 20 November 2017

Shewanella
Shewanella oneidensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Proteobacteria
Class:
Gamma Proteobacteria
Order:
Alteromonadales
Family:
Shewanellaceae

Ivanova et al. 2004
Genus:
Shewanella

MacDonell and Colwell 1985
Type species
Shewanella putrefaciens
Species

S. abyssi
S. aestuarii [1]
S. algae
S. algicola [1]
S. algidipiscicola
S. amazonensis
S. aquimarina
S. arctica [1]
S. atlantica [1]
S. baltica
S. basaltis [1]
S. benthica
S. canadensis [1]
S. chilikensis [1]
S. colwelliana
S. corallii [1]
S. decolorationis
S. denitrificans
S. dokdonensis [1]
S. donghaensis
S. fidelis
S. fodinae [1]
S. frigidimarina
S. gaetbuli
S. gelidimarina
S. glacialipiscicola
S. gelidii [1]
S. hafniensis
S. halifaxensis
S. halitois
S. hanedai
S. indica [1]
S. inventionis [1]
S. irciniae
S. japonica
S. kaireitica
S. litorisediminis [1]
S. livingstonensis
S. loihica
S. mangrovi [1]
S. marina [1]
S. marinintestina
S. marisflavi
S. morhuae
S. olleyana
S. oneidensis
S. piezotolerans [1]
S. pacifica
S. pealeana
S. piezotolerans
S. pneumatophori
S. profunda
S. psychrophila
S. putrefaciens
S. sairae
S. schegeliana
S. sediminis
S. seohaensis [1]
S. spongiae
S. surugensis
S. upenei [1]
S. vesiculosa [1]
S. violacea
S. waksmanii
S. woodyi
S. xiamenensis [1]

Shewanella is the sole genus included in the Shewanellaceae family of marine bacteria, some species within it were formerly classed as Alteromonas. Shewanella consists of facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative rods, most of which are found in extreme aquatic habitats where the temperature is very low and the pressure is very high.[2] Shewanella bacteria are a normal component of the surface flora of fish and are implicated in fish spoilage.[3]

Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 is a widely used laboratory model to study anaerobic respiration of metals and other anaerobic extracellular electron acceptors, and for teaching about microbial electrogenesis and microbial fuel cells.[4]


Metabolism

Currently known Shewanella species are heterotrophic facultative anaerobes.[5] In the absence of oxygen, members of this genus possess capabilities allowing the use of a variety of other electron acceptors for respiration. These include thiosulfate, sulfite, or elemental sulfur[6], as well as fumarate.[7] Marine species have demonstrated an ability to use arsenic as an electron acceptor as well. [8] Some members of this species, most notably Shewanella oneidensis, have the ability to respire through a wide range of metal species, including manganese, chromium, uranium, and iron.[9] Reduction of iron and manganese through Shewanella respiration has been shown to involve extracellular electron transfer through the employment of bacterial nanowires, extensions of the outer membrane. [10]

Applications

The discovery of some of the respiratory capabilities possessed by members of this genus has opened the door to possible applications for these bacteria. The metal-reducing capabilities can potentially be applied to bioremediation of uranium-contaminated groundwater,[11] with the reduced form of uranium produced being easier to remove from water than the more soluble uranium oxide. Scientists researching the creation of microbial fuel cells, designs that use bacteria to induce a current, have also made use of the metal reducing capabilities some species of Shewanella possess as a part of their metabolic repertoire.[12]

Significance

One of the roles that Shewanella genus has in the environment is bioremediation.[13] Shewanella species have great metabolic versatility; they can reduce various electron acceptors.[2] Some of the electron acceptors they use are toxic substances and heavy metals, which often become less toxic after being reduced.[13] Examples of metals that Shewanella are capable of reducing and degrading include uranium, chromium, and iron.[14] Its ability to decrease toxicity of various substances makes Shewanella a useful tool for bioremediation. Specifically, Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1 is often used to clean up contaminated nuclear weapon manufacturing sites.[14]

Shewanella also contributes to the biogeochemical circulation of minerals.[2] Members of this genus are widely distributed in aquatic habitats, from the deep sea to the shallow Antarctic Ocean.[13] Its diverse habitats, coupled to its ability to reduce a variety of metals, makes the genus critical for the cycling of minerals.[2] For instance, under aerobic conditions, various species of Shewanellaare capable of oxidizing manganese.[15] When conditions are changed, the same species can reduce the manganese oxide products.[15] Hence, since Shewanella can both oxidize and reduce manganese, it is critical to the cycling of manganese.[15]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u LPSN bacterio.net
  2. ^ a b c d Endotoxins : Structure, function and recognition. Wang, Xiaoyuan., Quinn, Peter J. Dordrecht: Springer Verlag. 2010. ISBN 9048190789. OCLC 663096120.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  3. ^ Adams and Moss, Food Microbiology, third edition 2008, pp 26, 138, 140,
  4. ^ Gorby, Yuri A.; Yanina, Svetlana; McLean, Jeffrey S.; Rosso, Kevin M.; Moyles, Dianne; Dohnalkova, Alice; Beveridge, Terry J.; Chang, In Seop; Kim, Byung Hong (2006-07-25). "Electrically conductive bacterial nanowires produced by Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1 and other microorganisms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (30): 11358–11363. doi:10.1073/pnas.0604517103. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 16849424.
  5. ^ Serres, Genomic Analysis of Carbon Source Metabolism of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1: Predictions versus Experiments, Journal of Bacteriology, July 2006
  6. ^ Burns, Anaerobic Respiration of Elemental Sulfur and Thiosulfate by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 Requires psrA, a Homolog of the phsA Gene of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium LT2, Applied and Enviromental Microbiology, 19 June 2009
  7. ^ Pinchuk et al., Pyruvate and lactate metabolism by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 under fermentation, oxygen limitation, and fumarate respiration conditions., Applied and Enviromental Microbiology December 2011
  8. ^ Saltikov et al., Expression Dynamics of Arsenic Respiration and Detoxification in Shewanella sp. Strain ANA-3, Journal of Bacteriology, Nov 2005
  9. ^ Tiedje, [https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt1102-1093#ref2, Shewanella—the environmentally versatile genome], Nature Biotechnology
  10. ^ Pirbadian et al., Bacterial Nanowires of Shewanella Oneidensis MR-1 are Outer Membrane and Periplasmic Extensions of the Extracellular Electron Transport Components, Biophysical Journal, Volume 108, Jan 2015
  11. ^ Newsome, The biogeochemistry and bioremediation of uranium and other priority radionuclides, Chemical Geology, Volume 363, pp 164-184, 10 Jan 2014,
  12. ^ Hoffman et al., Dual-chambered bio-batteries using immobilized mediator electrodes, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, Vol 43, Issue 7, pp 629–636, 27 Apr 2013
  13. ^ a b c Dikow, Rebecca B. (2011-05-12). "Genome-level homology and phylogeny of Shewanella (Gammaproteobacteria: lteromonadales: Shewanellaceae)". BMC Genomics. 12: 237. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-12-237. ISSN 1471-2164.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  14. ^ a b Tim., Friend, (2007). The third domain : the untold story of archaea and the future of biotechnology. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 0309102375. OCLC 228173040.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ a b c Wright, Mitchell H.; Farooqui, Saad M.; White, Alan R.; Greene, Anthony C. (2016-08-15). "Production of Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles by Shewanella Species". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 82 (17): 5402–5409. doi:10.1128/AEM.00663-16. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 4988204. PMID 27342559.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  16. ^ NEW TAXA - Proteobacteria: Duwoon Kim, Keun Sik Baik, Mi Sun Kim, Bok-Mi Jung, Tai-Sun Shin, Gyu-Hwa Chung, Moon Soo Rhee, and Chi Nam Seong Shewanella haliotis sp. nov., isolated from the gut microflora of abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Int J Syst Evol Microbiol December 2007 57:2926-2931; doi:10.1099/ijs.0.65257-0

External links

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