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Coordinates: 43°24′N 28°42′E / 43.400°N 28.700°E / 43.400; 28.700
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|type =
|type =
|countries affected = [[Romania]] <br> [[Bulgaria]]
|countries affected = [[Romania]] <br> [[Bulgaria]]
|damage =1,200 houses destroyed<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mgu.bg/sessions/11/01/brrrsdgordmdapodssnd.pdf |title=MARINEGEOHAZARD project - Key core elements of the early warning system in the Black Sea |work=University of Mining and Geology "St. Ivan Rilski" |date=2011}}</ref>
|damage =1,200 houses destroyed<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mgu.bg/sessions/11/01/brrrsdgordmdapodssnd.pdf |title=MARINEGEOHAZARD project – Key core elements of the early warning system in the Black Sea |work=University of Mining and Geology "St. Ivan Rilski" |date=2011}}</ref>
|intensity = [[Mercalli intensity scale|X (''Extreme'')]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Karnik |first=V. |title=Seismicity of the European Area |publisher=D. Riedel Publishing Co. |location=Dordrecht |year=1969 |page=364}}</ref>
|intensity = [[Mercalli intensity scale|X (''Extreme'')]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Karnik |first=V. |title=Seismicity of the European Area |publisher=D. Riedel Publishing Co. |location=Dordrecht |year=1969 |page=364}}</ref>
|PGA = <!-- NN''[[Peak ground acceleration|g]]'' -->
|PGA = <!-- NN''[[Peak ground acceleration|g]]'' -->
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|landslide = Yes
|landslide = Yes
|foreshocks =
|foreshocks =
|aftershocks = 5 M<sub>w</sub> (at 11:30 local time)
|aftershocks = 5 {{M|w|link=y}} (at 11:30 local time)
|casualties = uncertain
|casualties = uncertain
}}
}}
The '''1901 Black Sea earthquake''' (also known in Bulgaria as '''Balchik earthquake''')<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://gq.pgi.gov.pl/article/viewFile/8109/pdf_215|title = Recent geological activity along the northeastern Bnlgarian Black Sea coast|date = 20 July 2000|accessdate = |website = Geological Quarterly|publisher = |last = Matova|first = Margarita}}</ref>''' '''was a 7.2 magnitude earthquake,<ref>[http://www.lgt.lt/geoin/files/vilnius_13.pdf "Some geoindications of recent geological activity along the northern Bulgarian coast"], ''Lithuanian Geological Survey''</ref> the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in the [[Black Sea]].<ref>[http://jurnalul.ro/stiri/observator/s-a-cutremurat-marea-neagra-516870.html "S-a cutremurat Marea Neagră"], ''Jurnalul.ro'', August 5, 2009</ref> The earthquake epicenter was located in the east of Cape Shabla-Kaliakra, 30&nbsp;km off northwest coast of [[Bulgaria]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ziare.com/international/stiri-externe/cutremure-in-marea-neagra-pericol-de-tsunami-843270 |title=Cutremure în Marea Neagră: pericol de tsunami? |newspaper=Ziare.com |date=5 August 2009 |language=Romanian |author=Valentin Dimitriu}}</ref> The mainshock occurred at a depth of 15&nbsp;km and generated a 4–5 m high tsunami<ref>{{Cite book|title = Tsunamis along the coasts of the Black Sea|last = Altinok|first = Yildiz|publisher = Second Balkan Geophysical Congress and Exhibition|year = 1999|isbn = |location = Istanbul|pages = 46–47|url = http://www.balkangeophysoc.gr/menu/congresses/oral/46-47-O8-1-Yildiz_Altinok.PDF}}</ref> that devastated the coastal areas of Romania and Bulgaria.<ref name="RL">{{cite web |url=http://www.romanialibera.ro/actualitate/eveniment/tsunami-in-marea-neagra-140318 |title=Tsunami în Marea Neagră |work=România Liberă |author=Darius Martinescu |date=27 November 2008 |language=Romanian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Seismic activity after the earthquake of 31 March, 1901 in the Shabla-Kaliakra zone|last = Ranguelov|first = B.|publisher = Bulgarian Geophysical Journal|year = 1994|isbn = |location = |pages = 44–49|last2 = Gospodinov|first2 = D.}}</ref> In [[Romania]], the earthquake was felt not only throughout [[Northern Dobruja]], but also in [[Oltenia]] and [[Muntenia]], and even in southern [[Moldova]].
The '''1901 Black Sea earthquake''' (also known in Bulgaria as '''Balchik earthquake''')<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://gq.pgi.gov.pl/article/viewFile/8109/pdf_215|title = Recent geological activity along the northeastern Bnlgarian Black Sea coast|date = 20 July 2000|accessdate = |website = Geological Quarterly|publisher = |last = Matova|first = Margarita}}</ref>''' '''was a 7.2 magnitude earthquake,<ref>[http://www.lgt.lt/geoin/files/vilnius_13.pdf "Some geoindications of recent geological activity along the northern Bulgarian coast"], ''Lithuanian Geological Survey''</ref> the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in the [[Black Sea]].<ref>[http://jurnalul.ro/stiri/observator/s-a-cutremurat-marea-neagra-516870.html "S-a cutremurat Marea Neagră"], ''Jurnalul.ro'', August 5, 2009</ref> The earthquake epicenter was located in the east of Cape Shabla-Kaliakra, 30&nbsp;km off northwest coast of [[Bulgaria]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ziare.com/international/stiri-externe/cutremure-in-marea-neagra-pericol-de-tsunami-843270 |title=Cutremure în Marea Neagră: pericol de tsunami? |newspaper=Ziare.com |date=5 August 2009 |language=Romanian |author=Valentin Dimitriu}}</ref> The mainshock occurred at a depth of 15&nbsp;km and generated a 4–5 m high tsunami<ref>{{Cite book|title = Tsunamis along the coasts of the Black Sea|last = Altinok|first = Yildiz|publisher = Second Balkan Geophysical Congress and Exhibition|year = 1999|isbn = |location = Istanbul|pages = 46–47|url = http://www.balkangeophysoc.gr/menu/congresses/oral/46-47-O8-1-Yildiz_Altinok.PDF}}</ref> that devastated the coastal areas of Romania and Bulgaria.<ref name="RL">{{cite web |url=http://www.romanialibera.ro/actualitate/eveniment/tsunami-in-marea-neagra-140318 |title=Tsunami în Marea Neagră |work=România Liberă |author=Darius Martinescu |date=27 November 2008 |language=Romanian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Seismic activity after the earthquake of 31 March, 1901 in the Shabla-Kaliakra zone|last = Ranguelov|first = B.|publisher = Bulgarian Geophysical Journal|year = 1994|isbn = |location = |pages = 44–49|last2 = Gospodinov|first2 = D.}}</ref> In [[Romania]], the earthquake was felt not only throughout [[Northern Dobruja]], but also in [[Oltenia]] and [[Muntenia]], and even in southern [[Moldova]].


The earthquake was followed by a large number of local replicas and secondary earthquakes, which occurred over many years, until 1905; the strongest aftershocks reached magnitudes of 5.5-6.0 on the Richter scale and were also felt in southern Romania, including [[Bucharest]]. After 1905, Pontic seismic activity began to subside, although weak and moderate earthquakes were also reported in subsequent years.
The earthquake was followed by a large number of local replicas and secondary earthquakes, which occurred over many years, until 1905; the strongest aftershocks reached magnitudes of 5.5–6.0 on the Richter scale and were also felt in southern Romania, including [[Bucharest]]. After 1905, Pontic seismic activity began to subside, although weak and moderate earthquakes were also reported in subsequent years.


Such events are rare in the [[Black Sea]]. In the last 200 years, in the Black Sea region 24 [[tsunami]]s occurred, of which two were in the territory of [[Dobruja]]. The earliest recorded tsunami in Romania dates from 104, when the city of [[Callatis]], current [[Mangalia]], was badly affected.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.9am.ro/stiri-revista-presei/Social/18032/Tsunami-de-Marea-Neagra.html |title=Tsunami de Marea Neagră |newspaper=9AM |author=Antoaneta Etves |date=8 September 2005 |language=Romanian}}</ref>
Such events are rare in the [[Black Sea]]. In the last 200 years, in the Black Sea region 24 [[tsunami]]s occurred, of which two were in the territory of [[Dobruja]]. The earliest recorded tsunami in Romania dates from 104, when the city of [[Callatis]], current [[Mangalia]], was badly affected.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.9am.ro/stiri-revista-presei/Social/18032/Tsunami-de-Marea-Neagra.html |title=Tsunami de Marea Neagră |newspaper=9AM |author=Antoaneta Etves |date=8 September 2005 |language=Romanian}}</ref>
Line 46: Line 46:
The off-shore region of [[Southern Dobruja]], especially the epicentral area located in the south of [[Mangalia]], including the Bulgarian off-shore of the [[Black Sea]], has been emphasized over the years, by earthquakes which in certain cases have been violent, reaching magnitudes of 7–7.5 on Richter scale. These are also crustal earthquakes, of low depth (5–30&nbsp;km), with severe effects on the epicentral area. Sometimes, in case of earthquakes with underwater focus (as those located in the east of Shabla Cape), tsunami waves were generated, like in 1901.
The off-shore region of [[Southern Dobruja]], especially the epicentral area located in the south of [[Mangalia]], including the Bulgarian off-shore of the [[Black Sea]], has been emphasized over the years, by earthquakes which in certain cases have been violent, reaching magnitudes of 7–7.5 on Richter scale. These are also crustal earthquakes, of low depth (5–30&nbsp;km), with severe effects on the epicentral area. Sometimes, in case of earthquakes with underwater focus (as those located in the east of Shabla Cape), tsunami waves were generated, like in 1901.


Research studies carried out by experts have shown that Pontic earthquakes with destructive behaviour, comparable to that in 1901, repeat at mean periods of 300–500 years. One of the earliest occurred in the 1st century BC at [[Kavarna]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Tsunami: The Underrated Hazard|last = Bryant|first = Edward|publisher = Springer|date = 12 December 2007|isbn = 978-3540742739|location = |pages = 15|url = https://books.google.ro/books?id=tOkpBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15&lpg=PA15&dq=1901+black+sea+earthquake&source=bl&ots=hKAponRTJB&sig=j0Qxo9YopjthFEM3g83q6daOnDY&hl=ro&sa=X&ei=p2z0VLzWAcOtUabWg6gO&ved=0CGoQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=1901%20black%20sea%20earthquake&f=false|edition = 2nd}}</ref> In AD 853, a tsunami at [[Varna]] swept 6.5&nbsp;km inland over flat coastal plain and travelled 30&nbsp;km up a river.<ref>[http://www.uni-weimar.de/cms/uploads/media/Lazarescu_Borovetz_ARW.pdf "Seismic risk in Romania"], ''Bauhaus-University Weimar''</ref> The [[Black Sea]] is considered one of the most violent seas due to its seismic activity.<ref name="RL" />
Research studies carried out by experts have shown that Pontic earthquakes with destructive behaviour, comparable to that in 1901, repeat at mean periods of 300–500 years. One of the earliest occurred in the 1st century BC at [[Kavarna]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Tsunami: The Underrated Hazard|last = Bryant|first = Edward|publisher = Springer|date = 12 December 2007|isbn = 978-3540742739|location = |pages = 15|url = https://books.google.com/?id=tOkpBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15&lpg=PA15&dq=1901+black+sea+earthquake#v=onepage&q=1901%20black%20sea%20earthquake&f=false|edition = 2nd}}</ref> In AD 853, a tsunami at [[Varna]] swept 6.5&nbsp;km inland over flat coastal plain and travelled 30&nbsp;km up a river.<ref>[http://www.uni-weimar.de/cms/uploads/media/Lazarescu_Borovetz_ARW.pdf "Seismic risk in Romania"], ''Bauhaus-University Weimar''</ref> The [[Black Sea]] is considered one of the most violent seas due to its seismic activity.<ref name="RL" />


== Impact ==
== Impact ==


=== Felt area ===
=== Felt area ===
The shock was felt throughout [[Bulgaria]], southeast [[Romania]], eastern [[Serbia]] and northwest [[Anatolia]], causing great panic in [[Istanbul]] and on the Asiatic coast of the [[Bosphorus]] and the [[Sea of Marmara|Marmara]]. Longperiod effects lasting about a minute were reported from the [[Danube]] valley, from [[Szeged]] in [[Hungary]], and from [[Odessa]]. The shock was perceptible in [[Thessaloniki]], in [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]], in [[Dorohoi]] in Romania, and throughout the [[Sivas Province|province of Sivas]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Seismicity of Turkey and neighbouring regions, 1899-1915 |last1=Ambraseys |first1=N. N. |last2=Adams |first2=R. D. |publisher=Annales Geophysicae |location=Paris |date=1987 |pages=701–726}}</ref>
The shock was felt throughout [[Bulgaria]], southeast [[Romania]], eastern [[Serbia]] and northwest [[Anatolia]], causing great panic in [[Istanbul]] and on the Asiatic coast of the [[Bosphorus]] and the [[Sea of Marmara|Marmara]]. Longperiod effects lasting about a minute were reported from the [[Danube]] valley, from [[Szeged]] in [[Hungary]], and from [[Odessa]]. The shock was perceptible in [[Thessaloniki]], in [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]], in [[Dorohoi]] in Romania, and throughout the [[Sivas Province|province of Sivas]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Seismicity of Turkey and neighbouring regions, 1899–1915 |last1=Ambraseys |first1=N. N. |last2=Adams |first2=R. D. |publisher=Annales Geophysicae |location=Paris |date=1987 |pages=701–726}}</ref>


=== Damage ===
=== Damage ===
The earthquake had devastating consequences in the coastal area of southern [[Mangalia]], many villages being ruined (maximum intensity of X on the [[Mercalli intensity scale]]); likewise, the earthquake generated a 4–5 m high [[tsunami]] wave and there occurred bank dislocations and other local geomorphological phenomena.<ref>[http://www.ziuaconstanta.ro/rubrici/eveniment/cutremure-si-tsunami-in-dobrogea.html "Cutremure și tsunami în Constanța"], ''Ziua de Constanța'', May 1, 2009</ref> Maximum damage was sustained by a small number of villages situated on the alluvial lowlands along the coast between [[Balchik]], [[Kavarna]], [[Durankulak]] and [[Limanu]]. Slumping of the coast destroyed many landing-places and coastal settlements including the lighthouse at [[Kaliakra]]. Largescale landslides along the coast continued to develop for almost two weeks after the earthquake, disrupting communications and causing additional damage.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=9778&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display|title = Significant Earthquake|date = |accessdate = |website = National Centers for Environmental Information|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> In [[Bucharest]], the seismic intensity was V–VI degrees on the Mercalli intensity scale, causing panic among the population and light damage to buildings.
The earthquake had devastating consequences in the coastal area of southern [[Mangalia]], many villages being ruined (maximum intensity of X on the [[Mercalli intensity scale]]); likewise, the earthquake generated a 4–5 m high [[tsunami]] wave and there occurred bank dislocations and other local geomorphological phenomena.<ref>[http://www.ziuaconstanta.ro/rubrici/eveniment/cutremure-si-tsunami-in-dobrogea.html "Cutremure și tsunami în Constanța"], ''Ziua de Constanța'', May 1, 2009</ref> Maximum damage was sustained by a small number of villages situated on the alluvial lowlands along the coast between [[Balchik]], [[Kavarna]], [[Durankulak]] and [[Limanu]]. Slumping of the coast destroyed many landing-places and coastal settlements including the lighthouse at [[Kaliakra]]. Largescale landslides along the coast continued to develop for almost two weeks after the earthquake, disrupting communications and causing additional damage.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=9778&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display|title = Significant Earthquake|date = |accessdate = |website = National Centers for Environmental Information|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> In [[Bucharest]], the seismic intensity was V–VI degrees on the Mercalli intensity scale, causing panic among the population and light damage to buildings.


The Bulgarian [[Dobrich Province|province of Dobrich]] was also severely hit by tsunami. In several localities, including [[Balchik]], homes were rushed by waters.<ref>[http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/11/945/2011/nhess-11-945-2011.pdf "Tsunami hazard in the Black Sea and the Azov Sea: a new tsunami catalogue"], ''Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences''</ref> In the village of Momchil, a large landslide buried people's homes on an area of about 30 hectares.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Landslide Science and Practice - Volume 7: Social and Economic Impact and Policies|last = Margottini|first = Claudio|publisher = Springer|year = 2013|isbn = 978-3-642-31313-4|location = |pages = 188|last2 = Canuti|first2 = Paolo|last3 = Gassa|first3 = Kyoji|url = https://books.google.ro/books?id=Yea9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA188&lpg=PA188&dq=1901+black+sea+earthquake&source=bl&ots=pYcd40AbuX&sig=PfS3LYHqTQ3m-pSIO9TmyeZCdGU&hl=ro&sa=X&ei=fLumVMnoF4nVar3pgXA&ved=0CDcQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=1901%20black%20sea%20earthquake&f=false}}</ref>
The Bulgarian [[Dobrich Province|province of Dobrich]] was also severely hit by tsunami. In several localities, including [[Balchik]], homes were rushed by waters.<ref>[http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/11/945/2011/nhess-11-945-2011.pdf "Tsunami hazard in the Black Sea and the Azov Sea: a new tsunami catalogue"], ''Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences''</ref> In the village of Momchil, a large landslide buried people's homes on an area of about 30 hectares.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Landslide Science and Practice – Volume 7: Social and Economic Impact and Policies|last = Margottini|first = Claudio|publisher = Springer|year = 2013|isbn = 978-3-642-31313-4|location = |pages = 188|last2 = Canuti|first2 = Paolo|last3 = Gassa|first3 = Kyoji|url = https://books.google.com/?id=Yea9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA188&lpg=PA188&dq=1901+black+sea+earthquake#v=onepage&q=1901%20black%20sea%20earthquake&f=false}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 04:13, 10 December 2017

1901 Black Sea earthquake
1901 Black Sea earthquake is located in Bulgaria
1901 Black Sea earthquake
UTC time??
Magnitude7.2 Mw
Depth14 km (9 mi)
Areas affectedRomania
Bulgaria
Total damage1,200 houses destroyed[1]
Max. intensityX (Extreme)[2]
Tsunami4–5 m
LandslidesYes
Aftershocks5 Mw (at 11:30 local time)
Casualtiesuncertain

The 1901 Black Sea earthquake (also known in Bulgaria as Balchik earthquake)[5] was a 7.2 magnitude earthquake,[6] the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in the Black Sea.[7] The earthquake epicenter was located in the east of Cape Shabla-Kaliakra, 30 km off northwest coast of Bulgaria.[8] The mainshock occurred at a depth of 15 km and generated a 4–5 m high tsunami[9] that devastated the coastal areas of Romania and Bulgaria.[10][11] In Romania, the earthquake was felt not only throughout Northern Dobruja, but also in Oltenia and Muntenia, and even in southern Moldova.

The earthquake was followed by a large number of local replicas and secondary earthquakes, which occurred over many years, until 1905; the strongest aftershocks reached magnitudes of 5.5–6.0 on the Richter scale and were also felt in southern Romania, including Bucharest. After 1905, Pontic seismic activity began to subside, although weak and moderate earthquakes were also reported in subsequent years.

Such events are rare in the Black Sea. In the last 200 years, in the Black Sea region 24 tsunamis occurred, of which two were in the territory of Dobruja. The earliest recorded tsunami in Romania dates from 104, when the city of Callatis, current Mangalia, was badly affected.[12]

Background

The off-shore region of Southern Dobruja, especially the epicentral area located in the south of Mangalia, including the Bulgarian off-shore of the Black Sea, has been emphasized over the years, by earthquakes which in certain cases have been violent, reaching magnitudes of 7–7.5 on Richter scale. These are also crustal earthquakes, of low depth (5–30 km), with severe effects on the epicentral area. Sometimes, in case of earthquakes with underwater focus (as those located in the east of Shabla Cape), tsunami waves were generated, like in 1901.

Research studies carried out by experts have shown that Pontic earthquakes with destructive behaviour, comparable to that in 1901, repeat at mean periods of 300–500 years. One of the earliest occurred in the 1st century BC at Kavarna.[13] In AD 853, a tsunami at Varna swept 6.5 km inland over flat coastal plain and travelled 30 km up a river.[14] The Black Sea is considered one of the most violent seas due to its seismic activity.[10]

Impact

Felt area

The shock was felt throughout Bulgaria, southeast Romania, eastern Serbia and northwest Anatolia, causing great panic in Istanbul and on the Asiatic coast of the Bosphorus and the Marmara. Longperiod effects lasting about a minute were reported from the Danube valley, from Szeged in Hungary, and from Odessa. The shock was perceptible in Thessaloniki, in Macedonia, in Dorohoi in Romania, and throughout the province of Sivas.[15]

Damage

The earthquake had devastating consequences in the coastal area of southern Mangalia, many villages being ruined (maximum intensity of X on the Mercalli intensity scale); likewise, the earthquake generated a 4–5 m high tsunami wave and there occurred bank dislocations and other local geomorphological phenomena.[16] Maximum damage was sustained by a small number of villages situated on the alluvial lowlands along the coast between Balchik, Kavarna, Durankulak and Limanu. Slumping of the coast destroyed many landing-places and coastal settlements including the lighthouse at Kaliakra. Largescale landslides along the coast continued to develop for almost two weeks after the earthquake, disrupting communications and causing additional damage.[17] In Bucharest, the seismic intensity was V–VI degrees on the Mercalli intensity scale, causing panic among the population and light damage to buildings.

The Bulgarian province of Dobrich was also severely hit by tsunami. In several localities, including Balchik, homes were rushed by waters.[18] In the village of Momchil, a large landslide buried people's homes on an area of about 30 hectares.[19]

See also

References

  1. ^ "MARINEGEOHAZARD project – Key core elements of the early warning system in the Black Sea" (PDF). University of Mining and Geology "St. Ivan Rilski". 2011.
  2. ^ Karnik, V. (1969). Seismicity of the European Area. Dordrecht: D. Riedel Publishing Co. p. 364.
  3. ^ Mihaela Dicu (21 January 2014). "Cutremurele din România (partea I)". Astrele (in Romanian).
  4. ^ "Romania CAR" (PDF). ESnet.
  5. ^ Matova, Margarita (20 July 2000). "Recent geological activity along the northeastern Bnlgarian Black Sea coast". Geological Quarterly.
  6. ^ "Some geoindications of recent geological activity along the northern Bulgarian coast", Lithuanian Geological Survey
  7. ^ "S-a cutremurat Marea Neagră", Jurnalul.ro, August 5, 2009
  8. ^ Valentin Dimitriu (5 August 2009). "Cutremure în Marea Neagră: pericol de tsunami?". Ziare.com (in Romanian).
  9. ^ Altinok, Yildiz (1999). Tsunamis along the coasts of the Black Sea (PDF). Istanbul: Second Balkan Geophysical Congress and Exhibition. pp. 46–47.
  10. ^ a b Darius Martinescu (27 November 2008). "Tsunami în Marea Neagră". România Liberă (in Romanian).
  11. ^ Ranguelov, B.; Gospodinov, D. (1994). Seismic activity after the earthquake of 31 March, 1901 in the Shabla-Kaliakra zone. Bulgarian Geophysical Journal. pp. 44–49.
  12. ^ Antoaneta Etves (8 September 2005). "Tsunami de Marea Neagră". 9AM (in Romanian).
  13. ^ Bryant, Edward (12 December 2007). Tsunami: The Underrated Hazard (2nd ed.). Springer. p. 15. ISBN 978-3540742739.
  14. ^ "Seismic risk in Romania", Bauhaus-University Weimar
  15. ^ Ambraseys, N. N.; Adams, R. D. (1987). Seismicity of Turkey and neighbouring regions, 1899–1915. Paris: Annales Geophysicae. pp. 701–726.
  16. ^ "Cutremure și tsunami în Constanța", Ziua de Constanța, May 1, 2009
  17. ^ "Significant Earthquake". National Centers for Environmental Information.
  18. ^ "Tsunami hazard in the Black Sea and the Azov Sea: a new tsunami catalogue", Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
  19. ^ Margottini, Claudio; Canuti, Paolo; Gassa, Kyoji (2013). Landslide Science and Practice – Volume 7: Social and Economic Impact and Policies. Springer. p. 188. ISBN 978-3-642-31313-4.

43°24′N 28°42′E / 43.400°N 28.700°E / 43.400; 28.700

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