Cyzenis albicans: Difference between revisions
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==Use in biological control== |
==Use in biological control== |
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The winter moth first appeared in Nova Scotia, Canada, in the 1920s. By 1949 it had spread, causing defoliation of trees on a wide scale, and had been identified as a pest species. In 1954 and 1955, several insect species were introduced from Europe in an attempt to control it. The most successful of these were the parasitic wasp ''[[Agrypon flaveolatum)]]'' and the parasitoid fly ''C. albicans'', both of which became established in Canada.<ref name=Huffaker>{{cite book|author=Huffaker, C.|title=Biological Control |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7wjTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 |year=2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4615-6528-4 |page=109}}</ref> |
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In its native range, this fly has very little impact on populations of winter moth, and its success in [[biological pest control|biological control]] of this invasive pest in Canada and the United States was difficult to predict; soil conditions seem to have been of importance and there may have been a dearth of natural enemies to prey on the flies, enabling them to become established.<ref>{{cite book|title=Advances in Plant Pathology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SqHUOitkwssC&pg=PA133|year=1995 |publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-052678-2 |page=133}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 13:46, 10 December 2017
| Cyzenis albicans | |
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| Scientific classification | |
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| Species: | C. albicans
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| Binomial name | |
| Cyzenis albicans (Fallén, 1810)
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Cyzenis albicans is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.[1] Cyzenis albicans is a parasitoid and lays its eggs inside the larvae of the winter moth, a defoliator of some species of tree. In an experimental effort to keep the winter moths in check, thousands of Cyzenis albicans were released in 2015 in 17 sites across New England, including sites in Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Maine, with some success.[2]
Ecology
Cyzenis albicans is a parasitoid, the female laying its eggs inside the larvae of suitable host moth species. This fly is synovigenic, continuing to produce and mature eggs throughout its adult life and needing to feed in order to do so.[3]
Hosts
In Europe and Asia, where this fly is native, the larvae of several geometrid moths are parasitised. These include the winter moth (Operophtera brumata), the northern winter moth (Operophtera fagata), the oak nycteoline (Nycteola revayana), the elm autumn moth (Ypsolopha vittella) and the pimpinel pug (Eupithecia pimpinellata).[4]
Use in biological control
The winter moth first appeared in Nova Scotia, Canada, in the 1920s. By 1949 it had spread, causing defoliation of trees on a wide scale, and had been identified as a pest species. In 1954 and 1955, several insect species were introduced from Europe in an attempt to control it. The most successful of these were the parasitic wasp Agrypon flaveolatum) and the parasitoid fly C. albicans, both of which became established in Canada.[5]
In its native range, this fly has very little impact on populations of winter moth, and its success in biological control of this invasive pest in Canada and the United States was difficult to predict; soil conditions seem to have been of importance and there may have been a dearth of natural enemies to prey on the flies, enabling them to become established.[6]
References
- ^ a b Chandler, Peter J. (1998). Checklists of Insects of the British Isles (New Series) Part 1: Diptera. New Series. Vol. 12. London: Royal Entomological Society of London. pp. 1–234. ISBN 0-901546-82-8.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - ^ Felicia Gans, Boston Globe Correspondent (November 30, 2015). "Winter moths make appearance for mating season". Retrieved December 3, 2015.
- ^ Jervis, M.A. (2012). Insect Natural Enemies: Practical approaches to their study and evaluation. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 75–76. ISBN 978-94-011-0013-7.
- ^ "Cyzenis albicans (Fallén, 1810)". NBN Atlas. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
- ^ Huffaker, C. (2013). Biological Control. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 109. ISBN 978-1-4615-6528-4.
- ^ Advances in Plant Pathology. Academic Press. 1995. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-08-052678-2.