Effects of a Vegan Diet on Type 2 Diabetes: Difference between revisions

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+#REDIRECT [[Veganism|Health effects]]
-[[File:Main symptoms of diabetes.png|thumb|Some of the major symptoms of Diabetes. ]]
-== '''Effects of a Vegan Diet on Type 2 Diabetes''' ==
-A [[Veganism|vegan diet]], characterized by its avoidance of all animal derived products has been recommended as a healthy diet for all age groups, that may provide health benefits, and even aid in the treatment and prevention of some diseases.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Craig|first=Winston J.|last2=Mangels|first2=Ann Reed|last3=American Dietetic Association|date=July 2009|title=Position of the American Dietetic Association: vegetarian diets|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19562864|journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association|volume=109|issue=7|pages=1266–1282|issn=1878-3570|pmid=19562864}}</ref>  For those with [[Type 2 diabetes|Type 2 Diabetes]], diet plays an integral role in the management and treatment of their disease. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351199|title=Type 2 diabetes - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic|website=www.mayoclinic.org|language=en|access-date=2018-02-14}}</ref> Some argue that eating a vegan diet  is an effective way to manage diabetes with less specific restriction than by following the diet recommended by the American Diabetes Association (ADA). Although the adoption of a vegan diet may not eliminate the many facets of the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes, it may be a more effective way to alter an individual's diet in a cost effective way.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tuso|first=Philip J|last2=Ismail|first2=Mohamed H|last3=Ha|first3=Benjamin P|last4=Bartolotto|first4=Carole|date=2013|title=Nutritional Update for Physicians: Plant-Based Diets | journal = The Permanente Journal | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 61–66 | doi = 10.7812/TPP/12-085 | pmc = 3662288 | pmid = 23704846 }}</ref>
-[[File:Balanced Vegan Breakfast.png|thumb|An example of a well balanced vegan breakfast, with many vitamins and fiber.]]
-== '''Current Treatment''' ==
-Current treatment of Type 2 Diabetes includes a combination of blood sugar monitoring, regular excersise and healthy eating, and in some cases [[Insulin injection (soluble)|insulin injections]] or other diabetes medications. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351199|title=Type 2 diabetes - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic|website=www.mayoclinic.org|language=en|access-date=2018-02-14}}</ref> The diet guidelines currently recommended by the [[American Diabetes Association|ADA]] includes less than 300mg of cholesterol per day, less than 10% of calories from [[trans fat]], less than 2300 mg of [[sodium]], more than 25 g of fiber, and 1550-1650 calories. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.diabetes.org/mfa-recipes/about-our-meal-plans.html|title=About Our Meal Plans|website=American Diabetes Association|access-date=2018-02-14}}</ref> The ADA also recommends eating fish two times per week, and poultry without the skin as ways to incorporate protein. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.diabetes.org/food-and-fitness/food/what-can-i-eat/making-healthy-food-choices/meat-and-plant-based-protein.html|title=Protein Foods|website=American Diabetes Association|language=en|access-date=2018-02-20}}</ref> The ADA does concede that limiting red meat intake, due to its relatively higher levels of saturated fat is a way to improve a person with Type 2 Diabetes' diet.<ref name=":2" />
-== '''Proponents of a Vegan Diet''' ==
-Dr. Neal Barnard, who appeared in the documentary [[Forks Over Knives|Forks over Knives]], has been a vocal proponent of a vegan diet as a Type 2 Diabetes treatment method. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forksoverknives.com/how-i-reversed-my-diabetes-and-stopped-all-medications-with-a-plant-based-diet/#gs.t7yxUeU|title=How I Reversed My Diabetes With a Plant-Based Diet|date=2015-04-29|work=Forks Over Knives|access-date=2018-02-20|language=en-US}}</ref> Dr. Angie Sadeghi, a self proclaimed vegan herself, has been a strong supporter of the use of a vegan diet to improve health. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.peta.org/features/vegan-doctors/|title=14 Vegan Doctors Who Will Make You Rethink What You Eat|work=PETA|access-date=2018-02-21|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://inspirationalsouls.com/being-vegan-vegan-being-dr-angie-sadeghi-it-feels-awesome-to-be-healthy-and-live-cruelty-free/|title=Being Vegan, Vegan Being – Dr. Angie Sadeghi –   It Feels Awesome to Be Healthy and Live Cruelty-Free!|date=2017-06-26|work=Inspirational Souls|access-date=2018-02-21|language=en-US}}</ref> Another well know vegan physician and nutrition expert, is Dr. Michael Gregor.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-braqoek0AC&pg=PA123#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Cultural Encyclopedia of Vegetarianism|last=Puskar-Pasewicz|first=Margaret|date=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313375569|language=en}}</ref> He is the author of the book [[How Not to Die]], which emphasizes the importance of diet in health. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nutritionfacts.org/book/|title=HOW NOT TO DIE, an instant New York Times Best Seller {{!}} NutritionFacts.org|work=NutritionFacts.org|access-date=2018-02-21|language=en-US}}</ref> Dr. Mauricio Gonzalez, a plant based physician who caters to a Spanish speaking audience, has also proclaimed that a plant based diet can prevent diabetes. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://drmauriciogonzalez.com|title=Dr. Mauricio Gonzalez|website=Dr. Mauricio Gonzalez|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.todovegano.com/en/item/dr-mauricio-gonzalez-arias/|title=Dr. Mauricio González Arias, Médico vegano / Plant based doctor|work=todovegano.com|access-date=2018-02-21|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2009, the ADA released a statement that an appropriately planned vegan diet is healthy through all stages of life, and can proved some health benefits. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Craig|first=Winston J.|last2=Mangels|first2=Ann Reed|last3=American Dietetic Association|date=July 2009|title=Position of the American Dietetic Association: vegetarian diets|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19562864|journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association|volume=109|issue=7|pages=1266–1282|issn=1878-3570|pmid=19562864}}</ref>
-== '''Opponents of a Vegan Diet''' ==
-Some physicians, including Dr. Mercola, advise against the use of a vegan diet.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2016/09/25/veganism.aspx|title=The Case Against Veganism Health Claims|work=Mercola.com|access-date=2018-02-22|language=en-us}}</ref> Arguments include nutrient difficentcies, including vitamin B12, and humanity's history of eating animal products. <ref name=":4" /> Nutritionist Michelle Strong has also critiqued the vegan diet, noting concerns about protein levels and overconsumption of grain products as possible drawbacks of a vegan diet. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mindbodygreen.com/0-21463/im-a-nutritionist-heres-why-i-have-concerns-about-vegan-diets.html|title=I'm A Nutritionist. Here's Why I Have Concerns About Vegan Diets|date=2015-09-05|work=mindbodygreen|access-date=2018-02-22|language=en}}</ref>
-== '''Scientific Rationale''' ==
-An individual with Type 2 Diabetes in unable to adequelty control their blood glucose levels. The HbA1c level is a good measure of how much control an individual has over their diabetes, as it indicates how much sugar has bound to the red blood cells in that individual over the previous three months.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.diabetes.co.uk/hba1c-test.html|title=HbA1c Test for Diabetes - Diagnosis, Target HbA1c, Home Tests|access-date=2018-02-14}}</ref> A vegan diet has been shown to lower HbA1c levels more than the diet recommended by the American Diabetes Association in multiple clinical trials. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Barnard|first=Neal D.|last2=Cohen|first2=Joshua|last3=Jenkins|first3=David J. A.|last4=Turner-McGrievy|first4=Gabrielle|last5=Gloede|first5=Lise|last6=Jaster|first6=Brent|last7=Seidl|first7=Kim|last8=Green|first8=Amber A.|last9=Talpers|first9=Stanley|date=2006-08-01|title=A Low-Fat Vegan Diet Improves Glycemic Control and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Randomized Clinical Trial in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes|url=http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/29/8/1777|journal=Diabetes Care|language=en|volume=29|issue=8|pages=1777–1783|doi=10.2337/dc06-0606|issn=0149-5992|pmid=16873779}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=D|first=Barnard, Neal|last2=Joshua|first2=Cohen,|last3=JA|first3=Jenkins, David|last4=Gabrielle|first4=Turner-McGrievy,|last5=Lise|first5=Gloede,|last6=Amber|first6=Green,|last7=Hope|first7=Ferdowsian,|date=2009-05-01|title=A low-fat vegan diet and a conventional diabetes diet in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled, 74-wk clinical trial|url=https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/89/5/1588S/4596944|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|language=en|volume=89|issue=5|doi=10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736H|issn=0002-9165}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Yu-Mi|last2=Kim|first2=Se-A.|last3=Lee|first3=In-Kyu|last4=Kim|first4=Jung-Guk|last5=Park|first5=Keun-Gyu|last6=Jeong|first6=Ji-Yun|last7=Jeon|first7=Jae-Han|last8=Shin|first8=Ji-Yeon|last9=Lee|first9=Duk-Hee|date=2016-06-02|title=Effect of a Brown Rice Based Vegan Diet and Conventional Diabetic Diet on Glycemic Control of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A 12-Week Randomized Clinical Trial|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0155918|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=11|issue=6|pages=e0155918|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0155918|issn=1932-6203}}</ref> A Lower HbA1c in those who follow a vegan diet means that they had less excess sugar that had to bind to their red blood cells.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.emedicinehealth.com/hemoglobin_a1c_hba1c/article_em.htm#facts_and_definition_of_hemoglobin_a1c_hba1c|title=Hemoglobin A1c Test Normal & High Ranges (HbA1c Levels & Chart)|work=eMedicineHealth|access-date=2018-02-14|language=en}}</ref> Simple carboydrates, abundant in processed foods, which are often not vegan, have the potential to elevate HbA1c levels more than other healthier foods.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=56&contentid=DM113|title=Type 2 Diabetes and Food Choices -  Health Encyclopedia - University of Rochester Medical Center|website=www.urmc.rochester.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-02-21}}</ref> A decrease in the intake of Calcium and vitamin B12 has been a major side effect of this kind of diet.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Turner-McGrievy|first=Gabrielle M.|last2=Barnard|first2=Neal D.|last3=Cohen|first3=Joshua|last4=Jenkins|first4=David J.A.|last5=Gloede|first5=Lise|last6=Green|first6=Amber A.|date=2008-10-01|title=Changes in Nutrient Intake and Dietary Quality among Participants with Type 2 Diabetes Following a Low-Fat Vegan Diet or a Conventional Diabetes Diet for 22 Weeks|url=http://jandonline.org/article/S0002-8223(08)01412-0/abstract|journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association|language=English|volume=108|issue=10|pages=1636–1645|doi=10.1016/j.jada.2008.07.015|issn=0002-8223}}</ref>
-=== '''Current Research''' ===
-In 2006, a randomized clinical trial was performed by Barnard, N D et al on the effects of a vegan diet on Type 2 Diabetes. This study conducted with 99 participants over 22 weeks, found that those who followed a vegan diet experienced a greater drop in their HbA1c levels than those who followed the diet recommended by the ADA. <ref name=":0" /> Another study in 2008 Barnard, N D et al conducted a similar study over a 74 week interval, that also concluded that the group that followed a vegan diet expressed a greater drop in the average HbA1c levels. <ref name=":1" /> One clinical trial preformed in Korea in 2016 with 93 participants, also concluded that those who followed a vegan diet for 12 weeks, had a larger reduction in HbA1c levels that the control subjects who followed a diet recommended by he Korean Diabetics Association. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Yu-Mi|last2=Kim|first2=Se-A.|last3=Lee|first3=In-Kyu|last4=Kim|first4=Jung-Guk|last5=Park|first5=Keun-Gyu|last6=Jeong|first6=Ji-Yun|last7=Jeon|first7=Jae-Han|last8=Shin|first8=Ji-Yeon|last9=Lee|first9=Duk-Hee|date=2016-06-02|title=Effect of a Brown Rice Based Vegan Diet and Conventional Diabetic Diet on Glycemic Control of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A 12-Week Randomized Clinical Trial|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0155918|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=11|issue=6|pages=e0155918|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0155918|issn=1932-6203}}</ref> A meta analysis has also been preformed in 2013, which concluded that a vegan diet lead to lower HbA1c levels, and weight loss. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Ajala|first=Olubukola|last2=English|first2=Patrick|last3=Pinkney|first3=Jonathan|date=March 2013|title=Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23364002|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=97|issue=3|pages=505–516|doi=10.3945/ajcn.112.042457|issn=1938-3207|pmid=23364002}}</ref>
-=== '''Future Research''' ===
-Many researchers agree that more studies need to conducted in this subject.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ajala|first=Olubukola|last2=English|first2=Patrick|last3=Pinkney|first3=Jonathan|date=March 2013|title=Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23364002|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=97|issue=3|pages=505–516|doi=10.3945/ajcn.112.042457|issn=1938-3207|pmid=23364002}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Clinical trials over longer periods of time have yet to be conducted. Studies with larger sample sizes, and with different levels of severity of Type 2 Diabetes should also be preformed.  Marco Springmann performed one study that predicted that the US would save up to 208.2 billion dollars by 2050 in direct healthcare savings if the entire US population became vegan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/03/the-economic-case-for-worldwide-vegetarianism/475524/|title=How Much Money the World Would Save If Everyone Became Vegetarian|last=Davis|first=Lauren Cassani|work=The Atlantic|access-date=2018-03-01|language=en-US}}</ref>  Many researchers agree that a vegan diet can be less expensive than a traditional American diet, but major research has yet to be done on the implications of a vegan diet as a treatment method on the entirety of the financial cost of being afflicted with Type 2 Diabetes. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.peta.org/living/humane-home/pays-vegan/|title=It Pays to Be Vegan|work=PETA|access-date=2018-03-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://time.com/money/4066188/vegetarians-save-money/|title=Here's How Much Vegetarians Save Each Year|website=Money|language=en|access-date=2018-03-01}}</ref>
-'''See Also'''
-[[Vegan nutrition|Vegan Nutrition]]
-[[The Vegan Society]]
-[[Diabetic diet|Diabetic Diet]]
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