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[[File:Frontal lobe - animation.gif|thumb|Animation of the frontal lobe, shown in red]] |
[[File:Frontal lobe - animation.gif|thumb|Animation of the frontal lobe, shown in red]] |
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[[File:Cerebellum animation small.gif|thumb|Animation of the cerebellum, shown in red]] |
[[File:Cerebellum animation small.gif|thumb|Animation of the cerebellum, shown in red]] |
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'''Fronto-cerebellar dissociation''' is the disconnection and independent function of [[Frontal lobe|frontal]] and [[cerebellar]] regions of the [[brain]]. It is characterized by inhibited communication between the two regions, and is notably observed in cases of [[ADHD]], [[schizophrenia]], [[alcohol abuse]], and [[heroin]] abuse. The frontal and cerebellar regions make distinctive contributions to cognitive performance, with the left-frontal activations being responsible for selecting a response to a [[Stimulus (physiology)|stimulus]], while the right-cerebellar activation is responsible for the search for a given response to a stimulus. Left-frontal activation increases when there are many appropriate responses to a stimulus, and right-cerebellar activation increases when there is a single appropriate response to a stimulus. A person with dissociated frontal and cerebellar regions may have difficulties with selecting a response to a stimuli, or difficulties with response initiation.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Desmond|first=JE|author2=Gabrieli JD |author3=Glover GH |title=Dissociation of frontal and cerebellar activity in a Cognitive task: evidence for a distinction between selection and search|journal=Neuro ''Image''|year=1988|volume=7|issue=4 Pt 1|pages=368–376|doi=10.1006/nimg.1998.0340|pmid=9626676}}</ref> Fronto-cerebellar dissociation can often result in either the frontal lobe or the cerebellum becoming more active in place of the less active region as a compensatory effect.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.cortex.2011.04.007|pmid=21575934|title=A review of fronto-striatal and fronto-cortical brain abnormalities in children and adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and new evidence for dysfunction in adults with ADHD during motivation and attention|journal=Cortex|volume=48|issue=2|pages=194|year=2012|last1=Cubillo|first1=Ana|last2=Halari|first2=Rozmin|last3=Smith|first3=Anna|last4=Taylor|first4=Eric|last5=Rubia|first5=Katya}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0051416|pmid=23236497|title=Deficits in Cognitive Control, Timing and Reward Sensitivity Appear to be Dissociable in ADHD|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=7|issue=12|pages=e51416|year=2012|last1=De Zeeuw|first1=Patrick|last2=Weusten|first2=Juliette|last3=Van Dijk|first3=Sarai|last4=Van Belle|first4=Janna|last5=Durston|first5=Sarah}}</ref> |
'''Fronto-cerebellar dissociation''' is the disconnection and independent function of [[Frontal lobe|frontal]] and [[cerebellar]] regions of the [[brain]]. It is characterized by inhibited communication between the two regions, and is notably observed in cases of [[ADHD]], [[schizophrenia]], [[alcohol abuse]], and [[heroin]] abuse. The frontal and cerebellar regions make distinctive contributions to cognitive performance, with the left-frontal activations being responsible for selecting a response to a [[Stimulus (physiology)|stimulus]], while the right-cerebellar activation is responsible for the search for a given response to a stimulus. Left-frontal activation increases when there are many appropriate responses to a stimulus, and right-cerebellar activation increases when there is a single appropriate response to a stimulus. A person with dissociated frontal and cerebellar regions may have difficulties with selecting a response to a stimuli, or difficulties with response initiation.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Desmond |first=JE |author2=Gabrieli JD |author3=Glover GH |title=Dissociation of frontal and cerebellar activity in a Cognitive task: evidence for a distinction between selection and search |journal=Neuro ''Image'' |year=1988 |volume=7 |issue=4 Pt 1 |pages=368–376 |doi=10.1006/nimg.1998.0340 |pmid=9626676}}</ref> Fronto-cerebellar dissociation can often result in either the frontal lobe or the cerebellum becoming more active in place of the less active region as a compensatory effect.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.cortex.2011.04.007 |pmid=21575934 |title=A review of fronto-striatal and fronto-cortical brain abnormalities in children and adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and new evidence for dysfunction in adults with ADHD during motivation and attention |journal=Cortex |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=194 |year=2012 |last1=Cubillo |first1=Ana |last2=Halari |first2=Rozmin |last3=Smith |first3=Anna |last4=Taylor |first4=Eric |last5=Rubia |first5=Katya}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0051416 |pmid=23236497 |title=Deficits in Cognitive Control, Timing and Reward Sensitivity Appear to be Dissociable in ADHD |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=e51416 |year=2012 |last1=De Zeeuw |first1=Patrick |last2=Weusten |first2=Juliette |last3=Van Dijk |first3=Sarai |last4=Van Belle |first4=Janna |last5=Durston |first5=Sarah}}</ref> |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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Neuroanatomical studies in non-human [[primates]] have shown connections between the cerebellum and non-motor cortical areas of the frontal lobe.<ref>Strick |
Neuroanatomical studies in non-human [[primates]] have shown connections between the cerebellum and non-motor cortical areas of the frontal lobe.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Strick |first1=Peter L. |last2=Dum |first2=Richard P. |last3=Fiez |first3=Julie A. |title=Cerebellum and Nonmotor Function |journal=Annual Review of Neuroscience |date=June 2009 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=413–434 |doi=10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125606}}</ref> Fronto-cerebellar circuitry is important to processes such as [[language]], [[memory]], and [[thought]]. [[Positron emission tomography]] has shown that when a subject was shown a noun and asked to state an associated verb, left-frontal and right-cerebellar activation was greater than if asked to simply speak the noun aloud. Generating an associated word required more fronto-cerebellar coactivation, indicating a difference between [[Semantic memory|semantic]] retrieval and verbal [[working memory]]. Additionally, completing a word when presented a stem of the word resulted in greater left-frontal activation when there were many possible completions to the stem. Right-cerebellar activation was greater when there were fewer possible completions to the stem. These results indicate that the left-frontal activations correlate with selection of a response among many possible responses.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1006/nimg.1998.0340 |title=Dissociation of Frontal and Cerebellar Activity in a Cognitive Task: Evidence for a Distinction between Selection and Search |journal=Neuro ''Image'' |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=368 |year=1998 |last1=Desmond |first1=John E |last2=Gabrieli |first2=John D.E |last3=Glover |first3=Gary H}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.newideapsych.2004.09.002 |title=The cerebellum in thought and action: A fronto-cerebellar aging hypothesis |journal=New Ideas in Psychology |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=97 |year=2004 |last1=Hogan |first1=Michael J}}</ref> |
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==Pathways== |
==Pathways== |
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Two distinct fronto-cerebellar pathways have been identified through evoking and measuring [[Local field potential|field potentials]] on the cerebellar surface of [[rat]]s. The first path originates from the PrL (prelimbic) sub-region of the mPFC ([[Prefrontal cortex|medial prefrontal cortex]]), and the second originates from the M2 region ([[premotor cortex]]). The path from the PrL cortex was found to be 5 milliseconds slower than the path from the M2 cortex. This difference in speed was part of the evidence supporting the idea of two pathways from independent origins. In addition, larger [[amplitude]] responses were recorded during PrL stimulation, further supporting that the pathways were separate.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1093/cercor/bhp135|pmid=19592571|title=Segregated Fronto-Cerebellar Circuits Revealed by Intrinsic Functional Connectivity|journal=Cerebral Cortex|volume=19|issue=10|pages=2485|year=2009|last1=Krienen|first1=Fenna M|last2=Buckner|first2=Randy L}}</ref> |
Two distinct fronto-cerebellar pathways have been identified through evoking and measuring [[Local field potential|field potentials]] on the cerebellar surface of [[rat]]s. The first path originates from the PrL (prelimbic) sub-region of the mPFC ([[Prefrontal cortex|medial prefrontal cortex]]), and the second originates from the M2 region ([[premotor cortex]]). The path from the PrL cortex was found to be 5 milliseconds slower than the path from the M2 cortex. This difference in speed was part of the evidence supporting the idea of two pathways from independent origins. In addition, larger [[amplitude]] responses were recorded during PrL stimulation, further supporting that the pathways were separate.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/cercor/bhp135 |pmid=19592571 |title=Segregated Fronto-Cerebellar Circuits Revealed by Intrinsic Functional Connectivity |journal=Cerebral Cortex |volume=19 |issue=10 |pages=2485 |year=2009 |last1=Krienen |first1=Fenna M |last2=Buckner |first2=Randy L}}</ref> |
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[[File:Frontocerebellar pathways.png|thumb|The M2 pathway is shown in red, originating in the pre-motor cortex. The PrL pathway is shown in purple, originating in the medial prefrontal cortex]] |
[[File:Frontocerebellar pathways.png|thumb|The M2 pathway is shown in red, originating in the pre-motor cortex. The PrL pathway is shown in purple, originating in the medial prefrontal cortex]] |
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The PrL cortex and M2 cortex are involved in actions such as [[eyeblink conditioning]], action initiation and termination, conflict-monitoring between automatic and voluntary behavioral strategies, attention, and direct and indirect eye movement control. They are also involved in even higher cognitive functions such as stimulus-outcome encoding and automatization of recurrent actions.<ref> |
The PrL cortex and M2 cortex are involved in actions such as [[eyeblink conditioning]], action initiation and termination, conflict-monitoring between automatic and voluntary behavioral strategies, attention, and direct and indirect eye movement control. They are also involved in even higher cognitive functions such as stimulus-outcome encoding and automatization of recurrent actions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Watson |first1=Thomas C. |title=Electrophysiological mapping of novel prefrontal - cerebellar pathways |journal=Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience |date=2009 |volume=3 |doi=10.3389/neuro.07.018.2009}}</ref> |
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==Related conditions== |
==Related conditions== |
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===Alcohol abuse=== |
===Alcohol abuse=== |
||
There is a reduction in functional neurological connectivity in [[alcohol]] dependent subjects, specific to the fronto-cerebellar circuits. Similar dissociation is not seen between prefrontal and premotor cortex, nor between [[Parietal lobe|parietal cortex]] and cerebellum, nor between [[temporal lobe|temporal cortex]] and cerebellum in alcoholic subjects. In alcoholic subjects, there is often decreased [[glucose]] metabolic rates in the frontal lobe, irregular glucose [[metabolism]] in frontal, parietal, and cerebellar regions, irregular concentrations of [[N-Acetylaspartic acid|N-acetyl-asparate]] and [[choline]] in the cerebellum, and abnormal [[grey matter]] volume in the nodes of fronto-cerebellar circuits.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01614.x|title=Reduced Fronto-Cerebellar Functional Connectivity in Chronic Alcoholic Patients|journal=Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research|volume=36|issue=2|pages=294|year=2012|last1=Rogers|first1=Baxter P|last2=Parks|first2=Mitchell H|last3=Nickel|first3=Mark K|last4=Katwal|first4=Santosh B|last5=Martin|first5=Peter R}}</ref> |
There is a reduction in functional neurological connectivity in [[alcohol]] dependent subjects, specific to the fronto-cerebellar circuits. Similar dissociation is not seen between prefrontal and premotor cortex, nor between [[Parietal lobe|parietal cortex]] and cerebellum, nor between [[temporal lobe|temporal cortex]] and cerebellum in alcoholic subjects. In alcoholic subjects, there is often decreased [[glucose]] metabolic rates in the frontal lobe, irregular glucose [[metabolism]] in frontal, parietal, and cerebellar regions, irregular concentrations of [[N-Acetylaspartic acid|N-acetyl-asparate]] and [[choline]] in the cerebellum, and abnormal [[grey matter]] volume in the nodes of fronto-cerebellar circuits.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01614.x |title=Reduced Fronto-Cerebellar Functional Connectivity in Chronic Alcoholic Patients |journal=Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=294 |year=2012 |last1=Rogers |first1=Baxter P |last2=Parks |first2=Mitchell H |last3=Nickel |first3=Mark K |last4=Katwal |first4=Santosh B |last5=Martin |first5=Peter R}}</ref> |
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===Heroin abuse=== |
===Heroin abuse=== |
||
Studies indicate reorganization of fronto-cerebellar circuitry and fronto-cerebellar dysfunction among [[heroin]] addicted subjects. In task related [[Functional magnetic resonance imaging|fMRI]], addicts showed an inverse correlation between cerebellum activation and prefrontal cortex activity. This indicates that when [[Chronic (medicine)|chronic]] use damages the prefrontal cortex, the importance of the cerebellum to external incentive stimuli increases. This drug-induced damage of fronto-cerebellar circuitry may result in the cerebellum taking a larger role in long-term emotional memory, [[behavioral sensitization]], and inflexible behavior.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0058098|pmid=23483978|title=Altered Fronto-Striatal and Fronto-Cerebellar Circuits in Heroin-Dependent Individuals: A Resting-State fMRI Study|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=8|issue=3|pages=e58098|year=2013|last1=Wang|first1=Yarong|last2=Zhu|first2=Jia|last3=Li|first3=Qiang|last4=Li|first4=Wei|last5=Wu|first5=Ning|last6=Zheng|first6=Ying|last7=Chang|first7=Haifeng|last8=Chen|first8=Jiajie|last9=Wang|first9=Wei}}</ref> |
Studies indicate reorganization of fronto-cerebellar circuitry and fronto-cerebellar dysfunction among [[heroin]] addicted subjects. In task related [[Functional magnetic resonance imaging|fMRI]], addicts showed an inverse correlation between cerebellum activation and prefrontal cortex activity. This indicates that when [[Chronic (medicine)|chronic]] use damages the prefrontal cortex, the importance of the cerebellum to external incentive stimuli increases. This drug-induced damage of fronto-cerebellar circuitry may result in the cerebellum taking a larger role in long-term emotional memory, [[behavioral sensitization]], and inflexible behavior.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0058098 |pmid=23483978 |title=Altered Fronto-Striatal and Fronto-Cerebellar Circuits in Heroin-Dependent Individuals: A Resting-State fMRI Study |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=e58098 |year=2013 |last1=Wang |first1=Yarong |last2=Zhu |first2=Jia |last3=Li |first3=Qiang |last4=Li |first4=Wei |last5=Wu |first5=Ning |last6=Zheng |first6=Ying |last7=Chang |first7=Haifeng |last8=Chen |first8=Jiajie |last9=Wang |first9=Wei}}</ref> |
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===ADHD=== |
===ADHD=== |
||
In healthy individuals, fronto-cerebellar neural networks mediate selective and sustained attention. Children and adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ([[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADHD]]) show reduced functional connectivity relative to healthy |
In healthy individuals, fronto-cerebellar neural networks mediate selective and sustained attention. Children and adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ([[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADHD]]) show reduced functional connectivity relative to healthy |
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controls in fronto-cerebellar networks. Such dissociation is correlated with the characteristic functions of ADHD such as [[cognitive flexibility|set-shifting and set maintenance]], higher level and selective attention, interference control, motor inhibition, integration across space and time, planning, decision making, temporal foresight, and working memory. In individuals with ADHD, there is often increased cerebellar activity due to a compensatory effect related to reduced frontal activity.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.cortex.2011.04.007|pmid=21575934|title=A review of fronto-striatal and fronto-cortical brain abnormalities in children and adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and new evidence for dysfunction in adults with ADHD during motivation and attention|journal=Cortex|volume=48|issue=2|pages=194|year=2012|last1=Cubillo|first1=Ana|last2=Halari|first2=Rozmin|last3=Smith|first3=Anna|last4=Taylor|first4=Eric|last5=Rubia|first5=Katya}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0051416|pmid=23236497|title=Deficits in Cognitive Control, Timing and Reward Sensitivity Appear to be Dissociable in ADHD|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=7|issue=12|pages=e51416|year=2012|last1=De Zeeuw|first1=Patrick|last2=Weusten|first2=Juliette|last3=Van Dijk|first3=Sarai|last4=Van Belle|first4=Janna|last5=Durston|first5=Sarah}}</ref> |
controls in fronto-cerebellar networks. Such dissociation is correlated with the characteristic functions of ADHD such as [[cognitive flexibility|set-shifting and set maintenance]], higher level and selective attention, interference control, motor inhibition, integration across space and time, planning, decision making, temporal foresight, and working memory. In individuals with ADHD, there is often increased cerebellar activity due to a compensatory effect related to reduced frontal activity.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.cortex.2011.04.007 |pmid=21575934 |title=A review of fronto-striatal and fronto-cortical brain abnormalities in children and adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and new evidence for dysfunction in adults with ADHD during motivation and attention |journal=Cortex |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=194 |year=2012 |last1=Cubillo |first1=Ana |last2=Halari |first2=Rozmin |last3=Smith |first3=Anna |last4=Taylor |first4=Eric |last5=Rubia |first5=Katya}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0051416 |pmid=23236497 |title=Deficits in Cognitive Control, Timing and Reward Sensitivity Appear to be Dissociable in ADHD |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=e51416 |year=2012 |last1=De Zeeuw |first1=Patrick |last2=Weusten |first2=Juliette |last3=Van Dijk |first3=Sarai |last4=Van Belle |first4=Janna |last5=Durston |first5=Sarah}}</ref> |
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===Schizophrenia=== |
===Schizophrenia=== |
||
Fronto-cerebellar dissociation has been associated with higher cognitive defects in individuals with schizophrenia. Behaviors such as [[anhedonia]], the inability to experience pleasure from activities usually found enjoyable, and [[ambivalence]], the state of having simultaneous, conflicting feelings toward a person or thing, are both attributed to fronto-cerebellar abnormalities in schizophrenic patients.<ref> |
Fronto-cerebellar dissociation has been associated with higher cognitive defects in individuals with schizophrenia. Behaviors such as [[anhedonia]], the inability to experience pleasure from activities usually found enjoyable, and [[ambivalence]], the state of having simultaneous, conflicting feelings toward a person or thing, are both attributed to fronto-cerebellar abnormalities in schizophrenic patients.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Park |first1=Kyung-Min |last2=Kim |first2=Jae-Jin |last3=Seok |first3=Jeong Ho |last4=Chun |first4=Ji Won |last5=Park |first5=Hae-Jeong |last6=Lee |first6=Jong Doo |title=Anhedonia and Ambivalence in Schizophrenic Patients with Fronto-Cerebellar Metabolic Abnormalities: A Fluoro-D-Glucose Positron Emission Tomography Study |journal=Psychiatry Investigation |date=2009 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=72 |doi=10.4306/pi.2009.6.2.72}}</ref> When healthy adults undergo infant [[Child development stages#Motor development|motor development]], it is characterized by increased grey matter density in the fronto-cerebellar pathways. Schizophrenic individuals often have delayed motor development, resulting in fronto-cerebellar abnormalities and decreased executive function in adulthood as a result.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.0602639103 |title=Fronto-cerebellar systems are associated with infant motor and adult executive functions in healthy adults but not in schizophrenia |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=103 |issue=42 |pages=15651 |year=2006 |last1=Ridler |first1=K |last2=Veijola |first2=J. M |last3=Tanskanen |first3=P |last4=Miettunen |first4=J |last5=Chitnis |first5=X |last6=Suckling |first6=J |last7=Murray |first7=G. K |last8=Haapea |first8=M |last9=Jones |first9=P. B |last10=Isohanni |first10=M. K |last11=Bullmore |first11=E. T}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
||
Revision as of 15:39, 3 March 2018
Fronto-cerebellar dissociation is the disconnection and independent function of frontal and cerebellar regions of the brain. It is characterized by inhibited communication between the two regions, and is notably observed in cases of ADHD, schizophrenia, alcohol abuse, and heroin abuse. The frontal and cerebellar regions make distinctive contributions to cognitive performance, with the left-frontal activations being responsible for selecting a response to a stimulus, while the right-cerebellar activation is responsible for the search for a given response to a stimulus. Left-frontal activation increases when there are many appropriate responses to a stimulus, and right-cerebellar activation increases when there is a single appropriate response to a stimulus. A person with dissociated frontal and cerebellar regions may have difficulties with selecting a response to a stimuli, or difficulties with response initiation.[1] Fronto-cerebellar dissociation can often result in either the frontal lobe or the cerebellum becoming more active in place of the less active region as a compensatory effect.[2][3]
Background
Neuroanatomical studies in non-human primates have shown connections between the cerebellum and non-motor cortical areas of the frontal lobe.[4] Fronto-cerebellar circuitry is important to processes such as language, memory, and thought. Positron emission tomography has shown that when a subject was shown a noun and asked to state an associated verb, left-frontal and right-cerebellar activation was greater than if asked to simply speak the noun aloud. Generating an associated word required more fronto-cerebellar coactivation, indicating a difference between semantic retrieval and verbal working memory. Additionally, completing a word when presented a stem of the word resulted in greater left-frontal activation when there were many possible completions to the stem. Right-cerebellar activation was greater when there were fewer possible completions to the stem. These results indicate that the left-frontal activations correlate with selection of a response among many possible responses.[5][6]
Pathways
Two distinct fronto-cerebellar pathways have been identified through evoking and measuring field potentials on the cerebellar surface of rats. The first path originates from the PrL (prelimbic) sub-region of the mPFC (medial prefrontal cortex), and the second originates from the M2 region (premotor cortex). The path from the PrL cortex was found to be 5 milliseconds slower than the path from the M2 cortex. This difference in speed was part of the evidence supporting the idea of two pathways from independent origins. In addition, larger amplitude responses were recorded during PrL stimulation, further supporting that the pathways were separate.[7]
The PrL cortex and M2 cortex are involved in actions such as eyeblink conditioning, action initiation and termination, conflict-monitoring between automatic and voluntary behavioral strategies, attention, and direct and indirect eye movement control. They are also involved in even higher cognitive functions such as stimulus-outcome encoding and automatization of recurrent actions.[8]
Related conditions
Alcohol abuse
There is a reduction in functional neurological connectivity in alcohol dependent subjects, specific to the fronto-cerebellar circuits. Similar dissociation is not seen between prefrontal and premotor cortex, nor between parietal cortex and cerebellum, nor between temporal cortex and cerebellum in alcoholic subjects. In alcoholic subjects, there is often decreased glucose metabolic rates in the frontal lobe, irregular glucose metabolism in frontal, parietal, and cerebellar regions, irregular concentrations of N-acetyl-asparate and choline in the cerebellum, and abnormal grey matter volume in the nodes of fronto-cerebellar circuits.[9]
Heroin abuse
Studies indicate reorganization of fronto-cerebellar circuitry and fronto-cerebellar dysfunction among heroin addicted subjects. In task related fMRI, addicts showed an inverse correlation between cerebellum activation and prefrontal cortex activity. This indicates that when chronic use damages the prefrontal cortex, the importance of the cerebellum to external incentive stimuli increases. This drug-induced damage of fronto-cerebellar circuitry may result in the cerebellum taking a larger role in long-term emotional memory, behavioral sensitization, and inflexible behavior.[10]
ADHD
In healthy individuals, fronto-cerebellar neural networks mediate selective and sustained attention. Children and adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) show reduced functional connectivity relative to healthy controls in fronto-cerebellar networks. Such dissociation is correlated with the characteristic functions of ADHD such as set-shifting and set maintenance, higher level and selective attention, interference control, motor inhibition, integration across space and time, planning, decision making, temporal foresight, and working memory. In individuals with ADHD, there is often increased cerebellar activity due to a compensatory effect related to reduced frontal activity.[11][12]
Schizophrenia
Fronto-cerebellar dissociation has been associated with higher cognitive defects in individuals with schizophrenia. Behaviors such as anhedonia, the inability to experience pleasure from activities usually found enjoyable, and ambivalence, the state of having simultaneous, conflicting feelings toward a person or thing, are both attributed to fronto-cerebellar abnormalities in schizophrenic patients.[13] When healthy adults undergo infant motor development, it is characterized by increased grey matter density in the fronto-cerebellar pathways. Schizophrenic individuals often have delayed motor development, resulting in fronto-cerebellar abnormalities and decreased executive function in adulthood as a result.[14]
References
- ^ Desmond, JE; Gabrieli JD; Glover GH (1988). "Dissociation of frontal and cerebellar activity in a Cognitive task: evidence for a distinction between selection and search". Neuro Image. 7 (4 Pt 1): 368–376. doi:10.1006/nimg.1998.0340. PMID 9626676.
{{cite journal}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|journal=(help) - ^ Cubillo, Ana; Halari, Rozmin; Smith, Anna; Taylor, Eric; Rubia, Katya (2012). "A review of fronto-striatal and fronto-cortical brain abnormalities in children and adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and new evidence for dysfunction in adults with ADHD during motivation and attention". Cortex. 48 (2): 194. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2011.04.007. PMID 21575934.
- ^ De Zeeuw, Patrick; Weusten, Juliette; Van Dijk, Sarai; Van Belle, Janna; Durston, Sarah (2012). "Deficits in Cognitive Control, Timing and Reward Sensitivity Appear to be Dissociable in ADHD". PLoS ONE. 7 (12): e51416. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051416. PMID 23236497.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Strick, Peter L.; Dum, Richard P.; Fiez, Julie A. (June 2009). "Cerebellum and Nonmotor Function". Annual Review of Neuroscience. 32 (1): 413–434. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125606.
- ^ Desmond, John E; Gabrieli, John D.E; Glover, Gary H (1998). "Dissociation of Frontal and Cerebellar Activity in a Cognitive Task: Evidence for a Distinction between Selection and Search". Neuro Image. 7 (4): 368. doi:10.1006/nimg.1998.0340.
{{cite journal}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|journal=(help) - ^ Hogan, Michael J (2004). "The cerebellum in thought and action: A fronto-cerebellar aging hypothesis". New Ideas in Psychology. 22 (2): 97. doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2004.09.002.
- ^ Krienen, Fenna M; Buckner, Randy L (2009). "Segregated Fronto-Cerebellar Circuits Revealed by Intrinsic Functional Connectivity". Cerebral Cortex. 19 (10): 2485. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp135. PMID 19592571.
- ^ Watson, Thomas C. (2009). "Electrophysiological mapping of novel prefrontal - cerebellar pathways". Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience. 3. doi:10.3389/neuro.07.018.2009.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Rogers, Baxter P; Parks, Mitchell H; Nickel, Mark K; Katwal, Santosh B; Martin, Peter R (2012). "Reduced Fronto-Cerebellar Functional Connectivity in Chronic Alcoholic Patients". Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 36 (2): 294. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01614.x.
- ^ Wang, Yarong; Zhu, Jia; Li, Qiang; Li, Wei; Wu, Ning; Zheng, Ying; Chang, Haifeng; Chen, Jiajie; Wang, Wei (2013). "Altered Fronto-Striatal and Fronto-Cerebellar Circuits in Heroin-Dependent Individuals: A Resting-State fMRI Study". PLoS ONE. 8 (3): e58098. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058098. PMID 23483978.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Cubillo, Ana; Halari, Rozmin; Smith, Anna; Taylor, Eric; Rubia, Katya (2012). "A review of fronto-striatal and fronto-cortical brain abnormalities in children and adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and new evidence for dysfunction in adults with ADHD during motivation and attention". Cortex. 48 (2): 194. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2011.04.007. PMID 21575934.
- ^ De Zeeuw, Patrick; Weusten, Juliette; Van Dijk, Sarai; Van Belle, Janna; Durston, Sarah (2012). "Deficits in Cognitive Control, Timing and Reward Sensitivity Appear to be Dissociable in ADHD". PLoS ONE. 7 (12): e51416. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051416. PMID 23236497.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Park, Kyung-Min; Kim, Jae-Jin; Seok, Jeong Ho; Chun, Ji Won; Park, Hae-Jeong; Lee, Jong Doo (2009). "Anhedonia and Ambivalence in Schizophrenic Patients with Fronto-Cerebellar Metabolic Abnormalities: A Fluoro-D-Glucose Positron Emission Tomography Study". Psychiatry Investigation. 6 (2): 72. doi:10.4306/pi.2009.6.2.72.
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