Centrarchidae: Difference between revisions

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Moved "Fossil Record" section to lower in page as it is likely of less interest to the common reader.
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Added section in habitat to the thermal tolerance of the species given this family is a very important warmwater adapted species.
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These fish prefer to live in and around aquatic vegetation so they can get adequate coverage from predators such as [[Bass (fish)|bass]]. Species within the centrarchid family prefer clear, warm, and slower-moving water, and are commonly found in habitats such as lakes, ponds, streams and rivers (medium to low flow), swamps, and areas of high vegetative cover<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Freshwater Fish Distribution|last=Berra|first=Tim|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-226-04442-2|location=Chicago and London|pages=390-400}}</ref>. While few species in the family diverge from the aforementioned habitat list, the Sacramento perch can survive in habitats with unusually high alkalinity, salinity, and temperatures<ref name=":2" />. Centrarchids can be found in various locations within the water column and their exact preference is species specific. For instance, bluegill (''Lepomis macrochirus'') mainly inhabit the deeper littoral zones, while green sunfish (''Lepomis cyanellus'') prefer habitats near the shoreline and shallower areas.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Werner|first=Earl E.|last2=Hall|first2=Donald J.|date=1977-07-01|title=Competition and Habitat Shift in Two Sunfishes (Centrarchidae)|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2307/1936222/abstract|journal=Ecology|language=en|volume=58|issue=4|pages=869–876|doi=10.2307/1936222|issn=1939-9170}}</ref> They are also social fish, as they prefer to live and travel in schools. They generally feed off of the bottom, but will rise to the surface to feed on insects. Their diet consists of macro-invertebrates (i.e. insects and crayfish) and other fish found in their habitat<ref name=":2" />.
These fish prefer to live in and around aquatic vegetation so they can get adequate coverage from predators such as [[Bass (fish)|bass]]. Species within the centrarchid family prefer clear, warm, and slower-moving water, and are commonly found in habitats such as lakes, ponds, streams and rivers (medium to low flow), swamps, and areas of high vegetative cover<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Freshwater Fish Distribution|last=Berra|first=Tim|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-226-04442-2|location=Chicago and London|pages=390-400}}</ref>. While few species in the family diverge from the aforementioned habitat list, the Sacramento perch can survive in habitats with unusually high alkalinity, salinity, and temperatures<ref name=":2" />. Centrarchids can be found in various locations within the water column and their exact preference is species specific. For instance, bluegill (''Lepomis macrochirus'') mainly inhabit the deeper littoral zones, while green sunfish (''Lepomis cyanellus'') prefer habitats near the shoreline and shallower areas.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Werner|first=Earl E.|last2=Hall|first2=Donald J.|date=1977-07-01|title=Competition and Habitat Shift in Two Sunfishes (Centrarchidae)|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2307/1936222/abstract|journal=Ecology|language=en|volume=58|issue=4|pages=869–876|doi=10.2307/1936222|issn=1939-9170}}</ref> They are also social fish, as they prefer to live and travel in schools. They generally feed off of the bottom, but will rise to the surface to feed on insects. Their diet consists of macro-invertebrates (i.e. insects and crayfish) and other fish found in their habitat<ref name=":2" />.


=== '''Thermal Tolerance''' ===
In freshwater systems, water temperature is determined by many abiotic factors, with air temperature being one of the most significant contributors<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Lyons|first=J.|last2=Stewart|first2=J. S.|last3=Mitro|first3=M.|date=2010-11-01|title=Predicted effects of climate warming on the distribution of 50 stream fishes in Wisconsin, U.S.A.|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02763.x|journal=Journal of Fish Biology|language=en|volume=77|issue=8|pages=1867–1898|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02763.x|issn=1095-8649}}</ref>. As in other ectotherms, many physiological processes and behaviors in Centrarchidae, such as feeding and reproduction, are heavily impacted by the temperature in their environment temperature <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Shuter|first=B. J.|last2=Finstad|first2=A. G.|last3=Helland|first3=I. P.|last4=Zweimüller|first4=I.|last5=Hölker|first5=F.|date=2012-10-01|title=The role of winter phenology in shaping the ecology of freshwater fish and their sensitivities to climate change|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00027-012-0274-3|journal=Aquatic Sciences|language=en|volume=74|issue=4|pages=637–657|doi=10.1007/s00027-012-0274-3|issn=1015-1621}}</ref>. All species in the family Centrarchidae are considered warmwater adapted species<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carpenter|first=Stephen R.|last2=Fisher|first2=Stuart G.|last3=Grimm|first3=Nancy B.|last4=Kitchell|first4=James F.|date=1992-11-01|title=Global Change and Freshwater Ecosystems|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.es.23.110192.001003|journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics|volume=23|issue=1|pages=119–139|doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.23.1.119|issn=0066-4162}}</ref>, which are generally characterized as being larger at higher temperatures and lower latitudes and smaller in lower temperatures and higher latitudes<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rypel|first=Andrew L.|date=2014-01-01|title=The Cold-Water Connection: Bergmann’s Rule in North American Freshwater Fishes.|url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/674094|journal=The American Naturalist|volume=183|issue=1|pages=147–156|doi=10.1086/674094|issn=0003-0147}}</ref>. Even though centrarchids are warmwater species, increases in temperature outside their optimal range can still have negative effects. For instance, water temperatures that are warmer than optimal have been seen to cause some centrarchids to reach reproductive maturity earlier and have higher rates of mortality after the first reproductive event<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dembski|first=S.|last2=Masson|first2=G.|last3=Monnier|first3=D.|last4=Wagner|first4=P.|last5=Pihan|first5=J. C.|date=2006-08-01|title=Consequences of elevated temperatures on life-history traits of an introduced fish, pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01087.x|journal=Journal of Fish Biology|language=en|volume=69|issue=2|pages=331–346|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01087.x|issn=1095-8649}}</ref>.

The optimal temperature range of most species in the family is 28<sup>o</sup>C(82<sup>o</sup>F) to 32<sup>o</sup>C(90<sup>o</sup>F), although they can survive and reproduce in temperatures that are outside of the optimum range but within the non-lethal temperature range<ref name=":1" />. The lethal temperature range varies widely in the family, but some species have been seen to survive water temperatures as low as 1.7<sup>o</sup>C(35<sup>o</sup>F) or as high as 41<sup>o</sup>C(106<sup>o</sup>F)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Beitinger|first=Thomas L.|last2=Bennett|first2=Wayne A.|last3=McCauley|first3=Robert W.|date=2000-07-01|title=Temperature Tolerances of North American Freshwater Fishes Exposed to Dynamic Changes in Temperature|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1007676325825|journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes|language=en|volume=58|issue=3|pages=237–275|doi=10.1023/A:1007676325825|issn=0378-1909}}</ref>.
==Fossil record==
==Fossil record==
The earliest fossils of Centrarchidae are from [[late Eocene|latest Eocene]] to [[early Oligocene]] deposits from [[Montana]] and [[South Dakota]], belonging to several as yet undescribed species and the two extinct genera †''Plioplarchus'' and †''Boreocentrarchus''. Both ''Plioplarchus'' and ''Boreocentrarchus'' are classified in the subfamily Centrarchinae, because these species possess more than three anal fin spines.<ref>{{cite book|author=S. J. Cooke|author2=D. P. Philipp|title=Centrarchid fishes: diversity, biology, and conservation|date=2009|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd.|pages=1–38}}</ref>
The earliest fossils of Centrarchidae are from [[late Eocene|latest Eocene]] to [[early Oligocene]] deposits from [[Montana]] and [[South Dakota]], belonging to several as yet undescribed species and the two extinct genera †''Plioplarchus'' and †''Boreocentrarchus''. Both ''Plioplarchus'' and ''Boreocentrarchus'' are classified in the subfamily Centrarchinae, because these species possess more than three anal fin spines.<ref>{{cite book|author=S. J. Cooke|author2=D. P. Philipp|title=Centrarchid fishes: diversity, biology, and conservation|date=2009|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd.|pages=1–38}}</ref>

Revision as of 01:53, 3 April 2018

This article is about the North American freshwater fish family. For other fish known as "sunfish", see Sunfish (disambiguation).

Sunfishes
Temporal range: Late Eocene to Recent
Flier (Centrarchus macropterus)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Superfamily: Percoidea
Family: Centrarchidae
Bleeker, 1859
Genera

See text

Sunfish range

The sunfish are a family (Centrarchidae) of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the order Perciformes. The type genus is Centrarchus (consisting solely of the flier, C. macropterus). The centrarchid family is comprised of 38 species of fish[1], 34 of which are extant (currently living)[2] and includes many fish familiar to North Americans, including the rock bass, largemouth bass, bluegill, pumpkinseed, and crappies. All are native only to North America.

There are eight genera included within Centrarchidae: Lepomis (Sunfishes), Micropterus (Black basses), Pomoxis (Crappie), Enneacanthus (Banded sunfishes), Centrarchus (Flier), Archoplites (Sacramento perch), Ambloplites (Rock basses), and Acantharchus (Mud sunfish)[1].

Family members are distinguished by having at least three anal spines. The dorsal spines are five to 13 in number, but most species have 10–12. The pseudobranch is small and concealed. Sizes of most are in the 20 to 30 cm (7.9 to 11.8 in) range. However, some are much smaller, with the black-banded sunfish at just 8 cm (3.1 in) in length, while the largemouth bass is reported to reach almost 1 m (3.3 ft) in extreme cases.[3]

Many of the species within Centrarchidae can be separated into two main groups based on the two most common genera (Micropterus and Lepomis). Species in the genera Lepomis are defined by a deep or more round body shape, smaller mouths, and obtaining food through suction feeding [1][4]. Species in the genera Micropterus are defined by a more streamlined body shape, larger mouths, and consuming prey primarily by ram feeding methods[1][4].

The male of most species builds a nest by hollowing out a depression using his tail, then guards the eggs.[3]

Most sunfish are valued for sports fishing, and have been introduced in many areas outside their original ranges, sometimes becoming invasive species. While edible, they are not commercially marketed as a food fish.

Habitat

smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu)

These fish prefer to live in and around aquatic vegetation so they can get adequate coverage from predators such as bass. Species within the centrarchid family prefer clear, warm, and slower-moving water, and are commonly found in habitats such as lakes, ponds, streams and rivers (medium to low flow), swamps, and areas of high vegetative cover[5]. While few species in the family diverge from the aforementioned habitat list, the Sacramento perch can survive in habitats with unusually high alkalinity, salinity, and temperatures[5]. Centrarchids can be found in various locations within the water column and their exact preference is species specific. For instance, bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) mainly inhabit the deeper littoral zones, while green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) prefer habitats near the shoreline and shallower areas.[6] They are also social fish, as they prefer to live and travel in schools. They generally feed off of the bottom, but will rise to the surface to feed on insects. Their diet consists of macro-invertebrates (i.e. insects and crayfish) and other fish found in their habitat[5].

Thermal Tolerance

In freshwater systems, water temperature is determined by many abiotic factors, with air temperature being one of the most significant contributors[7]. As in other ectotherms, many physiological processes and behaviors in Centrarchidae, such as feeding and reproduction, are heavily impacted by the temperature in their environment temperature [8]. All species in the family Centrarchidae are considered warmwater adapted species[9], which are generally characterized as being larger at higher temperatures and lower latitudes and smaller in lower temperatures and higher latitudes[10]. Even though centrarchids are warmwater species, increases in temperature outside their optimal range can still have negative effects. For instance, water temperatures that are warmer than optimal have been seen to cause some centrarchids to reach reproductive maturity earlier and have higher rates of mortality after the first reproductive event[11].

The optimal temperature range of most species in the family is 28oC(82oF) to 32oC(90oF), although they can survive and reproduce in temperatures that are outside of the optimum range but within the non-lethal temperature range[4]. The lethal temperature range varies widely in the family, but some species have been seen to survive water temperatures as low as 1.7oC(35oF) or as high as 41oC(106oF)[12].

Fossil record

The earliest fossils of Centrarchidae are from latest Eocene to early Oligocene deposits from Montana and South Dakota, belonging to several as yet undescribed species and the two extinct genera †Plioplarchus and †Boreocentrarchus. Both Plioplarchus and Boreocentrarchus are classified in the subfamily Centrarchinae, because these species possess more than three anal fin spines.[13]

Classification

Recent genetic evidence suggests the following taxonomy of the centrarchid genera and species:[14][15]

Centrarchidae

References

  1. ^ a b c d Smith, Andrew J.; Nelson-Maney, Nathan; Parsons, Kevin J.; Cooper, W. James; Albertson, R. Craig (2015-09-01). "Body Shape Evolution in Sunfishes: Divergent Paths to Accelerated Rates of Speciation in the Centrarchidae". Evolutionary Biology. 42 (3): 283–295. doi:10.1007/s11692-015-9322-y. ISSN 0071-3260.
  2. ^ Near, Thomas J.; Kassler, Todd W.; Koppelman, Jeffrey B.; Dillman, Casey B.; Philipp, David P.; Orti, G. (2003-07-01). "Speciation in north american black basses, micropterus (actinopterygii: centrarchidae)". Evolution. 57 (7): 1610–1621. doi:10.1554/02-295. ISSN 0014-3820.
  3. ^ a b Johnson, G.D.; Gill, A.C. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 187. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
  4. ^ a b c Soes, Menno; Cooke, Steven; van Kleef, H.H.; Broeckx, P.B.; Veenvliet, P. (March 21, 2010). "A risk analysis of sunfishes (Centrarchidae) and pygmy sunfishes (Elassomatidae) in the Netherlands". Bureau of Waardenburg bv. Report nr 11-042: 1–110 – via ResearchGate.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  5. ^ a b c Berra, Tim (2007). Freshwater Fish Distribution. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 390–400. ISBN 978-0-226-04442-2.
  6. ^ Werner, Earl E.; Hall, Donald J. (1977-07-01). "Competition and Habitat Shift in Two Sunfishes (Centrarchidae)". Ecology. 58 (4): 869–876. doi:10.2307/1936222. ISSN 1939-9170.
  7. ^ Lyons, J.; Stewart, J. S.; Mitro, M. (2010-11-01). "Predicted effects of climate warming on the distribution of 50 stream fishes in Wisconsin, U.S.A." Journal of Fish Biology. 77 (8): 1867–1898. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02763.x. ISSN 1095-8649.
  8. ^ Shuter, B. J.; Finstad, A. G.; Helland, I. P.; Zweimüller, I.; Hölker, F. (2012-10-01). "The role of winter phenology in shaping the ecology of freshwater fish and their sensitivities to climate change". Aquatic Sciences. 74 (4): 637–657. doi:10.1007/s00027-012-0274-3. ISSN 1015-1621.
  9. ^ Carpenter, Stephen R.; Fisher, Stuart G.; Grimm, Nancy B.; Kitchell, James F. (1992-11-01). "Global Change and Freshwater Ecosystems". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 23 (1): 119–139. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.23.1.119. ISSN 0066-4162.
  10. ^ Rypel, Andrew L. (2014-01-01). "The Cold-Water Connection: Bergmann's Rule in North American Freshwater Fishes". The American Naturalist. 183 (1): 147–156. doi:10.1086/674094. ISSN 0003-0147.
  11. ^ Dembski, S.; Masson, G.; Monnier, D.; Wagner, P.; Pihan, J. C. (2006-08-01). "Consequences of elevated temperatures on life-history traits of an introduced fish, pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus". Journal of Fish Biology. 69 (2): 331–346. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01087.x. ISSN 1095-8649.
  12. ^ Beitinger, Thomas L.; Bennett, Wayne A.; McCauley, Robert W. (2000-07-01). "Temperature Tolerances of North American Freshwater Fishes Exposed to Dynamic Changes in Temperature". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 58 (3): 237–275. doi:10.1023/A:1007676325825. ISSN 0378-1909.
  13. ^ S. J. Cooke; D. P. Philipp (2009). Centrarchid fishes: diversity, biology, and conservation. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 1–38.
  14. ^ Roe K. J.; et al. (2002). "Phylogenetic relationships of the genera of North American sunfishes and basses (Percoidei: Centrarchidae) as evidenced by the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene" (PDF). Copeia. 2002 (4): 897–905. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2002)002[0897:protgo]2.0.co;2. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  15. ^ Near, T. J.; D. I. Bolnick; P. C. Wainwright (2005). ""Fossil calibrations and molecular divergence time estimates in centrarchid fishes (Teleostei: Centrarchidae)"". Evolution. 59: 1768–1782. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01825.x. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)

External links

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